Thickness dependence of critical temperature in Mo/Au bilayers

We report on the sensitivity of the superconducting critical temperature (TC) to layer thickness, as well as on TC reproducibility in Mo/Au bilayers. Resistivity measurements on samples with a fixed Au thickness (dAu) and Mo thickness (dMo) ranging from 50 to 250 nm, and with a fixed dMo and different dAu thickness are shown. Experimental data are discussed in the framework of Martinis model, whose application to samples with dAu above their coherence length is analysed in detail. Results show a good coupling between normal and superconducting layers and excellent TC reproducibility, allowing to accurately correlate Mo layer thickness and bilayer TC.

Fabrication process of Mo/Au TES at RT

We report on the fabrication details of TES based on Mo/Au bilayers. The Mo layer is deposited by radio frequency (RF) sputtering and capped with a sputter deposited thin Au protection layer. Afterwards, a second Au layer of suitable (lower) resistivity is deposited ex‐situ by e‐beam evaporation, until completion of the total desired Au thickness. The deposition was performed at room temperature (RT) on LPCVD Si3 N4 membranes. Such a deposition procedure is very reproducible and allow controlling the critical temperature (Tc) and normal electrical resistance (RN ) of the Mo/Au bilayer. The process is optimized to achieve low stress bilayers, thus avoiding the undesirable curvature of the membranes. Bilayers are patterned using photolithographic techniques and wet etching procedures. Mo superconducting paths are used to contact the Mo/Au bilayers, thus ensuring good electrical conductivity and thermal isolation. The entire fabrication process let to stable and reproducible sensors with required and tunable functional properties

Estructura de una red esencial de señalización que regula la homeostasis iónica en plantas

Las plantas son organismos sésiles que han desarrollado la capacidad para detectar variaciones sutiles en su ambiente y producir respuestas adaptativas mediante rutas de señalización. Los estímulos causados por el estrés biótico y abiótico son numerosos y dependiendo del tiempo de exposición y su intensidad, pueden reducir la tasa de crecimiento de las plantas y la producción. Los cambios en la concentración del calcio citosólico libre constituyen una de las primeras reacciones intracelulares a las situaciones de estrés abiótico. En esta situación, el calcio actúa como segundo mensajero y las variaciones en su concentración son descodificadas por proteínas de unión a calcio. Las más conocidas son las manos-EF y los dominios C2. Los dominios C2 han sido descritos como dominios de unión a lípidos dependientes de calcio. Estos dominios se consideran proteínas periféricas solubles en agua que se asocian de manera reversible a los lípidos de la membrana mediante una o dos regiones funcionales: el sitio de unión a calcio y el sitio polibásico. A pesar de que se conoce la estructura molecular de algunos dominios C2, se desconocen aspectos relacionados como las reglas que dirigen su forma de interaccionar con los diferentes fosfolípidos y proteínas, la posición que ocupan en la bicapa lipídica y su papel en la transmisión de señales. En esta tesis se ha estudiado una proteína de Arabidopsis thaliana (At3g17980) representativa de una nueva familia de proteínas con dominios C2, que consiste únicamente de un dominio C2. Esta proteína, llamada AtC2.1, ha sido clonada en el vector pETM11, expresada en E. coli y purificada a homogeneidad en dos pasos cromatográficos. Se obtuvieron cristales de AtC2.1 de buena calidad mediante técnicas de difusión de vapor. La proteína fue co-cristalizada con calcio, fosfocolina (POC) y el fosfolípido 1,2-dihexanoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfo-L-serina (PSF). Se recogieron ocho conjuntos de datos de difracción de rayos X empleando radiación sincrotrón. Los cristales difractaron hasta 1.6 Å de resolución. Siete de ellos pertenecían al grupo ortorrómbico P212121, con las dimensiones de la celdilla unidad a = 35.3, b = 88.9, c = 110.6 Å, y un cristal pertenecía al grupo espacial monoclínico C2, con a = 124.84, b = 35.27, c = 92.32 Å y = 121.70º. La estructura se resolvió mediante la técnica MR-SAD utilizando el cinc como dispersor anómalo. La estructura cristalina mostró que la molécula forma un dímero en el que cada protómero se pliega como un dominio C2 típico, con la topología tipo II y presenta una inserción de 43 aminoácidos que la diferencia de los dominios C2 conocidos. El mapa de densidad electrónica mostró dos átomos de calcio por protómero. Se resolvieron las estructuras de AtC2.1 en complejo con POC o PSF. En ambos complejos, el análisis cristalográfico detectó máximos de densidad electrónica en la región correspondiente al sitio polibásico formado por las hebras 2, 3 5 y el lazo 3. Éstos se interpretaron correctamente como dos moléculas de POC y un átomo de cinc, en un complejo, y como la cabeza polar del PSF en el otro. AtC2.1 define un sitio de interacción con lípidos dependiente de cinc. En conclusión, en este trabajo se presenta la estructura tridimensional de AtC2.1, miembro representativo de una familia de proteínas de Arabidopsis thaliana, identificadas como proteínas que interaccionan con los receptores de ABA. Estas proteínas están constituidas únicamente por un dominio C2. El análisis conjunto de los datos biofísicos y cristalográficos muestra que AtC2.1 es un sensor de calcio que une lípidos usando dos sitios funcionales. Estos datos sugieren un mecanismo de inserción en membrana dependiente de calcio que trae consigo la disociación de la estructura dimérica y, por consiguiente, un cambio en las propiedades de superficie de la molécula. Este mecanismo proporciona las bases del reconocimiento y transporte de los receptores de ABA y/o otras moléculas a la membrana celular. Plants are sessile organisms that have developed the capacity to detect slight variations of their environment. They are able to perceive biotic and abiotic stress signals and to transduce them by signaling pathways in order to trigger adaptative responses. Stress factors are numerous and, depending on their exposition time and their concentration, can reduce plant growth rate, limiting the productivity of crop plants. Changes in the cytosolic free calcium concentration are observed as one of the earliest intracellular reactions to abiotic stress signals. Calcium plays a key role as a second messenger, and calcium concentration signatures, called calcium signals, are decodified by calcium binding proteins. The main calcium binding structures are the EF-hand motif and the C2 domains. C2 domain is a calcium dependent lipid-binding domain of approximately 130 amino acids. C2 domain displays two functional regions: the Ca-binding region and the polybasic cluster. Both of them can interact with the membrane phospholipids. Despite the number of C2 domain 3D structures currently available, questions about how they interact with the different target phospholipids, their precise spatial position in the lipid bilayer, interactions with other proteins and their role in transmitting signals downstream, have not yet been explored. In this work we have studied an uncharacterized protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (At3g17980) consisting of only a single C2 domain, as member of a new protein C2-domain family. This protein called AtC2.1 was cloned into the pETM11 vector and expressed in E. coli, allowing the purification to homogeneity in two chromatographic steps. Good quality diffracting crystals were obtained using vapor-diffusion techniques. Crystals were co-crystalized with calcium; phosphocholine (POC) and/or the phospholipid 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (PSF). Eight data set were collected with synchrotron radiation. Crystals diffracted up to 1.6 Å resolution and seven of them belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 35.3, b = 88.9, c = 110.6 Å. Another crystal was monoclinic, space group C2, with a = 124.84, b = 35.27, c = 92.32 Å and = 121.70º. The structural model was solved by MR-SAD using Zn2+ as anomalous scatterer. The crystal structure shows that the molecule is a dimer. Each monomer was folded as a canonical C2 domain with the topology II with a 43 residues insertion. The electron density map reveals two calcium ions per molecule. Structures of AtC2.1, complexed with POC and PSF, have been solved. Well-defined extra electron densities were found, in both complexes, within the concave surface formed by strands 2, 3, 5 and loop 3 of AtC2.1. These densities were clearly explained by the presence of the two POC molecules, one zinc atom and head groups of PSF, occupying the cavity of the polybasic site. AtC2.1 defines a new metal dependent lipid-binding site into the polybasic site. In conclusion, in this thesis it is presented the molecular structure of AtC2.1, a representative member of a family of Arabidopsis thaliana C2 domain proteins, of unknown function, but identified as a molecular interacting unit of the ABA receptors. The joint analyses of the biophysical and crystallographic data show that AtC2.1 is a calcium sensor that binds lipids in two sites and suggest a model of calcium-dependent membrane insertion mechanism that will involve either dimer dissociation or a strong rearrangement of the dimeric structure. This mechanism may be the basis for the recognition and delivery of ABA receptors or other protein molecules to cell membranes.

Study of the Electrical Behavior in Intermediate Band-Si Junctions

In this study we analyze the electrical behavior of a junction formed by an ultraheavily Ti implanted Si layer processed by a Pulsed Laser Melting (PLM) and the non implanted Si substrate. This electrical behavior exhibits an electrical decoupling effect in this bilayer that we have associated to an Intermediate Band (IB) formation in the Ti supersaturated Si layer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToFSIMS) measurements show a Ti depth profile with concentrations well above the theoretical limit required to the IB formation. Sheet resistance and Hall mobility measurements in the van der Pauw configuration of these bilayers exhibit a clear dependence with the different measurement currents introduced (1menor queA-1mA). We find that the electrical transport properties measured present an electrical decoupling effect in the bilayer as function of the temperature. The dependence of this effect with the injected current could be explained in terms of an additional current flow in the junction from the substrate to the IB layer and in terms of the voltage dependence in the junction with the measurement current.

Convective instabilities in two superposed horizontal liquid layers heated laterally.

This work is devoted to the theoretical study of the stability of two superposed horizontal liquid layers bounded by two solid planes and subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient. The liquids are supposed to be immiscible with a nondeformable interface. The forces acting on the system are buoyancy and interfacial tension. Four different flow patterns and temperature profiles are found for the basic state. A linear perturbative analysis with respect to two- and three-dimensional perturbations reveals the existence of three kinds of patterns. Depending on the relative height of both liquids several situations are predicted: either wave propa- gation from cold to the hot regions, or waves propagating in the opposite direction or still stationary longitu- dinal rolls. The behavior of three different pairs of liquids which have been used in experiments on bilayers under vertical gradient by other authors have been examined. The instability mechanisms are discussed and a qualitative interpretation of the different behaviors exhibited by the system is provided. In some configurations it is possible to find a codimension-two point created by the interaction of two Hopf modes with different frequencies and wave numbers. These results suggest to consider two liquid layers as an interesting prototype ? nard-Marangoni problem.

Characterization of a Mo/Au thermometer for ATHENA

The first dark characterization of a thermometer fabricated with our Mo/Au bilayers to be used as a transition edge sensor is presented. High-quality, stress-free Mo layers, whose thickness is used to tune the critical temperature (TC ) down to 100 mK, are deposited by sputtering at room temperature (RT ) on Si3N4 bulk and membranes, and protected from degradation with a 15-nm sputtered Au layer. An extra layer of high-quality Au is deposited by ex situ e-beam to ensure low residual resistance. The thermometer is patterned on a membrane using standard photolithographic techniques and wet etching processes, and is contacted through Mo paths, displaying a sharp superconducting transition (α ≈ 600). Results show a good coupling between Mo and Au layers and excellent TC reproducibility, allowing to accurately correlate dM o and TC . Since dAu is bigger than ξM for all analyzed samples, bilayer residual resistance can be modified without affecting TC . Finally, first current to voltage measurements at different temperatures are measured and analyzed, obtaining the corresponding characterization parameters.

Anisotropic magnetoresistive study in bilayer NiFe-NiO for sensor applications

Related with the detection of weak magnetic fields, the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect is widely utilized in sensor applications. Exchange coupling between an antiferromagnet (AF) and the ferromagnet (FM) has been known as a significant parameter in the field sensitivity of magnetoresistance because of pinning effects on magnetic domain in FM layer by the bias field in AF. In this work we have studied the thermal evolution of the magnetization reversal processes in nanocrystalline exchange biased Ni80Fe20/Ni-O bilayers with large training effects and we report the anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio arising from field orientation in the bilayer.

Anisotropic magnetoresistive study in bilayer NiFe-NiO for sensor applications

Related with the detection of weak magnetic fields, the anisotropic magnetoresistive(AMR) effect is widely utilized in sensor applications. Exchange coupling between an antiferromagnet (AF) and the ferromagnet (FM) has been known as a significant parameter in the field sensitivity of magnetoresistance because of pinning effects on magnetic domain in FM layer by the bias field in AF. In this work we have studied the thermal evolution of the magnetization reversal processes in nanocrystalline exchange biased Ni80Fe20/Ni-O bilayers with large training effects and we report the anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio arising from field orientation in the bilayer.

An eco-friendly way to fire retardant flexible polyurethane foam: layer-by-layer assembly of fully bio-based substances

The objective of the present study is to develop fully renewable and environmentally benign techniques for improving the fire safety of flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs). A multilayered coating made from cationic chitosan (CS) and anionic alginate (AL) was deposited on PUFs through layer-by-layer assembly. This coating system exhibits a slight influence on the thermal stability of PUF, but significantly improves the char formation during combustion. Cone calorimetry reveals that 10 CS-AL bilayers (only 5.7% of the foams weight) lead to a 66% and 11% reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively, compared with those of the uncoated control. The notable decreased fire hazards of PUF are attributed to the CS-AL coatings being beneficial to form an insulating protective layer on the surface of burning materials that inhibits the oxygen and heat permeation and slows down the flammable gases in the vapor phase, and thereby improves the flame resistance. This water-based, environmentally benign natural coating will stimulate further efforts in improving fire safety for a variety of polymer substrates.

Determination of a refractive index and an extinction coefficient of standard production of CVD-graphene

The refractive index and extinction coefficient of chemical vapour deposition grown graphene are determined by ellipsometry analysis. Graphene films were grown on copper substrates and transferred as both monolayers and bilayers onto SiO2/Si substrates by using standard manufacturing procedures. The chemical nature and thickness of residual debris formed after the transfer process were elucidated using photoelectron spectroscopy. The real layered structure so deduced has been used instead of the nominal one as the input in the ellipsometry analysis of monolayer and bilayer graphene, transferred onto both native and thermal silicon oxide. The effect of these contamination layers on the optical properties of the stacked structure is noticeable both in the visible and the ultraviolet spectral regions, thus masking the graphene optical response. Finally, the use of heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere of the graphene-based stacked structures, as a method to reduce the water content of the sample, and its effect on the optical response of both graphene and the residual debris layer are presented. The Lorentz-Drude model proposed for the optical response of graphene fits fairly well the experimental ellipsometric data for all the analysed graphene-based stacked structures.