El cued speech : adaptación española y estudio experimental sobre su contribución a la madurez verbal del niño sordo profundo.

El estudio científico de los efectos de la palabra complementada (cued speech) en la compresión verbal, o más concretamente, en el aspecto de la recepción de la palabra hablada, en el aprendizaje verbal del niño sordo profundo frente a otros sistemas oralistas de rehabilitación. Compuesta por 20 niños sordos profundos, alumnos del centro de rehabilitación del lenguaje y audición 'Príncipe de Asturias' de Cartagena, diagnosticados con sordera bilateral profunda. Todos ellos eran sordos prelocutivos y todos han tenido antes de la aplicación de las pruebas aquí presentadas al menos 5 años de rehabilitación logopédica de orientación oralista. Las edades fueron entre 7 y 10 años. Todos estaban escolarizados en ciclo inicial o medio de EGB. Diseño intrasujeto. Las variables controladas independientes fueron: A) Aplicación individual. B) Control auditivo y momento auditivo óptimo. C) Disposición positiva del sujeto para el trabajo. D) Evitación del aprendizaje. E) Preparación psicológica del sujeto. F) Explicación de la tarea a realizar y sus objetivos. Se le presentaron al sujeto 66 logotomas para cada una de las siete combinaciones del experimento. Los grupos de palabras fueron 6 y cada grupo comprende 18 palabras. La evaluación se realizó mediante dos pruebas 'ad hoc': 1. Logotomas o silabas sin sentido. 2. Palabras clave dentro del contexto lingüístico, y que a su vez se subdivide en dos tipos: A) Palabra clave en contexto previsible. B) Palabra clave en contexto poco previsible. Tabla de frecuencias absolutas. Equipo de vídeo para pruebas lingüísticas (recepción). Audiómetro modelo Amplaid 30. Equipo Suvag. Estadística no paramétrica (pequeños grupos). Se utilizó un ANOVA, que permitió calcular una 'F omnibus': prueba de T para los logotomas y palabras clave. El tratamiento estadístico y de textos se llevó a cabo mediante el software: Display writer 3, dBase III, Microsta estadística y epistat estadística. El cued speech es válido para llevar al niño sordo profundo a un nivel de recepción de la palabra similar al del niño oyente de su misma edad. Es más eficaz al simultanearlo con la lectura labiofacial. El cueed speech se revela independiente de los restos auditivos. La recepción verbal captada por el niño sordo mediante varias vías simultaneamente, mejora los resultados. Entre esta simultaneidad se revela como más eficiente la pareja labiolectora T kinemas (complementos manuales). El cued speech nos llega con un soporte técnico de avanzada tecnología. La recepción lingüística ofrecida al niño sordo profundo mediante varias vías de información mejora los resultados, y en concreto se confirma que las dos vías con las que se alcanzan los resultados más elevados son el uso simultáneo de la lectura labiofacial y los complementos del cued speech.

An examination of the appropriateness of the CID grammatical analysis of elicted language as an instrument to compare language acquisition in deaf children enrolled in cued speech vs. oral and signed english programs

This paper discusses a study to compare test results of the CID GAEL test among hearing impaired children who are enrolled in cued speech vs. oral vs. signed english programs.

An examination of cued speech as a tool for language, literacy, and bilingualism for children who are deaf or hard of hearing

This study examines the purpose and uses of Cued Speech, its benefits and limitations, and its effectiveness as a tool for language, literacy, and bilingualism.

Cued speech

This paper discusses cued speech.

Representation of Cued Speech in teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing preparation programs

This descriptive study investigates the representation of Cued Speech in teacher of the deaf preparation programs as well as attitudes towards inclusion of Cued Speech in those programs in the context of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA. The issue of Cued Speech is discussed as a communication modality and implications for deaf education are presented.

Perceptions d’élèves québécois présentant une déficience auditive de l’utilisation du langage parlé complété en contexte d’intégration scolaire

Depuis l’adoption de la politique de l’adaptation scolaire en 1999, le ministère de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport a mis en place un plan d’action pour permettre l’intégration des élèves handicapés ou en difficulté d’adaptation ou d’apprentissage. L’intégration des élèves handicapés a fait l’objet de plusieurs études ; toutefois, peu d’entre elles se sont intéressées à l’intégration d’élèves présentant une déficience auditive et utilisant le langage parlé complété. Le but de cette étude est de mettre en lumière les perceptions d’élèves présentant une déficience auditive quant à l’utilisation du langage parlé complété en contexte d’intégration scolaire. Les concepts exploités dans ce mémoire sont relatifs à la surdité, aux élèves présentant une déficience auditive, aux modes de communication utilisés auprès de ces élèves, et plus particulièrement le langage parlé complété, de même qu’au contexte d’intégration scolaire québécois. Cette recherche est de type exploratoire et la méthode utilisée est qualitative. Cinq étudiants présentant une déficience auditive et âgés entre 12 et 17 ans ont participé à une entrevue semi-dirigée. Les résultats de ces entretiens montrent que ces élèves ont des perceptions positives et négatives face à l’utilisation du langage parlé complété en contexte d’intégration. Quoique de façon générale cela n’entrave pas leur intégration scolaire, les perceptions négatives se rapportent davantage à l’intégration sociale qu’à l’intégration scolaire.

Age-related changes in the functional neuroanatomy of overt speech production

Alterations of existing neural networks during healthy aging, resulting in behavioral deficits and changes in brain activity, have been described for cognitive, motor, and sensory functions. To investigate age-related changes in the neural circuitry underlying overt non-lexical speech production, functional MRI was performed in 14 healthy younger (21–32 years) and 14 healthy older individuals (62–84 years). The experimental task involved the acoustically cued overt production of the vowel /a/ and the polysyllabic utterance /pataka/. In younger and older individuals, overt speech production was associated with the activation of a widespread articulo-phonological network, including the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, the cingulate motor areas, and the posterior superior temporal cortex, similar in the /a/ and /pataka/ condition. An analysis of variance with the factors age and condition revealed a significant main effect of age. Irrespective of the experimental condition, significantly greater activation was found in the bilateral posterior superior temporal cortex, the posterior temporal plane, and the transverse temporal gyri in younger compared to older individuals. Significantly greater activation was found in the bilateral middle temporal gyri, medial frontal gyri, middle frontal gyri, and inferior frontal gyri in older vs. younger individuals. The analysis of variance did not reveal a significant main effect of condition and no significant interaction of age and condition. These results suggest a complex reorganization of neural networks dedicated to the production of speech during healthy aging.

Does the type of concurrent task affect preferred and cued gait in people with Parkinson's disease?

Difficulty performing more than one task at a time is common in people with Parkinson's disease, resulting in interference with one or both tasks. While studies have shown that greater interference in gait occurs with more complex concurrent tasks, the impact of the type of concurrent task is unclear in the Parkinson's population. Thus the first purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the concurrent task (calculation, language, or motor) on gait in people with Parkinson's disease. As visual cues are commonly used to aid stride regulation in people with Parkinson's disease, the second purpose of this study was to determine whether this method of increasing stride length was still effective if other tasks were performed simultaneously. Sixteen patients with Parkinson's disease and 16 gender- and age-matched controls performed six cognitive and motor concurrent tasks when seated, walking 10 m, and walking over visual cues. Stride length decreased in people with Parkinson's disease when performing the concurrent calculation and language tasks, but not with the motor task. The language task was more complex than the calculation task, thus the effect was not due to task complexity alone. Visual cues were effective in improving stride length whist maintaining velocity in people with Parkinson's disease, even when performed under dual task conditions. These findings highlight the importance of the task when assessing and retraining dual tasking during gait, and suggest that retraining dual tasking can occur whilst simultaneously using visual aids to regulate stride length.

Noise reduction in biomedical speech signal processing based on time and frequency Kalman filtering combined with spectral subtraction

The goal of this paper is to study and propose a new technique for noise reduction used during the reconstruction of speech signals, particularly for biomedical applications. The proposed method is based on Kalman filtering in the time domain combined with spectral subtraction. Comparison with discrete Kalman filter in the frequency domain shows better performance of the proposed technique. The performance is evaluated by using the segmental signal-to-noise ratio and the Itakura-Saito`s distance. Results have shown that Kalman`s filter in time combined with spectral subtraction is more robust and efficient, improving the Itakura-Saito`s distance by up to four times. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

MODELING THE UNVOICED COMPONENT IN THE CANONICAL REPRESENTATION OF SPEECH

The canonical representation of speech constitutes a perfect reconstruction (PR) analysis-synthesis system. Its parameters are the autoregressive (AR) model coefficients, the pitch period and the voiced and unvoiced components of the excitation represented as transform coefficients. Each set of parameters may be operated on independently. A time-frequency unvoiced excitation (TFUNEX) model is proposed that has high time resolution and selective frequency resolution. Improved time-frequency fit is obtained by using for antialiasing cancellation the clustering of pitch-synchronous transform tracks defined in the modulation transform domain. The TFUNEX model delivers high-quality speech while compressing the unvoiced excitation representation about 13 times over its raw transform coefficient representation for wideband speech.

Lingual kinematic strategies used to increase speech rate: Comparisons between younger and older adults

The primary objective of this study was to assess the lingual kinematic strategies used by younger and older adults to increase rate of speech. It was hypothesised that the strategies used by the older adults would differ from the young adults either as a direct result of, or in response to a need to compensate for, age-related changes in the tongue. Electromagnetic articulography was used to examine the tongue movements of eight young (M526.7 years) and eight older (M567.1 years) females during repetitions of /ta/ and /ka/ at a controlled moderate rate and then as fast as possible. The younger and older adults were found to significantly reduce consonant durations and increase syllable repetition rate by similar proportions. To achieve these reduced durations both groups appeared to use the same strategy, that of reducing the distances travelled by the tongue. Further comparisons at each rate, however, suggested a speed-accuracy trade-off and increased speech monitoring in the older adults. The results may assist in differentiating articulatory changes associated with normal aging from pathological changes found in disorders that affect the older population.

Spectral peak resolution and speech recognition in quiet: Normal hearing, hearing impaired and cochlear implant listeners

Spectral peak resolution was investigated in normal hearing (NH), hearing impaired (HI), and cochlear implant (CI) listeners. The task involved discriminating between two rippled noise stimuli in which the frequency positions of the log-spaced peaks and valleys were interchanged. The ripple spacing was varied adaptively from 0.13 to 11.31 ripples/octave, and the minimum ripple spacing at which a reversal in peak and trough positions could be detected was determined as the spectral peak resolution threshold for each listener. Spectral peak resolution was best, on average, in NH listeners, poorest in CI listeners, and intermediate for HI listeners. There was a significant relationship between spectral peak resolution and both vowel and consonant recognition in quiet across the three listener groups. The results indicate that the degree of spectral peak resolution required for accurate vowel and consonant recognition in quiet backgrounds is around 4 ripples/octave, and that spectral peak resolution poorer than around 1–2 ripples/octave may result in highly degraded speech recognition. These results suggest that efforts to improve spectral peak resolution for HI and CI users may lead to improved speech recognition

Speech recognition in noise for cochlear implant listeners: Benefits of residual hearing

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential advantages, both theoretical and applied, of preserving low-frequency acoustic hearing in cochlear implant patients. Several hypotheses are presented that predict that residual low-frequency acoustic hearing along with electric stimulation for high frequencies will provide an advantage over traditional long-electrode cochlear implants for the recognition of speech in competing backgrounds. A simulation experiment in normal-hearing subjects demonstrated a clear advantage for preserving low-frequency residual acoustic hearing for speech recognition in a background of other talkers, but not in steady noise. Three subjects with an implanted "short-electrode" cochlear implant and preserved low-frequency acoustic hearing were also tested on speech recognition in the same competing backgrounds and compared to a larger group of traditional cochlear implant users. Each of the three short-electrode subjects performed better than any of the traditional long-electrode implant subjects for speech recognition in a background of other talkers, but not in steady noise, in general agreement with the simulation studies. When compared to a subgroup of traditional implant users matched according to speech recognition ability in quiet, the short-electrode patients showed a 9-dB advantage in the multitalker background. These experiments provide strong preliminary support for retaining residual low-frequency acoustic hearing in cochlear implant patients. The results are consistent with the idea that better perception of voice pitch, which can aid in separating voices in a background of other talkers, was responsible for this advantage.

Benefits of amplification for speech recognition in background noise

The purpose of the present study was to examine the benefits of providing audible speech to listeners with sensorineural hearing loss when the speech is presented in a background noise. Previous studies have shown that when listeners have a severe hearing loss in the higher frequencies, providing audible speech (in a quiet background) to these higher frequencies usually results in no improvement in speech recognition. In the present experiments, speech was presented in a background of multitalker babble to listeners with various severities of hearing loss. The signal was low-pass filtered at numerous cutoff frequencies and speech recognition was measured as additional high-frequency speech information was provided to the hearing-impaired listeners. It was found in all cases, regardless of hearing loss or frequency range, that providing audible speech resulted in an increase in recognition score. The change in recognition as the cutoff frequency was increased, along with the amount of audible speech information in each condition (articulation index), was used to calculate the "efficiency" of providing audible speech. Efficiencies were positive for all degrees of hearing loss. However, the gains in recognition were small, and the maximum score obtained by an listener was low, due to the noise background. An analysis of error patterns showed that due to the limited speech audibility in a noise background, even severely impaired listeners used additional speech audibility in the high frequencies to improve their perception of the "easier" features of speech including voicing