Estudo do efeito de contaminantes na espécie sentinela, a amêijoa Ruditapes decussatus, por intermédio da análise da expressão proteica: aplicação à monitorização do meio marinho

Tese dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, 2009, Universidade do Algarve

Searching biocompounds in marine natural extracts with potential use in tumor prevention and treatment

Cancer is a multistage process characterized by three stages: initiation, promotion and progression; and is one of the major killers worldwide. Oxidative stress acts as initiator in tumorigenesis; chronic inflammation promotes cancer; and apoptosis inactivation is an issue in cancer progression. In this study, it was investigated the antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antitumor properties of hexane, ether, chloroform, methanol and water extracts of five species of halophytes: A. macrostachyum, P. coronopus, J. acutus, C. edulis and A. halimus. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods, and the total phenolics content (TPC) was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was determined by the Griess method, and by evaluating the inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW- 264.7 macrophages. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts against HepG2 and THP1 cell lines was estimated by the MTT assay, and the results obtained were further compared with the S17 non-tumor cell line. The induction of apoptosis of J. acutus ether extract was assessed by DAPI staining. The highest antioxidant activities was observed in C. edulis methanol and the J. acutus ether extracts against the DPPH• radical; and J. acutus ether and A. halimus ether extracts against the ABTS•+ radical. The methanol extracts of C. edulis and P. coronopus, and the ether extract of J. acutus revealed a high TPC. Generally the antioxidant activity had no correlation with the TPC. The A. halimus chloroform and P. coronopus hexane extracts demonstrated ability to reduce NO production in macrophages (> 50%), revealing their anti-inflammatory capacity. The ether extract of J. acutus showed high cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells, with reduced cellular viability even at the lowest concentrations. This outcome was significantly lower than the obtained with the non-tumor cells (S17). This result was complemented by the induction of apoptosis.

Bio-synthesis of nanosized semiconductors using mine wastes as material sources

This work describes the synthesis of nanosized metal sulfides and respective SiO2 and/or TiO2 composites in high yield via a straightforward process, under ambient conditions (temperature and pressure), by adding to aqueous metals a nutrient solution containing biologically generated sulfide from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The nanoparticles‘ (NPs) morphological properties were shown not to be markedly altered by the SRB growth media composition neither by the presence of bacterial cells. We further extended the work carried out, using the effluent of a bioremediation system previously established. The process results in the synthesis of added value products obtained from metal rich effluents, such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), when associated with the bioremediation process. Precipitation of metals using sulfide allows for the possibility of selective recovery, as different metal sulfides possess different solubilities. We have evaluated the selective precipitation of CuS, ZnS and FeS as nanosized metal sulfides. Again, we have also tested the precipitation of these metal sulfides in the presence of support structures, such as SiO2. Studies were carried out using both artificial and real solutions in a continuous bioremediation system. We found that this method allowed for a highly selective precipitation of copper and a lower selectivity in the precipitation of zinc and iron, though all metals were efficiently removed (>93% removal). This research has also demonstrated the potential of ZnS-TiO2 nanocomposites as catalysts in the photodegradation of organic pollutants using the cationic dye, Safranin-T, as a model contaminant. The influence of the catalyst amount, initial pH and dye concentration were also evaluated. Finally, the efficiency of the precipitates as catalysts in sunlight mediated photodegradation was investigated, using different volumes of dye-contaminated water (150 mL and 10 L). This work demonstrates that all tested composites have the potential to be used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Safranin-T.

BR 5011 Sertanejo - variedade de milho de dupla aptidão (milho em grãos e milho-verde) para o Amazonas.

Histórico da cultivar. Característica da Cultivar. Desempenho produtivo. Recomendações para cultivo.

Determinantes sociodemográficos e comportamentais do consumo e da variedade de fruta e vegetais em adolescentes

Introdução: Existe consenso internacional de que um consumo maior e mais variado de fruta e vegetais (F&V) promove a saúde e previne algumas doenças crónicas mas a generalidade da população, incluindo os adolescentes, não atinge as recomendações. O conhecimento dos determinantes do consumo e da variedade de F&V é fundamental para se planearem estratégias que favoreçam uma ingestão adequada. Este trabalho teve como objectivo avaliar determinantes sociodemográficos e comportamentais do consumo e da variedade de fruta e vegetais em adolescentes de 13 anos. Material e Métodos: O presente estudo incluiu adolescentes nascidos em 1990 e inscritos nas escolas públicas e privadas do Porto no ano lectivo 2003/2004 (coorte EPITeen). Características sócio-demográficas e comportamentais foram obtidas por questionários estruturados. O consumo de F&V foi avaliado através de um questionário de frequência alimentar que incluiu 15 itens de vegetais e 12 de fruta e foi categorizado em <5porções/dia (consumo inadequado) e ≥5porções/dia. Desenvolveu-se um índice de variedade de F&V variável entre 0-27 pontos e os adolescentes foram classificados como tendo maior e menor variedade F&V (variedade). Foram incluídos 1522 adolescentes (815 raparigas e 707 rapazes) com informação completa para F&V. Calcularam-se odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança a 95% (IC 95%), por regressão logística não condicional. Resultados: A proporção de adolescentes com ingestão <5 porções/dia F&V foi de 57,4% e <variedade de 49,3%. Após ajuste para as variáveis com efeito mais relevante no consumo e variedade, verificou-se que o consumo inadequado de F&V se associou de forma significativa e inversa com a escolaridade da mãe (>12anos vs. <6anos: OR=0,44, IC95%:0,30-0,64), ter experimentado bebidas com álcool (experimentou/bebe vs. nunca bebeu: OR=0,73, IC95%: 0,58-0,93), com a toma do pequeno-almoço (sim vs. não: OR=0,49, IC95%: 0,28-0,85) e a ingestão energética total (4º quartil vs. 1º quartil: OR=0,10, IC95%: 0,06-0,14). Encontrou-se uma associação significativa e directa entre o consumo inadequado F&V e o sexo (rapazes vs. raparigas OR=1,58, IC95%: 1,26-1,99) e com os hábitos tabágicos dos pais (fumador vs. nunca fumou: OR=1,33 IC95%: 1,01-1,74 para a mãe e OR=1,40 IC95%: 1,04-1,88 para o pai). A <variedade F&V associou-se significativa e inversamente com a escolaridade da mãe (9-12 anos vs. <6anos:OR=0,67, IC95%: 0,48-0,95), IMC do pai (excesso de peso vs. normoponderal: OR=0,76, IC95%: 0,58-0,99) e a ingestão energética total (4º quartil vs. 1º quartil: OR=0,70, IC95%: 0,50-0,97) e associou-se directamente com o sexo (rapazes vs. raparigas OR=1,39, IC95%: 1,10-1,77) e com a idade do pai (40-45 anos vs. <40anos: OR=1,74, IC95%: 1,20-2,53). Conclusões: Aproximadamente 60% dos adolescentes apresentaram um consumo inadequado de F&V. Os adolescentes que apresentaram maior inadequação de F&V eram do sexo masculino, tinham mães menos escolarizadas, progenitores fumadores, não tomavam habitualmente o pequeno-almoço, nunca experimentaram bebidas com álcool e apresentavam uma menor ingestão energética diária. A <variedade F&V foi encontrada nos rapazes, em adolescentes de ambos os sexos com pai mais velho e mãe menos escolarizada. Adolescentes que se encontravam no 3º quartil de ingestão energética total e cujo pai tinha excesso de peso apresentaram maior variedade F&V.

Elección de las condiciones más adecuadas para la obtención de extractos de plantas superiores con actividad sobre una cepa de Staphylococcus aureus resistente

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Orientación Terminal en Química Biomédica) UANL

Raquitísmo hipofosfatémico resistente a la vitamina D

Tesis (Especialidad en Ortopedia y Traumatología). U. A. N. L.

Propagación de grietas en un acero inoxidable del tipo AISI 304 recubierto con una aleación resistente al desgaste

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Materiales) U.A.N.L.

Secuenciación del genoma de una clona de mycobacterium tuberculosis resistente a todos los medicamentos antituberculosis de primera línea.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con orientación en Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Genética) UANL, 2014.

Comparación de la expresión del proteoma de una clona sensible y de una resistente de mycobaterium tuberculosis a los medicamentos de primeria línea.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Genética) UANL, 2011.

Studies on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the Alentejo (Portugal) using pea mutants resistant to AM fungi as a control tool for field conditions

The utilization and management of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis may improve production and sustainability of the cropping system. For this purpose, native AM fungi (AMF) were sought and tested for their efficiency to increase plant growth by enhanced P uptake and by alleviation of drought stress. Pot experiments with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and pea (Pisum sativum) in five soils (mostly sandy loamy Luvisols) and field experiments with peas were carried out during three years at four different sites. Host plants were grown in heated soils inoculated with AMF or the respective heat sterilized inoculum. In the case of peas, mutants resistant to AMF colonization were used as non-mycorrhizal controls. The mycorrhizal impact on yields and its components, transpiration, and P and N uptake was studied in several experiments, partly under varying P and N levels and water supply. Screening of native AMF by most probable number bioassays was not very meaningful. Soil monoliths were placed in the open to simulate field conditions. Inoculation with a native AMF mix improved grain yield, shoot and leaf growth variables as compared to control. Exposed to drought, higher soil water depletion of mycorrhizal plants resulted in a haying-off effect. The growth response to this inoculum could not be significantly reproduced in a subsequent open air pot experiment at two levels of irrigation and P fertilization, however, safflower grew better at higher P and water supply by multiples. The water use efficiency concerning biomass was improved by the AMF inoculum in the two experiments. Transpiration rates were not significantly affected by AM but as a tendency were higher in non-mycorrhizal safflower. A fundamental methodological problem in mycorrhiza field research is providing an appropriate (negative) control for the experimental factor arbuscular mycorrhiza. Soil sterilization or fungicide treatment have undesirable side effects in field and greenhouse settings. Furthermore, artificial rooting, temperature and light conditions in pot experiments may interfere with the interpretation of mycorrhiza effects. Therefore, the myc- pea mutant P2 was tested as a non-mycorrhizal control in a bioassay to evaluate AMF under field conditions in comparison to the symbiotic isogenetic wild type of var. FRISSON as a new integrative approach. However, mutant P2 is also of nod- phenotype and therefore unable to fix N2. A 3-factorial experiment was carried out in a climate chamber at high NPK fertilization to examine the two isolines under non-symbiotic and symbiotic conditions. P2 achieved the same (or higher) biomass as wild type both under good and poor water supply. However, inoculation with the AMF Glomus manihot did not improve plant growth. Differences of grain and straw yields in field trials were large (up to 80 per cent) between those isogenetic pea lines mainly due to higher P uptake under P and water limited conditions. The lacking N2 fixation in mutants was compensated for by high mineral N supply as indicated by the high N status of the pea mutant plants. This finding was corroborated by the results of a major field experiment at three sites with two levels of N fertilization. The higher N rate did not affect grain or straw yields of the non-fixing mutants. Very efficient AMF were detected in a Ferric Luvisol on pasture land as revealed by yield levels of the evaluation crop and by functional vital staining of highly colonized roots. Generally, levels of grain yield were low, at between 40 and 980 kg ha-1. An additional pot trial was carried out to elucidate the strong mycorrhizal effect in the Ferric Luvisol. A triplication of the plant equivalent field P fertilization was necessary to compensate for the mycorrhizal benefit which was with five times higher grain yield very similar to that found in the field experiment. However, the yield differences between the two isolines were not always plausible as the evaluation variable because they were also found in (small) field test trials with apparently sufficient P and N supply and in a soil of almost no AMF potential. This similarly occurred for pea lines of var. SPARKLE and its non-fixing mycorrhizal (E135) and non-symbiotic (R25) isomutants, which were tested in order to exclude experimentally undesirable benefits by N2 fixation. In contrast to var. FRISSON, SPARKLE was not a suitable variety for Mediterranean field conditions. This raises suspicion putative genetic defects other than symbiotic ones may be effective under field conditions, which would conflict with the concept of an appropriate control. It was concluded that AMF resistant plants may help to overcome fundamental problems of present research on arbuscular mycorrhiza, but may create new ones.

Personalidad resistente y capital psicológico : las variables personales positivas y los procesos de agotamiento y vigor.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Epidemiologia y resultados terapéuticos en Acinetobacter Baumannii resistente a Carbapenemicos en una institución de 4to nivel de la ciudad de Bogotá. Enero 2005 – Diciembre 2009

La resistencia antimicrobiana es un problema frecuente en la práctica médica y de considerable impacto negativo en la mortalidad del paciente. Para los pacientes con microorganismos multiresistentes involucrados en infecciones generalmente severas, las opciones terapéuticas efectivas para su manejo se hacen escasas y en muchos de ellos cuando son resistentes a carbapenemicos solamente el empleo de combinaciones antibióticos se presentan como única alternativa. Se realizo un análisis retrospectivo de una serie de casos de infecciones por Acinetobacter Baumannii resistentes a carbapenemicos durante un periodo de 5 años en una Institución de 4to nivel de Atención,observando el éxito terapéutico obtenido con los diferentes tratamientos antibióticos instaurados y las características de los pacientes comprometidos en estos procesos infecciosos. El éxito terapéutico definido como “Cura”, se observo en el 53 % de los casos. Se considero tratamiento con resultado “Indeterminado” en el 20% de los casos y “Falla” en el 26% de los casos. Presento mejores resultados la combinación de Tigeciclina con Sulbactam y Amikacina que en monoterapia o frente a otras combinaciones que no incluían esta. El 83% de los pacientes tienen el antecedente de haber estado en UCI. El órgano mas frecuentemente involucrado es el Pulmonar (24%)y en el 30 % de los pacientes son bacteremicos, pero en quienes no se pudo determinar el origen de esta. La Tigeciclina en combinación con Sulbactam y Amikacina, parecen ser la mejor terapia antibiótica en el tratamiento de A. baumannii resistente a carbapenemicos.

Factores de riesgo para infecciòn o colonizacion por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenemicos en un Hospital Universitario de Tercer Nivel en Bogota. 2009-2010

Introducción: La prevalencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos, se ha incrementado en la población hospitalizada constituyendo un problema de gran magnitud por su alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos en pacientes hospitalizados. Metodología: Estudio de casos y controles pareado por tipo de muestra microbiológica de enero 2009 a Abril 2011. Casos: pacientes con diagnóstico de infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos. Controles: pacientes hospitalizados en el mismo periodo de los casos con infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae sensible a carbapenémicos. Muestra 99 pacientes. 33 casos y 66 controles. Resultados: Se confirmó la presencia de un brote de infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos tipo KPC3, el análisis bivariado demostró factores de riesgo asociados: El uso previo de antibióticos (p 0.004), particularmente cefepime (p 0.021) y carbapenem (p 0.019) , los dìas de ventilación mecánica (p 0.003), los días de uso de catéter central (p 0.016), los días de estancia en UCI antes del aislamiento (p 0.003) y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria total antes del aislamiento (p 0.001), el análisis multivariado se encontró una asociación significativa en el número de días de uso previo de carbapenémicos OR de 2.08 (IC 1.03 – 4.17) (p 0.04) . La mortalidad atribuible fue del 25%. Conclusión: Los días de uso previo de carbapenémicos se relacionan con la infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos.

Terapia electroconvulsiva en esquizofrenia resistente a tratamiento farmacológico

El uso de la terapia electroconvulsiva en el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia resistente a manejo farmacológico suscita en la actualidad diferentes posiciones respecto a su utilidad y eficacia en el control del espectro de síntomas presentados por este tipo de pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de la terapia electroconvulsiva en esquizofrenia resistente a tratamiento farmacológico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se incluyeron dos estudios aleatorizados controlados y siete estudios abiertos cuasi experimentales. Se excluyeron 12 estudios y otros cinco estudios se clasificaron en curso, es decir, que a la fecha no se han terminado ni publicado. Resultados: La evidencia disponible, respalda el uso de la terapia electroconvulsiva como terapia coadyuvante al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con esquizofrenia refractaria. Un grupo de cuatro estudios cuasi experimentales mostró reducción clínicamente significativa de la escala BPRS al igual que los dos estudios aleatorizados controlados. El grupo restante de tres estudios cuasi experimentales, mostró reducción clínicamente significativa de la escala PANSS. Estos resultados, se dan en el marco de la existencia de pocos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados disponibles. Conclusiones: La TEC combinada con medicamento antipsicótico provee la mejor opción terapéutica en el tratamiento agudo y a largo plazo de la esquizofrenia refractaria. Es necesaria la realización de estudios clínicos que aporten mayor nivel de evidencia.