Neste Oilin energialaitoksen paineilma- ja syöttövesituotannon energiataloudellinen tarkastelu

Insinöörityön tavoitteena oli tehdä teknillis-taloudellinen selvitystyö Neste Oilin Porvoon jalostamon energialaitoksen paineilma- ja syöttövesituotannosta. Tarkoituksena oli tutkia mahdollisuuksia säästää näihin toimintoihin kuluvaa sähköä luotettavuutta heikentämättä. Ensimmäiseksi täytyi selvittää laitteet joilla säästöihin voitaisiin päästä ja näistä laitteista aiheutuvat kokonaiskustannukset. Koska työssä pyritään säästöihin taajuusmuuttujatekniikan avulla, käsitellään työn alkuosassa taajuusmuuttajien toimintaperiaatteita ja niiden tekniikkaa. Tämän jälkeen työssä tarkastellaan Kilpilahden teollisuusalueen paineilmaverkon nykytila ja miten sitä voitaisiin parantaa. Lopuksi käsitellään energialaitoksen omien kattiloiden syöttövesipumppujen nykytilaa ja mahdollisuuksia niiden kehittämiseen. Valmistajilta saatujen laitehintojen perusteella pystyttiin tekemään investointilaskelmat molemmista kohteista. Työssä esiteltiin yksi uudistamisvaihtoehto molemmille kohteille. Paineilmainvestoinnissa säästöjä haettiin uudentyyppisen kompressorin avulla ja syöttövesijärjestelmässä pumpun moottorin vaihdolla höyryturbiinista taajuusmuuttajaohjattuun sähkömoottoriin. Taloudellisen kannattavuuden lisäksi molemmissa investoinnissa pyrittiin mahdollisuuksien mukaan perehtymään myös tuotannon luotettavuuteen. Nykyisellä sähkönhinnalla molemmat uudistukset tulisivat todella kannattavaksi. Paineilmauudistus tuskin heikentäisi tuotannon luotettavuutta, mutta syöttövesijärjestelmän uudistaminen vaatii tarkkoja selvityksiä, joissa paneudutaan pelkästään tuotannon luotettavuuteen. Selvitystyön avulla Neste Oil saa tiedot näihin uudistuksiin liittyvistä lähtökohdista ja mahdollisuuksista.

Production and Delivery (Optimization of production system and reliability)

This thesis is done to solve two issues for Sayid Paper Mill Ltd Pakistan. Section one deals with a practical problem arise in SPM that is cutting a given set of raw paper rolls of known length and width, and a set of product paper rolls of known length (equal to the length of raw paper rolls) and width, practical cutting constraints on a single cutting machine, according to demand orders for all customers. To solve this problem requires to determine an optimal cutting schedule to maximize the overall cutting process profitability while satisfying all demands and cutting constraints. The aim of this part of thesis is to develop a mathematical model which solves this problem.Second section deals with a problem of delivering final product from warehouse to different destinations by finding shortest paths. It is an operational routing problem to decide the daily routes for sending trucks to different destination to deliver their final product. This industrial problem is difficult and includes aspect such as delivery to a single destination and multiple destinations with limited resources. The aim of this part of thesis is to develop a process which helps finding shortest path.

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM : Optimization of production system and reliability

The main idea of this research to solve the problem of inventory management for the paper industry SPM PVT limited. The aim of this research was to find a methodology by which the inventory of raw material could be kept at minimum level by means of buffer stock level.The main objective then lies in finding the minimum level of buffer stock according to daily consumption of raw material, finding the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) reorders point and how much order will be placed in a year to control the shortage of raw material.In this project, we discuss continuous review model (Deterministic EOQ models) that includes the probabilistic demand directly in the formulation. According to the formula, we see the reorder point and the order up to model. The problem was tackled mathematically as well as simulation modeling was used where mathematically tractable solution was not possible.The simulation modeling was done by Awesim software for developing the simulation network. This simulation network has the ability to predict the buffer stock level based on variable consumption of raw material and lead-time. The data collection for this simulation network is taken from the industrial engineering personnel and the departmental studies of the concerned factory. At the end, we find the optimum level of order quantity, reorder point and order days.

Hybrid Contribution of JPEG200 Video Files for Professional Production Centers Reliability and Non-Reliability Transmission File Based in Image Quality Needed

ATM, SDH or satellite have been used in the last century as the contribution network of Broadcasters. However the attractive price of IP networks is changing the infrastructure of these networks in the last decade. Nowadays, IP networks are widely used, but their characteristics do not offer the level of performance required to carry high quality video under certain circumstances. Data transmission is always subject to errors on line. In the case of streaming, correction is attempted at destination, while on transfer of files, retransmissions of information are conducted and a reliable copy of the file is obtained. In the latter case, reception time is penalized because of the low priority this type of traffic on the networks usually has. While in streaming, image quality is adapted to line speed, and line errors result in a decrease of quality at destination, in the file copy the difference between coding speed vs line speed and errors in transmission are reflected in an increase of transmission time. The way news or audiovisual programs are transferred from a remote office to the production centre depends on the time window and the type of line available; in many cases, it must be done in real time (streaming), with the resulting image degradation. The main purpose of this work is the workflow optimization and the image quality maximization, for that reason a transmission model for multimedia files adapted to JPEG2000, is described based on the combination of advantages of file transmission and those of streaming transmission, putting aside the disadvantages that these models have. The method is based on two patents and consists of the safe transfer of the headers and data considered to be vital for reproduction. Aside, the rest of the data is sent by streaming, being able to carry out recuperation operations and error concealment. Using this model, image quality is maximized according to the time window. In this paper, we will first give a briefest overview of the broadcasters requirements and the solutions with IP networks. We will then focus on a different solution for video file transfer. We will take the example of a broadcast center with mobile units (unidirectional video link) and regional headends (bidirectional link), and we will also present a video file transfer file method that satisfies the broadcaster requirements.

Reliability:its implications in production systems design

Research on production systems design has in recent years tended to concentrate on ‘software’ factors such as organisational aspects, work design, and the planning of the production operations. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid to maximising the contributions made by fixed assets, particularly machines and equipment. However, as the cost of unproductive machine time has increased, reliability, particularly of machine tools, has become ever more important. Reliability theory and research has traditionally been based in the main on electrical and electronic equipment whereas mechanical devices, especially machine tools, have not received sufficiently objective treatment. A recently completed research project has considered the reliability of machine tools by taking sample surveys of purchasers, maintainers and manufacturers. Breakdown data were also collected from a number of engineering companies and analysed using both manual and computer techniques. Results obtained have provided an indication of those factors most likely to influence reliability and which in turn could lead to improved design and selection of machine tool systems. Statistical analysis of long-term field data has revealed patterns of trends of failure which could help in the design of more meaningful maintenance schemes.

Intermetallic layer formation and influence in solder joints reliability

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Materials Engineering

Relatedness influences signal reliability in evolving robots.

Communication is an indispensable component of animal societies, yet many open questions remain regarding the factors affecting the evolution and reliability of signalling systems. A potentially important factor is the level of genetic relatedness between signallers and receivers. To quantitatively explore the role of relatedness in the evolution of reliable signals, we conducted artificial evolution over 500 generations in a system of foraging robots that can emit and perceive light signals. By devising a quantitative measure of signal reliability, and comparing independently evolving populations differing in within-group relatedness, we show a strong positive correlation between relatedness and reliability. Unrelated robots produced unreliable signals, whereas highly related robots produced signals that reliably indicated the location of the food source and thereby increased performance. Comparisons across populations also revealed that the frequency for signal production-which is often used as a proxy of signal reliability in empirical studies on animal communication-is a poor predictor of signal reliability and, accordingly, is not consistently correlated with group performance. This has important implications for our understanding of signal evolution and the empirical tools that are used to investigate communication.

Scientific Literature on the Reliability and Validity of the Manchester Triage System (MTS) Protocol: A Integrative Literature Review

OBJECTIVE To analyze the scientific production about the validity and reliability of the Manchester Triage System (MTS) protocol. METHOD A descriptive study of an integrative literature review. Articles on the validity and reliability of the MTS developed with children and adults published between 1999 and 2013 were included. RESULTS 14 articles were selected from a total of 8438, nine of validity and five of reliability. The reliability of the MTS ranged from moderate to almost perfect, with higher intra-evaluation. Regarding validity, the results seem to point to equivalent and satisfactory sensibility and specificity levels of the MTS. The instrument proved to be a good predictor of the need for hospitalization and of hospital mortality. CONCLUSION The reliability and validity of the MTS obtained in the studies is varied. It is recommended that new studies indicate necessary modifications to the MTS so that it is more safely used by nurses.

Behavior of Asphalts in the Production of Asphaltic Concrete, HR-107, 1965

Project 540-S of the Iowa Engineering Experiment Station (Project HR-107, Iowa Highway Research Board) was started in June, 1964. During the year ten 2-gallon samples of asphalt cement and ten 100-lb samples of asphaltic concrete were studied by the personnel of the Bituminous Research Laboratory, Iowa State University. The samples were from tanks and mixers of asphalt plants at various Iowa State Highway Commission paving jobs. The laboratory's research was in two phases: 1. To ascertain if properties of asphalt cement changed during mixing operations. 2. To determine whether one or more of the several tests of asphalt cements were enough to indicate behavior of the heated asphalt cements. If the reliability of one or more tests could be proved, the behavior of asphalts would be more simply and rapidly predicted.

Operational Reliability Analysis of a Three-Tiered Thin-Client ERP-system in an International Corporate Environment

Internationalization and the following rapid growth have created the need to concentrate the IT systems of many small-to-medium-sized production companies. Enterprise Resource Planning systems are a common solution for such companies. Deployment of these ERP systems consists of many steps, one of which is the implementation of the same shared system at all international subsidiaries. This is also one of the most important steps in the internationalization strategy of the company from the IT point of view. The mechanical process of creating the required connections for the off-shore sites is the easiest and most well-documented step along the way, but the actual value of the system, once operational, is perceived in its operational reliability. The operational reliability of an ERP system is a combination of many factors. These factors vary from hardware- and connectivity-related issues to administrative tasks and communication between decentralized administrative units and sites. To accurately analyze the operational reliability of such system, one must take into consideration the full functionality of the system. This includes not only the mechanical and systematic processes but also the users and their administration. All operational reliability in an international environment relies heavily on hardware and telecommunication adequacy so it is imperative to have resources dimensioned with regard to planned usage. Still with poorly maintained communication/administration schemes no amount of bandwidth or memory will be enough to maintain a productive level of reliability. This thesis work analyzes the implementation of a shared ERP system to an international subsidiary of a Finnish production company. The system is Microsoft Dynamics Ax, currently being introduced to a Slovakian facility, a subsidiary of Peikko Finland Oy. The primary task is to create a feasible base of analysis against which the operational reliability of the system can be evaluated precisely. With a solid analysis the aim is to give recommendations on how future implementations are to be managed.

Delivery Reliability: Timely and Quantitative Accuracy in a Forest Industry Company

The primary objective of this thesis was to research delivery reliability of mill business unit of a forest industry company, especially timely and quantitative accuracy of sales orders. Delivery reliability is an important factor of customer satisfaction, which has a great influence for success of a company. The secondary objective was to find out reasons for possible problems of delivery reliability and give propositions for improvable performances. The empirical part of the thesis based on reporting database of the forest industry company’s ERP-software and detailed information of the mill system. The delivery reliability results of the mill business unit were compared to delivery reliability of similar mill business unit inside the forest industry company. The research results expressed problems in the supply chain. The delivery reliability reporting should be also developed further. This would advance delivery reliability monitoring. The improvement propositions of the thesis were logistic operation mode estimation, particular benchmarking of the compared mill business unit and more detailed survey on production delivery reliability.

Reliability of muscle fiber conduction velocity in the tibialis anterior

This document could not have been completed without the hard work of a number of individuals. First and foremost, my supervisor, Dr. David Gabriel deserves the utmost recognition for the immense effort and time spent guiding the production of this document through the various stages of completion. Also, aiding in the data collection, technical support, and general thought processing were Lab Technician Greig Inglis and fellow members of the Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory Jon Howard, Sean Lenhardt, Lara Robbins, and Corrine Davies-Schinkel. The input of Drs. Ted Clancy, Phil Sullivan and external examiner Dr. Anita Christie, all members ofthe assessment committee, was incredibly important and vital to the completion of this work. Their expertise provided a strong source of knowledge and went to ensure that this project was completed at exemplary level. There were a number of other individuals who were an immense help in getting this project off the ground and completed. The donation of their time and efforts was very generous and much needed in order to fulfill the requirements needed for completion of this study. Finally, I cannot exclude the contributions of my family throughout this project especially that of my parents whose support never wavers.

The accuracy and reliability of plaster vs digital study models : a comparison of three different impression materials

Introduction: Le but de l’étude était d’examiner l’effet des matériaux à empreintes sur la précision et la fiabilité des modèles d’études numériques. Méthodes: Vingt-cinq paires de modèles en plâtre ont été choisies au hasard parmi les dossiers de la clinique d’orthodontie de l’Université de Montréal. Une empreinte en alginate (Kromopan 100), une empreinte en substitut d’alginate (Alginot), et une empreinte en PVS (Aquasil) ont été prises de chaque arcade pour tous les patients. Les empreintes ont été envoyées chez Orthobyte pour la coulée des modèles en plâtre et la numérisation des modèles numériques. Les analyses de Bolton 6 et 12, leurs mesures constituantes, le surplomb vertical (overbite), le surplomb horizontal (overjet) et la longueur d’arcade ont été utilisés pour comparaisons. Résultats : La corrélation entre mesures répétées était de bonne à excellente pour les modèles en plâtre et pour les modèles numériques. La tendance voulait que les mesures répétées sur les modèles en plâtre furent plus fiables. Il existait des différences statistiquement significatives pour l’analyse de Bolton 12, pour la longueur d’arcade mandibulaire, et pour le chevauchement mandibulaire, ce pour tous les matériaux à empreintes. La tendance observée fut que les mesures sur les modèles en plâtre étaient plus petites pour l’analyse de Bolton 12 mais plus grandes pour la longueur d’arcade et pour le chevauchement mandibulaire. Malgré les différences statistiquement significatives trouvées, ces différences n’avaient aucune signification clinique. Conclusions : La précision et la fiabilité du logiciel pour l’analyse complète des modèles numériques sont cliniquement acceptables quand on les compare avec les résultats de l’analyse traditionnelle sur modèles en plâtre.

Understanding safety and production risks in rail engineering planning and protection

Much of the published human factors work on risk is to do with safety and within this is concerned with prediction and analysis of human error and with human reliability assessment. Less has been published on human factors contributions to understanding and managing project, business, engineering and other forms of risk and still less jointly assessing risk to do with broad issues of ‘safety’ and broad issues of ‘production’ or ‘performance’. This paper contains a general commentary on human factors and assessment of risk of various kinds, in the context of the aims of ergonomics and concerns about being too risk averse. The paper then describes a specific project, in rail engineering, where the notion of a human factors case has been employed to analyse engineering functions and related human factors issues. A human factors issues register for potential system disturbances has been developed, prior to a human factors risk assessment, which jointly covers safety and production (engineering delivery) concerns. The paper concludes with a commentary on the potential relevance of a resilience engineering perspective to understanding rail engineering systems risk. Design, planning and management of complex systems will increasingly have to address the issue of making trade-offs between safety and production, and ergonomics should be central to this. The paper addresses the relevant issues and does so in an under-published domain – rail systems engineering work.