Práticas de literacia e avaliação da competência da escrita

O desfasamento entre a escola e os diferentes contextos sociais em que se insere, a dificuldade em dar resposta às solicitações e desafios que as suas comunidades lhe colocam, a deficiente preparação de muitos dos alunos para um uso competente e crítico da linguagem oral e escrita, constituem três críticas sérias ao papel atual da escola. O projeto que estamos a dinamizar com uma turma do ensino secundário procura contrariar este rumo da educação, demonstrando que é possível construir e valorizar as competências de literacia que não se circunscrevem à própria vida escolar, através de atividades de aprendizagem efetiva da escrita, numa relação interdisciplinar com outras áreas de conhecimento. Ele surge nos antípodas do ensino tradicional, onde a produção escrita é imposta aos alunos, tendo quase sempre o professor como único destinatário, valorizando-se aspetos de natureza formal e superficial em detrimento de outros que são fundamentais em termos de eficácia discursiva, fazendo dela depender, quase exclusivamente, a avaliação do aluno, muitas vezes assente numa mera reprodução de conhecimento.Assim, e com recurso à metodologia do trabalho de projeto, concebemos um roteiro paisagístico, ainda em fase de realização, acerca de uma quinta de D. Antónia (Ferreirinha), destinado aos seus turistas, que tem obrigado a uma participação no quadro mais alargado da escola enquanto comunidade e nas comunidades em que os seus membros se inserem, fazendo com que os alunos interajam com os contextos culturais, históricos, económicos, sociais e institucionais onde atuam, estudam e vivem: o Douro. Nesta comunicação, procuramos divulgar estas práticas e discutir a sua viabilidade, evidenciando o modo como os alunos constroem o seu saber sobre a língua e de que modo a avaliação é um processo indispensável quer nas diferentes etapas de elaboração de um projeto, quer no domínio da competência de escrita.

L’évolution de l’évaluation de la composante linguistique de la compétence à écrire par le ministère de l’Éducation : une étude longitudinale sur les épreuves uniques de 5e secondaire

Cette recherche vise à décrire comment a évolué l’évaluation de la compétence à écrire dans les épreuves uniques d’écriture de 5e secondaire, en portant spécifiquement le regard sur la composante linguistique de cette compétence. Une recherche documentaire a permis de recueillir des épreuves et autres documents les concernant pour une période allant de 1971 à 2012. Bien que notre étude porte en particulier sur les épreuves uniques d’écriture, implantées en 1986, nous avons pu remonter plus loin dans le temps afin de brosser un tableau le plus large possible de l’évaluation certificative de l’écriture en 5e secondaire. Plusieurs aspects sont analysés : le contexte des épreuves, les tâches qu’elles contiennent, les paramètres encadrant leur correction, ainsi que les seuils de réussite relatifs à la langue, les épreuves entières, la compétence à écrire et la matière français, langue d’enseignement. Nous avons également pu observer, à l’échelle provinciale, l’évolution des résultats des élèves aux épreuves uniques d’écriture. À l’aide de divers concepts théoriques reliés à l’évaluation de la compétence écrire et sa composante linguistique, un cadre méthodologique a été développé pour permettre l’analyse des épreuves d’écriture. Celle-ci révèle notamment que la nature des tâches et leurs paramètres sont restés assez constants dans le temps, particulièrement depuis 1986. Le nombre d’erreurs linguistiques permises a augmenté, alors que les résultats des élèves sont restés stables. De plus, le regard historique de cette étude montre comment le ministère de l’Éducation accorde à notre époque une grande importance à l’écriture et à la correction de l’orthographe.

Omissão de grafemas e características da sílaba na escrita infantil

OBJETIVOS: (1) verificar se as omissões ortográficas ocorriam preferencialmente na sílaba completa ou em partes da sílaba; (2) caracterizar a distribuição das omissões de acordo com a posição silábica do elemento omitido; (3) em ambas as possibilidades, verificar se as omissões ocorriam preferencialmente em posições acentuadas ou não-acentuadas de palavras. MÉTODOS: dados extraídos de textos produzidos por pré-escolares de 5-6 anos. RESULTADOS: quanto ao primeiro objetivo, omissões de partes de sílabas foram significativamente mais freqüentes (p < 0,0001). Quanto ao segundo objetivo, as omissões em coda silábica foram estatisticamente mais significativas (p < 0,0000). Com relação ao terceiro objetivo, as posições acentuadas se mostraram como relevantes apenas para as omissões de partes de sílaba (p < 0,0000). CONCLUSÃO: as omissões na escrita infantil têm caráter altamente complexo, fato que deve ser levado em consideração nos instrumentos de avaliação da escrita infantil.

Estágio supervisionado de Ciências Biológicas: aproximações entre o legal e o real

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito : Su evaluación

Este trabajo, que forma parte de una investigación más amplia, está destinado a examinar la disponibilidad y utilización de instrumentos de evaluación del desempeño de alumnos a lo largo del trayecto formativo, respecto del aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito . Surge de la consideración de niveles de rendimiento críticos en el dominio de la lectura y escritura en diferentes niveles educativos, señalados reiteradamente en la literatura especializada del país y del exterior. Con ese propósito se revisan las habilidades y conocimientos implicados a partir de la evidencia empírica surgida de múltiples investigaciones. En el estado actual de la investigación en curso es posible identificar la insuficiencia de disponibilidad y uso de instrumentos de evaluación en nuestro medio. Se desprenden de ello, por un lado, las dificultades para detectar la oportunidad y naturaleza de los problemas que presentan los lectores con dificultades y con trastornos específicos de aprendizaje, y por el otro, la insuficiencia de información sobre indicadores específicos que permitan diseñar las estrategias para optimizar el desempeño en lectura y escritura

Aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito : Su evaluación

Este trabajo, que forma parte de una investigación más amplia, está destinado a examinar la disponibilidad y utilización de instrumentos de evaluación del desempeño de alumnos a lo largo del trayecto formativo, respecto del aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito . Surge de la consideración de niveles de rendimiento críticos en el dominio de la lectura y escritura en diferentes niveles educativos, señalados reiteradamente en la literatura especializada del país y del exterior. Con ese propósito se revisan las habilidades y conocimientos implicados a partir de la evidencia empírica surgida de múltiples investigaciones. En el estado actual de la investigación en curso es posible identificar la insuficiencia de disponibilidad y uso de instrumentos de evaluación en nuestro medio. Se desprenden de ello, por un lado, las dificultades para detectar la oportunidad y naturaleza de los problemas que presentan los lectores con dificultades y con trastornos específicos de aprendizaje, y por el otro, la insuficiencia de información sobre indicadores específicos que permitan diseñar las estrategias para optimizar el desempeño en lectura y escritura

Aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito : Su evaluación

Este trabajo, que forma parte de una investigación más amplia, está destinado a examinar la disponibilidad y utilización de instrumentos de evaluación del desempeño de alumnos a lo largo del trayecto formativo, respecto del aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito . Surge de la consideración de niveles de rendimiento críticos en el dominio de la lectura y escritura en diferentes niveles educativos, señalados reiteradamente en la literatura especializada del país y del exterior. Con ese propósito se revisan las habilidades y conocimientos implicados a partir de la evidencia empírica surgida de múltiples investigaciones. En el estado actual de la investigación en curso es posible identificar la insuficiencia de disponibilidad y uso de instrumentos de evaluación en nuestro medio. Se desprenden de ello, por un lado, las dificultades para detectar la oportunidad y naturaleza de los problemas que presentan los lectores con dificultades y con trastornos específicos de aprendizaje, y por el otro, la insuficiencia de información sobre indicadores específicos que permitan diseñar las estrategias para optimizar el desempeño en lectura y escritura

Argumentação em foco: a perspectiva de avaliação do ENEM

Nowadays ENEM is the main large-scale evaluation instrument of Brazilian education. Universities also often use it in order to select their candidates. Reading exam seeks to evaluate student’s capacity of producing argumentative and dissertation prose writing about a social, scientific, cultural or political theme. This paper is located in this context: we want to discuss the evaluation of ENEM’s Writing Exam argumentation. Our startpoint is presuppose that the capacity to develop a well-argued text evaluation goes through several specific skills, which cover different aspects of what is understood about argumentation process. Therefore, considering argumentation as an object of different theoretical approaches and covers different concepts, we intend to verify not only the approaches, but also subjacent concepts and how they were converted into skills and competences established on the ENEM Writing Exam’s matrix of correction. With regard to the nature, it is a theoretical paper, in other words, we intend to offer only a discussion about the theme, not necessarily offering a practical application. Concerning to the goals, it has an exploratory character as we intend to offer a problem treatment, in order to make it more explicit and them construct some hypotheses. In these terms, we surveyed some theoretical approaches about argumentation and presented three conceptions: rhetorical argumentation, textual argumentation and linguistics argumentation. At next, we analyzed the participant’s guide (ENEM’s 2013 Writing Exam ) and how each one of these conceptions are mobilized in the writing evaluation, beginning from how they are considered on the description of competences and skills up to used on correction. This analysis shows that is not assumed a very well established theoretical base, which can contribute to a certain fragility on the Writing Exam evaluation process.

Modeling Individual Differences among Writers Using ReaderBench

The current study builds upon a previous study, which examined the degree to which the lexical properties of students’ essays could predict their vocabulary scores. We expand on this previous research by incorporating new natural language processing indices related to both the surface- and discourse-levels of students’ essays. Additionally, we investigate the degree to which these NLP indices can be used to account for variance in students’ reading comprehension skills. We calculated linguistic essay features using our framework, ReaderBench, which is an automated text analysis tools that calculates indices related to linguistic and rhetorical features of text. University students (n = 108) produced timed (25 minutes), argumentative essays, which were then analyzed by ReaderBench. Additionally, they completed the Gates-MacGinitie Vocabulary and Reading comprehension tests. The results of this study indicated that two indices were able to account for 32.4% of the variance in vocabulary scores and 31.6% of the variance in reading comprehension scores. Follow-up analyses revealed that these models further improved when only considering essays that contained multiple paragraph (R2 values = .61 and .49, respectively). Overall, the results of the current study suggest that natural language processing techniques can help to inform models of individual differences among student writers.

Statistical evaluation of the influence of writing postures on on-line signatures. Study of the impact of time.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of unusual writing positions on a person's signature, in comparison to a standard writing position. Ten writers were asked to sign their signature six times, in each of four different writing positions, including the standard one. In order to take into consideration the effect of the day-to-day variation, this same process was repeated over 12 sessions, giving a total of 288 signatures per subject. The signatures were collected simultaneously in an off-line and on-line acquisition mode, using an interactive tablet and a ballpoint pen. Unidimensional variables (height to width ratio; time with or without in air displacement) and time-dependent variables (pressure; X and Y coordinates; altitude and azimuth angles) were extracted from each signature. For the unidimensional variables, the position effect was assessed through ANOVA and Dunnett contrast tests. Concerning the time-dependent variables, the signatures were compared by using dynamic time warping, and the position effect was evaluated through classification by linear discriminant analysis. Both of these variables provided similar results: no general tendency regarding the position factor could be highlighted. The influence of the position factor varies according to the subject as well as the variable studied. The impact of the session factor was shown to cover the impact that could be ascribed to the writing position factor. Indeed, the day-to-day variation has a greater effect than the position factor on the studied signature variables. The results of this study suggest guidelines for best practice in the area of signature comparisons and demonstrate the importance of a signature collection procedure covering an adequate number of sampling sessions, with a sufficient number of samples per session.

Evaluation of five guidelines for option development in multiple-choice item-writing. 'Evaluaci??n de cinco directrices para la construcci??n de opciones en ??tems de elecci??n m??ltiple'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization as a tool for developing microenvironments for evaluation of bacterial growth

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

An evaluation of parchments' degradation a hybrid approach

Parchment stands for a multifaceted material made from animal skin, which has been used for centuries as a writing support or as bookbinding. Due to the historic value of objects made of parchment, understanding their degradation and their condition is of utmost importance to archives, libraries and museums, i.e., the assessment of parchment degradation is mandatory, although it is hard to do with traditional methodologies and tools for problem solving. Hence, in this work we will focus on the development of a hybrid decision support system, in terms of its knowledge representation and reasoning procedures, under a formal framework based on Logic Programming, complemented with an approach to computing centered on Artificial Neural Networks, to evaluate Parchment Degradation and the respective Degree-of-Confidence that one has on such a happening.

The First Christian Historian. Writing the "Acts of the Apostles"

As the first historian of Christianity, Luke's reliability is vigorously disputed among scholars. The author of the Acts is often accused of being a biased, imprecise, and anti-Jewish historian who created a distorted portrait of Paul. Daniel Marguerat tries to avoid being caught in this true/false quagmire when examining Luke's interpretation of history. Instead he combines different tools - reflection upon historiography, the rules of ancient historians and narrative criticism - to analyse the Acts and gauge the historiographical aims of their author. Marguerat examines the construction of the narrative, the framing of the plot and the characterization, and places his evaluation firmly in the framework of ancient historiography, where history reflects tradition and not documentation. This is a fresh and original approach to the classic themes of Lucan theology: Christianity between Jerusalem and Rome, the image of God, the work of the Spirit, the unity of Luke and the Acts.

New perspectives in the use of ink evidence in forensic science: Part III: Operational applications and evaluation.

The research reported in this series of article aimed at (1) automating the search of questioned ink specimens in ink reference collections and (2) at evaluating the strength of ink evidence in a transparent and balanced manner. These aims require that ink samples are analysed in an accurate and reproducible way and that they are compared in an objective and automated way. This latter requirement is due to the large number of comparisons that are necessary in both scenarios. A research programme was designed to (a) develop a standard methodology for analysing ink samples in a reproducible way, (b) comparing automatically and objectively ink samples and (c) evaluate the proposed methodology in forensic contexts. This report focuses on the last of the three stages of the research programme. The calibration and acquisition process and the mathematical comparison algorithms were described in previous papers [C. Neumann, P. Margot, New perspectives in the use of ink evidence in forensic science-Part I: Development of a quality assurance process for forensic ink analysis by HPTLC, Forensic Sci. Int. 185 (2009) 29-37; C. Neumann, P. Margot, New perspectives in the use of ink evidence in forensic science-Part II: Development and testing of mathematical algorithms for the automatic comparison of ink samples analysed by HPTLC, Forensic Sci. Int. 185 (2009) 38-50]. In this paper, the benefits and challenges of the proposed concepts are tested in two forensic contexts: (1) ink identification and (2) ink evidential value assessment. The results show that different algorithms are better suited for different tasks. This research shows that it is possible to build digital ink libraries using the most commonly used ink analytical technique, i.e. high-performance thin layer chromatography, despite its reputation of lacking reproducibility. More importantly, it is possible to assign evidential value to ink evidence in a transparent way using a probabilistic model. It is therefore possible to move away from the traditional subjective approach, which is entirely based on experts' opinion, and which is usually not very informative. While there is room for the improvement, this report demonstrates the significant gains obtained over the traditional subjective approach for the search of ink specimens in ink databases, and the interpretation of their evidential value.