Business competition dynamics: agent-based modeling simulations of firms in search of economic performance

A intenção deste trabalho é explorar dinâmicas de competição por meio de “simulação baseada em agentes”. Apoiando-se em um crescente número de estudos no campo da estratégia e teoria das organizações que utilizam métodos de simulação, desenvolveu-se um modelo computacional para simular situações de competição entre empresas e observar a eficiência relativa dos métodos de busca de melhoria de desempenho teorizados. O estudo também explora possíveis explicações para a persistência de desempenho superior ou inferior das empresas, associados às condições de vantagem ou desvantagem competitiva

The law of unfair business competition, including chapters on trade secrets and confidential business relations; unfair interference with contracts; libel and slander of articles of merchandise, trade names, and business credit and reputation,

Mode of access: Internet.

Economic competition and evolution: Are there lessons from ecology?

After generally discussing models in ecology and economics that combine competition, optimization, and evolution, this article concentrates on models of intraspecific competition. It demonstrates the importance of diversity/inequalities within populations of species and other environments for the sustainability of their populations, given the occurrence of environmental change. This is demonstrated both for scramble (open-access) and contest competition. Implications are drawn for human populations and industrial organization. The possibility is raised that within-industry competition may not always exist between firms in all stages of the development of a new industry. Policy implications are considered. For example, it is argued that policies designed to encourage intense business competition and maximum economic efficiency have the drawback of eventually making industries highly vulnerable to exogenous economic changes.

Participatory innovation to develop traditional Indonesian craft industries

This paper presents a participatory project involving the traditional glass bead craft industries in rural Java, Indonesia. Their survival is in danger due to tight business competition among themselves and due to shortcomings in existing business mechanisms. The research explores a departure from traditional government assistance programs which seek to train craftspeople with new kinds of technology based skills. Instead, the project explores alternate business mechanisms, ways for traditional craftspeople to get more power in business mechanisms, and ways to develop new design strategies through a collaborative approach. The ultimate goal is to ensure sustainable livelihoods for traditional craft producers and for the traditional craft industry in general. This research also aims to support the economic strength and competitiveness of these industries indirectly by i. Generating knowledge about developing innovation strategies in the traditional craft industry; ii. Providing an alternative advisory program to support the sustainability of the traditional souvenir craft industry; iii. Providing inputs for designers or any institutions who intend to establish collaborative design learning with craft industries. Understanding the situation carefully,including sensitivities such as culture and tensions among people, building self-confidence and trust among craftspeople as well as involving junior designers are keys in pursuing a participatory project in this case.

Key attributes underpinning different markup decision between public and private projects : a China study

In the construction industry, contractors have to improve the efficiency of markup decision-making to survive from fierce business competition. The effect of client type on markup decision has been aware in previous studies and contractors are advocated to take account of decision factors properly when they are confronted with different types of projects. Nevertheless, the rationales behind the inclusion of different factors in markup decision-making for different projects sustain unknown. In this study, fifty-three factors were identified after extensive literature review and interviews with professionals. The identified factors were afterwards grouped under the headings of nine attributes and compiled in a questionnaire for survey in China. Using the Hotelling’s T-square test, it is found that three attributes (i.e., project characteristic, client characteristic, and macro condition) can explain the effect of client type on contractors’ markup decision. The research findings provide useful insights into the cognition of bid pricing as well as the improvement of bidding efficiency. While the research works were situated in China, contractors in other countries could benefit from the research findings in a similar vein.

Not just what they want, but why they want it: Traditional market research to deep customer insights

Purpose This paper explores advantages and disadvantages of both traditional market research and deep customer insight methods in order to lay the platform for revealing how a relationship between these two domains could be optimised during firm-based innovation. Design/methodology/approach The paper reports on an empirical research study conducted with thirteen Australian based firms engaged in a design-led approach to innovation. Firms were facilitated through a design-led approach where the process of gathering deep customer insights was isolated and investigated further in comparison to traditional market research methods. Findings Results show that deep customer insight methods are able to provide fresh, non-obvious ways of understanding customer needs, problems and behaviours that can become the foundation of new business opportunities. Findings concluded that deep customer insights methods provide the critical layer to understand why customers do and don’t engage with businesses. Revealing why was not accessible in traditional market research methods. Research limitations/implications The theoretical outcome of this study is a complementary methods matrix, providing guidance on appropriate implementation of research methods in accordance with a project’s timeline to optimise the complementation of traditional market research methods with design-led customer engagement methods. Practical implications Deep customer insight methods provide fresh, non-obvious ways of understanding customer needs, problems and behaviours that can become the foundation of new business opportunities. It is hoped that those in a position of data collection are encouraged to experiment and use deep customer insight methods to connect with their customers on a meaningful level and translate these insights into value. Originality/value This paper provides original value to a new understanding how design techniques can be applied to compliment and strengthen existing market research strategies. This is crucial in an era where business competition hinges on a subtle and often intimate understanding of customer needs and behaviours.

Market structure of international construction professional services: Evidences from top design firms

Construction professional service (CPS) in the international arena has been very competitive despite that the industry is proliferating at a high rate. To excel in international business, CPS firms have the importance of building overseas competition strategies on a proper understanding of the international CPS (I-CPS) market. However, subject to borderless trade, information technology–based networking, global outsourcing, and changing forms of procurement, the I-CPS market structure has become more covert, intricate, and unstraightforward than before. Through examining business competition among top international design firms, this study aims to identify the attributes of the I-CPS market structure from two perspectives—concentration and turnover. Data from Engineering News-Record over the period 2001–2011 were collected to calculate market concentration ratios and turnover indices. The results show that I-CPS competition is characterized by atomism, much turbulence with a steady increase in competition intensity, and the predominant role of new entrants and exiting firms in market turnovers. The combination of concentration and turnover is found useful to address the attributes of the I-CPS market structure, which favors I-CPS firms to formulate international competition strategies in due ways.

Oppimisen kohteen ja oppijan vastavuoroinen kehitys : Teleyrityksen asiakaspalvelun työyhteisöjen oppimiskäytäntöjen uudistaminen osana teknologis-taloudellista kumousta

Reciprocal development of the object and subject of learning. The renewal of the learning practices of front-line communities in a telecommunications company as part of the techno-economical paradigm change. Current changes in production have been seen as an indication of a shift from the techno-economical paradigm of a mass-production era to a new paradigm of the information and communication technological era. The rise of knowledge management in the late 1990s can be seen as one aspect of this paradigm shift, as knowledge creation and customer responsiveness were recognized as the prime factors in business competition. However, paradoxical conceptions concerning learning and agency have been presented in the discussion of knowledge management. One prevalent notion in the literature is that learning is based on individuals’ voluntary actions and this has now become incompatible with the growing interest in knowledge-management systems. Furthermore, commonly held view of learning as a general process that is independent of the object of learning contradicts the observation that the current need for new knowledge and new competences are caused by ongoing techno-economic changes. Even though the current view acknowledges that individuals and communities have key roles in knowledge creation, this conception defies the idea of the individuals’ and communities’ agency in developing the practices through which they learn. This research therefore presents a new theoretical interpretation of learning and agency based on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory. This approach overcomes the paradoxes in knowledge-management theory and offers means for understanding and analyzing changes in the ways of learning within work communities. This research is also an evaluation of the Competence-Laboratory method which was developed as part of the study as a special application of Developmental Work Research methodology. The research data comprises the videotaped competence-laboratory processes of four front-line work communities in a telecommunications company. The findings reported in the five articles included in this thesis are based on the analyses of this data. The new theoretical interpretation offered here is based on the assessment that the findings reported in the articles represent one of the front lines of the ongoing historical transformation of work-related learning since the research site represents one of the key industries of the new “knowledge society”. The research can be characterized as elaboration of a hypothesis concerning the development of work related learning. According to the new theoretical interpretation, the object of activity is also the object of distributed learning in work communities. The historical socialization of production has increased the number of actors involved in an activity, which has also increased the number of mutual interdependencies as well as the need for communication. Learning practices and organizational systems of learning are historically developed forms of distributed learning mediated by specific forms of division of labor, specific tools, and specific rules. However, the learning practices of the mass production era become increasingly inadequate to accommodate the conditions in the new economy. This was manifested in the front-line work communities in the research site as an aggravating contradiction between the new objects of learning and the prevailing learning practices. The constituent element of this new theoretical interpretation is the idea of a work community’s learning as part of its collaborative mastery of the developing business activity. The development of the business activity is at the same time a practical and an epistemic object for the community. This kind of changing object cannot be mastered by using learning practices designed for the stable conditions of mass production, because learning has to change along the changes in business. According to the model introduced in this thesis, the transformation of learning proceeds through specific stages: predefined learning tasks are first transformed into learning through re-conceptualizing the object of the activity and of the joint learning and then, as the new object becomes stabilized, into the creation of new kinds of learning practices to master the re-defined object of the activity. This transformation of the form of learning is realized through a stepwise expansion of the work community’s agency. To summarize, the conceptual model developed in this study sets the tool-mediated co-development of the subject and the object of learning as the theoretical starting point for developing new, second-generation knowledge management methods. Key words: knowledge management, learning practice, organizational system of learning, agency

Estudio de optimización para la implantación de procesos productivos con indicadores de sostenibilidad

[ES]Los constantes cambios tanto en la demanda como en la oferta y la competencia de mercado han incrementado el interés en la optimización de nuestros recursos. Son muchas las empresas que se ven sometidas a un continuo cambio tanto en el tipo de producto como en la cantidad a fabricar, para ello es necesario tener una distribución flexible y capaz de sobrevivir al paso del tiempo. El objetivo de este proyecto es obtener una lista de control mediante la que se pueda analizar la sostenibilidad de una implantación. La lista está formada por 23 indicadores mediante los cuales se logra simplificar y reflejar los aspectos más relevantes de una implantación, permitiendo la obtención de información sobre los puntos débiles y fuertes de la distribución. A través de la evaluación de los resultados, se pueden examinar distintas opciones para reducir los problemas y optimizar el proceso. Además, con el objeto de verificar la fiabilidad del planteamiento se incluye un ejemplo de aplicación sobre una implantación real y su respectivo análisis.

Competitive Intelligence : Aufbau einer Informationsbasis und Entscheidungssystematik zur Definition strategischer Zielmärkte

Im Rahmen der Globalisierung und des daraus resultierenden Wettbewerbs ist es für ein Unternehmen von zentraler Bedeutung, Wissen über die Wettbewerbssituation zu erhalten. Nicht nur zur Erschließung neuer Märkte, sondern auch zur Sicherung der Unternehmensexistenz ist eine Wettbewerbsanalyse unabdingbar. Konkurrenz- bzw. Wettbewerbsforschung wird überwiegend als „Competitive Intelligence“ bezeichnet. In diesem Sinne beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit mit einem Bereich von Competitive Intelligence. Nach der theoretischen Einführung in das Thema werden die Ergebnisse von neun Experteninterviews sowie einer schriftlichen Expertenbefragung innerhalb des Unternehmens erläutert. Die Experteninterviews und -befragungen zum Thema Competitive Intelligence dienten zur Entwicklung eines neuen Wettbewerbsanalysekonzeptes. Die Experteninterviews zeigten, dass in dem Unternehmen kein einheitliches Wettbewerbsanalysesystem existiert und Analysen lediglich ab hoc getätigt werden. Zusätzlich wird ein Länderranking vorgestellt, das zur Analyse europäischer Länder für das Unternehmen entwickelt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Dänemark und Italien für eine Ausweitung der Exportgeschäfte bedeutend sind. Der neu entwickelte Mitbewerberbewertungsbogen wurde auf Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse für Dänemark und Italien getestet.

Asia-Pacific: a new agenda for the times ahead

The rapid growth of the populous Asian economies provokes profound economic changes and a shift in the balance of power. On the economic front, Asian leaders are confronted with the need to preserve the stability that has underpinned their prosperity, maintain an environment conducive to trade and investments and encourage domestic consumption while avoiding ecological disasters. Internationally, business competition will intensify with the strong presence of Asian manufacturers in global supply chains, growing price competition from Asian firms in domestic markets and global competition for energy, food, minerals and other commodities. Geopolitical concerns stem, in part, from Asia’s global quest for critical resources, conflicting territorial and maritime disputes and increasing military expenditures which affect security dynamics. China’s assertiveness over its periphery prompts an arm’s race in the region and concerns about Sino-American relations even though U.S.-Chinese relations may be less risky than China’s relations with its neighbours. The United States remains a key player in the Asia-Pacific region, with the capacity to alter balances and affect outcomes. Globally, the United States capacity to lead is now diminished and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Since no rising power is capable of exercising global leadership, a return to the "old normal" where no one power in geopolitical or economic terms dominates the world is to be expected.

How ikea should enter in the colombian market

IKEA es una de las empresas más grandes en el mundo que produce y comercializa productos para el hogar, sin embargo, todavía no tiene una filial en Colombia. Por esta razón, este trabajo de investigación se dedicará a evaluar no solo los factores generales que influenciarán la apertura de una tienda IKEA en Colombia, sino también los factores internos.

Cartéis em leilões: atuação e medidas de combate

Leilão é um procedimento de alocação de recursos com boas propriedades. Apresento a literatura teórica de leilões a qual demonstra, que sob diversas condições, leilões levam à alocação eficiente de recursos e maximização da receita do leiloeiro. Entretanto estes resultados valem apenas se os participantes do leilão não estejam organizados em cartéis. Um Cartel é uma organização que inibe a concorrência entre firmas. A atuação de um cartel pode ou não levar a uma alocação eficiente de recursos, mas a receita do leiloeiro será sempre prejudicada. Analiso a literatura teórica de cartel em leilões de objeto único que caracteriza formas de coordenação do cartel, estratégias de atuação e sua sustentabilidade. Apresento os desafios que o cartel deve superar. Mais ainda, proponho medidas que devem ser tomadas, caso haja suspeita de existência de cartel. O leilão de primeiro preço é o menos suscetível a ação de cartéis, pois nele há incentivo para as firmas desviarem das orientações do cartel. O combate a cartéis é avaliado por meio da taxa de desconto necessária para o cartel existir. Se a taxa de desconto necessária é menor significa um cartel mais difícil de ser sustentado. Demonstro que o preço de reserva randômico é melhor para combater cartéis do que o preço de reserva fixo em leilões de primeiro preço que se repetem.

A CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE DO SER PROFISSIONAL SECRETÁRIO NA REGIÃO DO GRANDE ABC

A região do Grande ABC é caracterizada por ser local que retrata, de forma singular, os conflitos, as mudanças e o impacto da globalização no País e no mundo. Diferentes setores, articulados, construíram o Planejamento Regional para a região, que se deparava com a flexibilização, o desemprego estrutural e a diminuição nos postos de trabalho das grandes montadoras, de indústrias de autopeças, entre outras, e descobriu caminhos de enfrentamento para o processo que avassalou o Brasil e o mundo. Isso exigiu a profissionalização de quem ocupava a função de Secretário, para atender ao perfil das multinacionais. A partir daí, o Secretariado Executivo vem se consolidando como uma profissão de caráter inteligente e intelectual, considerado como analítico-simbólico. O Secretário rompeu com seu antigo perfil, enfrentando a concorrência de profissionais de outras áreas, e desempenha hoje um papel de assessoria adjunta, gerenciando processos e facilitando tomadas de decisão. É um profissional de formação intelectual diferenciada, com competências técnicas, comportamentais e estratégicas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o processo de construção da identidade do ser profissional Secretário na região do Grande ABC; levantar os espaços ocupados por esse profissional, através de mapeamento dos postos que ocupa, e construir uma linha do tempo dessa profissão na região. Para atender aos objetivos, foi utilizada pesquisa documental, a construção de uma linha do tempo e a história oral temática, procedendo-se à coleta e à análise dos dados de sete profissionais Secretários atuantes na região do Grande ABC. O diálogo interdisciplinar entre teoria e os discursos evidenciou que ainda existe um estereótipo cultural quanto à profissão nas organizações, mas há um respeito, ainda que velado, dos superiores e colegas, conquistado por sua persistência e profissionalização. Os resultados demonstram que a identidade do ser profissional Secretário é construída em suas experiências vividas no passado e no presente, o que lhe proporciona um esboço de valores individuais e profissionais que são revistos nas diversas organizações em que atuam ou atuaram e dentro do contexto regional estudado, gerando variações em suas identidades.(AU)

A CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE DO SER PROFISSIONAL SECRETÁRIO NA REGIÃO DO GRANDE ABC

A região do Grande ABC é caracterizada por ser local que retrata, de forma singular, os conflitos, as mudanças e o impacto da globalização no País e no mundo. Diferentes setores, articulados, construíram o Planejamento Regional para a região, que se deparava com a flexibilização, o desemprego estrutural e a diminuição nos postos de trabalho das grandes montadoras, de indústrias de autopeças, entre outras, e descobriu caminhos de enfrentamento para o processo que avassalou o Brasil e o mundo. Isso exigiu a profissionalização de quem ocupava a função de Secretário, para atender ao perfil das multinacionais. A partir daí, o Secretariado Executivo vem se consolidando como uma profissão de caráter inteligente e intelectual, considerado como analítico-simbólico. O Secretário rompeu com seu antigo perfil, enfrentando a concorrência de profissionais de outras áreas, e desempenha hoje um papel de assessoria adjunta, gerenciando processos e facilitando tomadas de decisão. É um profissional de formação intelectual diferenciada, com competências técnicas, comportamentais e estratégicas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o processo de construção da identidade do ser profissional Secretário na região do Grande ABC; levantar os espaços ocupados por esse profissional, através de mapeamento dos postos que ocupa, e construir uma linha do tempo dessa profissão na região. Para atender aos objetivos, foi utilizada pesquisa documental, a construção de uma linha do tempo e a história oral temática, procedendo-se à coleta e à análise dos dados de sete profissionais Secretários atuantes na região do Grande ABC. O diálogo interdisciplinar entre teoria e os discursos evidenciou que ainda existe um estereótipo cultural quanto à profissão nas organizações, mas há um respeito, ainda que velado, dos superiores e colegas, conquistado por sua persistência e profissionalização. Os resultados demonstram que a identidade do ser profissional Secretário é construída em suas experiências vividas no passado e no presente, o que lhe proporciona um esboço de valores individuais e profissionais que são revistos nas diversas organizações em que atuam ou atuaram e dentro do contexto regional estudado, gerando variações em suas identidades.(AU)