A influência do eWOM gerado pelos grupos de referência no Facebook, em Portugal

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Marketing Digital. Orientado por Mestre Inês Veiga Pereira

O EWOM sobre a distribuição moderna - Falem bem ou falem mal…mas falem!

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Matkailusta kiinnostuneiden kuluttajien eWOM-viestintä sosiaalisessa mediassa

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan matkailusta kiinnostuneiden kuluttajien elektronista word-of-mouth-viestintää (eWOM) sosiaalisessa mediassa. Aihepiiriä lähestyttiin neljän osaongelman kautta: 1) miten hyvin sosiaalisen median eri kanavat tunnetaan ja miten paljon niitä käytetään, 2) millaisia sosiaalisen median kuluttajatyyppejä on tunnistettavissa, 3) miten kuluttajat osallistuvat eWOM-viestintään matkailukontekstissa ja 4) millaista kuluttajien ja matkanjärjestäjän välinen vuorovaikutus on Facebookissa. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys painottuu word-of-mouth-viestinnän tarkasteluun niin perinteisessä kuin elektronisessa muodossa. Viestintäteorioiden ohella teoriassa tarkastellaan sosiaalisen median ilmiötä yleisellä tasolla, minkä lisäksi tutkielmassa perehdytään tarkemmin eWOM-viestinnän ilmenemiseen erilaisilla kanavilla, kuten blogeissa, mielipide- ja arviointisivustoilla sekä kuvanjakopalveluissa. Empiirisen tutkimuksen lähestymistavaksi valittiin kvantitatiivinen tutkimus, jossa aineisto kerättiin sähköisellä kyselyllä yhteistyössä matkanjärjestäjä Tjäreborgin kanssa. Yli 1000 vastausta käsittänyt otos antoi ajankohtaisen läpileikkauksen suomalaisten matkailusta kiinnostuneiden kuluttajien sosiaalisen median käytöstä sekä heidän osallistumisestaan eWOM-viestintään. Tutkimustuloksissa havaittiin suomalaisten melko samankaltainen, suppeahko sosiaalisen median kanavien käyttö: tällä hetkellä sosiaalisen median käyttö painottuu vahvasti verkkoyhteisöpalvelu Facebookiin ja videopalvelu Youtubeen. Harvinaisemmat kanavat, kuten Instagram, Pinterest, Foursquare, olivat suurimmalle osalle vastaajista täysin vieraita. Myös osallistuminen eWOM-viestintään oli suhteellisen passiivista painottuen pikemminkin tiedon etsintään ja muiden kuluttajien jakamien julkaisujen tarkasteluun kuin aktiiviseen kommentointiin ja sisällöntuottamiseen. Sosiaalisen median käytön perusteella pystyttiin tunnistamaan kolme erilaista sosiaalisen median käyttäjäryhmää (hitaat omaksujat, jämähtäneet facebookkaajat ja aktiiviset edelläkävijät), joiden välillä havaittiin eroavaisuuksia niin eWOM-viestintään osallistumisessa kuin kanavien käyttöaktiivisuudessa. Esimerkiksi nuoremmat, useita eri kanavia aktiivisesti käyttävät kuluttajat olivat rohkeampia jakamaan matkakuvansa sosiaalisessa mediassa, kun taas vanhemmat kuluttajat suhtautuivat varsin varauksellisesti lomakuvien jakamiseen sosiaalisen median sivustoilla. Kuluttajat suhtautuivat myötämielisesti matkanjärjestäjän kanssa viestimiseen yrityksen Facebook-sivulla; esimerkiksi tarjoukset, arvonnat, ajankohtaiset uutiset lomakohteesta sekä mahdollisuus vaikuttaa yrityksen toimintaan koettiin hyvin kiinnostavaksi sisällöksi Facebookissa. Tämän perusteella voidaan todeta, että kuluttajat kokevat Facebook-kanavan olevan kiinnostava väylä rakentaa vuorovaikutusta matkanjärjestäjän kanssa.

eWOM communication in social media: A study of its antecedents in higher education context

The aim of this master’s thesis was to examine antecedents of eWOM communication in social media in the higher education context. In order to achieve this goal, eWOM communications of the students’ of international master’s programmes at Lappeenranta University of Technology were studied. The main research question was formulated as follows: What kind of effect do service-, brand-related antecedents, contextual antecedents and moderating factors have on LUT’s international master’s degree students’ eWOM communication in social media regarding their studies? The theory part of the master’s thesis was focused on the discussion of service- and brand related eWOM antecedents, contextual antecedents, as well as moderating relationships between them. The empirical part of the master’s thesis was based on quantitative research method. A web-based survey was carried out among current students of international master’s degree programmes at LUT. Out of 712 e-mail invitations sent, 159 responses were received in total. Thus, response rate was 22%. The results of the study showed that satisfaction, commitment, virtual brand community commitment, need for an advice, positive altruistic concerns, negative altruistic concerns, and attitude towards eWOM communications have an effect on eWOM in higher education context. Several moderating effects on eWOM were determined in the present study as well. On the other hand, it was found that dissatisfaction, loyalty, brand identification, desire to help the organization, need for positive self-enhancement, and social risk perception do not have an effect on eWOM in higher education context.

Drivers of in-group and out-of-group electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM)

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to address a recent call for additional research on electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). In response to this call, this study draws on the social network paradigm and the uses and gratification theory (UGT) to propose and empirically test a conceptual framework of key drivers of two types of eWOM, namely in-group and out-of-group. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed model, which examines the impact of usage motivations on eWOM in-group and eWOM out-of-group, is tested in a sample of 302 internet users in Portugal. Findings – Results from the survey show that the different drivers (i.e. mood-enhancement, escapism, experiential learning and social interaction) vary in terms of their impact on the two different types of eWOM. Surprisingly, while results show a positive relationship between experiential learning and eWOM out-of-group, no relationship is found between experiential learning and eWOM in-group. Research limitations/implications – This is the first study investigating the drivers of both eWOM in-group and eWOM out-of-group. Additional research in this area will contribute to the development of a general theory of eWOM. Practical implications – By understanding the drivers of different eWOM types, this study provides guidance to marketing managers on how to allocate resources more efficiently in order to achieve the company's strategic objectives. Originality/value – No published study has investigated the determinants of these two types of eWOM. This is the first study offering empirical considerations of how the various drivers differentially impact eWOM in-group and eWOM out-of-group.

Drivers of in‐group and out‐of‐group electronic word‐of‐mouth (eWOM)

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to address a recent call for additional research on electronic word‐of‐mouth (eWOM). In response to this call, this study draws on the social network paradigm and the uses and gratification theory (UGT) to propose and empirically test a conceptual framework of key drivers of two types of eWOM, namely in‐group and out‐of‐group. Design/methodology/approach– The proposed model, which examines the impact of usage motivations on eWOM in‐group and eWOM out‐of‐group, is tested in a sample of 302 internet users in Portugal. Findings– Results from the survey show that the different drivers (i.e. mood‐enhancement, escapism, experiential learning and social interaction) vary in terms of their impact on the two different types of eWOM. Surprisingly, while results show a positive relationship between experiential learning and eWOM out‐of‐group, no relationship is found between experiential learning and eWOM in‐group. Research limitations/implications– This is the first study investigating the drivers of both eWOM in‐group and eWOM out‐of‐group. Additional research in this area will contribute to the development of a general theory of eWOM. Practical implications– By understanding the drivers of different eWOM types, this study provides guidance to marketing managers on how to allocate resources more efficiently in order to achieve the company's strategic objectives. Originality/value– No published study has investigated the determinants of these two types of eWOM. This is the first study offering empirical considerations of how the various drivers differentially impact eWOM in‐group and eWOM out‐of‐group.

Balance theory in eWOM: Even if you red-flag this product, I like it, as I dislike you

In eWOM the relationship between the consumer and the reviewer is weak. Still, the present study argues that social information, for example the reviewer`s user picture, influences the product evaluation. By applying balance theory we predict that the evaluation of the recommended product is a function of the induced attitude towards the reviewer and the valence of the review. By utilizing either positive or negative user pictures and either positive or negative reviews, we confirmed the hypothesized interaction. Consumers rated a negatively reviewed product more favorable when the reviewer used a negative user picture, compared to a positive user picture.

eWOM-markkinointi ja sen hyödyntäminen autoalalla

Internetin kehitys on vaikuttanut monen vähittäiskaupan alaan, mutta erityisesti se on muuttanut autokaupan markkinointia. Se on lisäksi laajentanut perinteisen word-of-mouth -markkinoinnin käsitettä ja hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia huomattavasti, mikä on saanut sekä tutkijat että ammatinharjoittajat kiinnostumaan eWOM-markkinoinnista sen poikkeuksellisen suuren suosion, kasvun ja vaikutusten takia. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia eWOM-markkinointia ja sen hyödyntämistä autoalalla Suomessa. Tutkimusongelma voidaan jakaa neljään osaongelmaan: 1. Mitä on eWOM-markkinointi? 2. Miten yritykset voivat hyödyntää eWOM-markkinointia? 3. Hyödyntävätkö automaahantuojat eWOM-markkinointia? 4. Miten automaahantuojat voisivat paremmin hyödyntää eWOM-markkinointia? Tutkimus pohjautuu WOMin ja sosiaalisen median teorioihin, joiden pohjalta eWOM-markkinointi määriteltiin yritysten tarkoituksellisiksi pyrkimyksiksi vaikuttaa kuluttajienväliseen WOMiin tavoilla, jotka edistävät yritysten markkinointiviestien leviämistä sosiaalisessa mediassa. Yritykset voivat hyödyntää eWOM-markkinointia käyttämällä maksettuja WOM-viestinvälittäjiä, kannustamalla tuoteorientoituneita keskusteluita myynninedistämisstrategialla tai sopeutumalla verbaaliseen toimintaan sen kontrolloinnin sijaan. Kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoituina teemahaastatteluina, joissa haastateltiin automaahantuojien edustajia. Haastatteluiden tulkinta perustui teoriaohjaavaan analyysiin, josta ilmeni, että automaahantuojat Suomessa käyttävät eWOM-markkinointia hyvin vähän. eWOM-markkinointia käyttävät automaahantuojat käyttävät sitä pääasiassa jakamalla sosiaaliseen mediaan WOM-alkuja ja tekemällä yhteistyötä mielipidejohtajien kanssa. Koska eWOM-markkinoinnin käyttö on vähäistä, voidaan sen hyödyntämistä parantaa monilla eri tavoilla. Aktiivisempi keskusteluun osallistuminen, tarkemman osaamisen hankkiminen, taktisuus, tulosten mittaaminen, ketteryyden kehittäminen, uusien toimintatapojen löytäminen, rohkeus innovoida ja luovuuden lisääminen ovat tapoja kehittää eWOM-markkinointia. Tutkielman perusteella voidaan todeta, että automaahantuojat Suomessa hyödyntävät eWOM -markkinointia hyvin vähän, ja näin ollen sen hyödyntämistä voitaisiin parantaa kokeilemalla rohkeammin ja luovemmin tätä sosiaalisen median tarjoamaa mahdollisuutta. Liika strukturointi sotii ilmiön perusperiaatteita vastaan, joten automaahantuojien tulisi pyrkiä keksimään uusia luovia toimintatapoja, toimimaan joustavasti ja reagoimaan sopivan tilaisuuden tullen.

Comunicação de risco em saúde : a importância do eWOM

Os surtos de doenças infeciosas estão atualmente no topo das preocupações relacionadas com riscos de saúde, devido à grande capacidade de disseminação e difusão que as caracteriza e, não menos importante, por causa da eventual possibilidade de evolução dos surtos para o nível de pandemia. A nível global, os Governos e as organizações oficiais de saúde estão empenhados em criar planos para lidar com os riscos de saúde, de forma a mitigar e controlar os efeitos nefastos provocados pelas doenças infeciosas na população. O mundo mudou, devido às novas tecnologias, tornou-se globalmente digital. As pessoas, hoje, têm um novo estatuto, são atores sociais, unidos por laços sociais no seio das redes digitais, dentro das quais, têm acesso a uma vasta panóplia de informação - acerca de assuntos de saúde por exemplo, que flui livremente através da rede e diminui os limites entre o cidadão comum e os profissionais e os peritos acerca dos mais diversos temas. O utilizador atual de internet, é um "prosumer". A tecnologia permite-lhe pesquisar a informação que procura e, adicionalmente, compartilhar e comentar o resultado das suas pesquisas e da sua própria experiência pessoal. No contexto dos riscos de saúde, a comunicação é um elemento preponderante em qualquer estratégia de planeamento de risco. Por sua vez, a internet, os novos media digitais e as redes sociais online, são ferramentas postas à disposição dos consumidores, que lhes possibilitam a procura a partilha e o armazenamento de informação. Em virtude da importância que assume a comunicação nos cenários de crise, no âmbito deste trabalho, centraremos o foco da nossa atenção, nos fenómenos de comunicação, conhecidos por “passa-palavra” e “passa-palavra eletrónico” (WOM e WOM), revelando a sua influência na participação dos consumidores na dinâmica comportamental de partilha de eWOM, dentro do grupo restrito de cada indivíduo (eWOM dentro do grupo). Para produzir o nosso modelo concetual, usaram-se medidas adaptadas de outros construtos retirados da literatura, nomeadamente, “Credibilidade da fonte”; “Credibilidade de informação” e “eWOM Dentro do Grupo”.

Atitudes dos leitores de blogues de moda e beleza perante as publicações patrocinadas : intenção de compra e eWOM

Mestrado em Marketing

A influência dos bogs de moda no processo de decisão de compra

As redes sociais, nas quais se incluem os blogs, vieram alterar a forma como as pessoas escolhem os bens e serviços que pretendem adquirir. Ao permitirem (entre outras coisas) a emissão para o mundo de opiniões sobre produtos e serviços, as redes sociais aumentaram a quantidade de informação pré-compra disponível, bem como diversificaram o tipo de fontes que é possível consultar durante este processo. Um exemplo flagrante deste fenómeno em Portugal, e no resto do Mundo, são os blogs de moda. Os blogs de moda são sites pessoais utilizados para a publicação de conteúdos relacionados com o universo da moda (Fernandes, 2013), podendo incluir-se aqui os acessórios, a cosmética, o exercício físico e os estilos de vida (Moura, 2013; Kulmala, 2011). Diversos estudos começam hoje a evidenciar que este tipo de sites exerce influência sobre o processo de decisão de compra dos seus seguidores (Kulmala, 2011; Fernandes, 2013). Neste sentido, foi objectivo deste estudo perceber em que medida os blogs de moda influenciam os processos de decisão de compra dos portugueses. Para este efeito, foi efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os tópicos em estudo (processo de decisão de compra, blogs de moda e respectiva influência), seguido de um estudo empírico, tendo sido usado o inquérito por questionário, procedendo-se depois à análise dos resultados. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a pesquisa de informação é, na amostra em estudo, a etapa do processo de decisão de compra mais influenciada pelo conteúdo publicado nos blogs de moda. Concluiu-se também que esta é uma das principais motivações dos inquiridos na consulta de blogs de moda. Verifica-se, portanto, que os blogs de moda funcionam hoje como plataformas de eWOM, ao mesmo tempo que os seus autores ascendem a líderes de opinião.

“The impact of online ratings on video game sales”

Online third-party reviews have been grown over the last decade and they now play an important role as a tool for helping customers evaluate products and services that in many cases offer more than tangible features. This study intends to quantify the impact online ratings have over video game sales by conducting a linear regression analysis on 300 titles for the previous console generation (PlayStation® 3 and Xbox® 360) using a data from the video game industry to understand the existing influence on this particular market. The findings showed that these variables have a weak linear relationship thus suggesting that quality of a title explains little the commercial success of a video game and instead this should cover a wider range of factors. Afterwards, we compare results to previous ones and discuss the managerial implications for upcoming gaming generations.

O impacto dos blogs de moda no relacionamento com marcas de consumo simbólico

Dissertação de mestrado em Marketing e Estratégia

Backpacker 2.0 - Contemporary backpackers and their use of social media as an information and communication platform

Long-term independent budget travel to countries far away has become increasingly common over the last few decades, and backpacking has now entered the tourism mainstream. Nowadays, backpackers are a very important segment of the global travel market. Backpacking is a type of tourism that involves a lot of information search activities. The Internet has become a major source of information as well as a platform for tourism business transactions. It allows travelers to gain information very effortlessly and to learn about tourist destinations and products directly from other travelers in the form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Social media has penetrated and changed the backpacker market, as now modern travelers can stay connected to people at home, read online recommendations, and organize and book their trips very independently. In order to create a wider understanding on modern-day backpackers and their information search and share behavior in the Web 2.0 era, this thesis examined contemporary backpackers and their use of social media as an information and communication platform. In order to achieve this goal, three sub-objectives were identified: 1. to describe contemporary backpacker tourism 2. to examine contemporary backpackers’ travel information search and share behavior 3. to explore the impacts of new information and communications technologies and Web 2.0 on backpacker tourism The empirical data was gathered with an online survey, thus the method of analysis was mainly quantitative, and a qualitative method was used for a brief analysis of open questions. The research included both descriptive and analytical approaches, as the goal was to describe modern-day backpackers, and to examine possible interdependencies between information search and share behavior and background variables. The interdependencies were tested for statistical significance with the help of five research hypotheses. The results suggested that backpackers no longer fall under the original backpacker definitions described some decades ago. Now, they are mainly short-term travelers, whose trips resemble more those of mainstream tourists. They use communication technologies very actively, and particularly social media. Traditional information sources, mainly guide books and recommendations from friends, are of great importance to them but also eWOM sources are widely used in travel decision making. The use of each source varies according to the stage of the trip. All in all, Web 2.0 and new ICTs have transformed the backpacker tourism industry in many ways. Although the experience has become less authentic in some travelers’ eyes, the backpacker culture is still recognizable.

The Role of Non-Coercive Influence Tactics in Online Marketing

This thesis examines the effectiveness of non-coercive influence tactics in the context of consumer online behaviour. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive understanding of consumer online behaviour and the role of information types in affecting the consumer’s cognitive responses and behavioural outcomes. The theoretical part of the study examines the academic literature on consumer online behaviour and influence tactics used both in traditional buyer/seller relationships as well as in relationships mediated by online technologies. The empirical part of the study is carried out with four experiments that utilise non-coercive influence tactics to affect online consumer behaviour. The consumers included in this study are 18-28 year-old structural and civil engineering students in Finland, United Kingdom, United States and India. The findings suggest that non-coercive influence tactics are applicable in the online marketing context and generate cognitive responses of site awareness, site involvement and exploratory behaviour which subsequently results in behavioural outcomes of compliance, eWOM and site abandonment.