Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Extracts Obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE): Global Yields, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Estimation of the Cost of Manufacturing

In this work, supercritical technology was used to obtain extracts from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) with CO(2) and the cosolvent H(2)O at 1, 10, and 20% (w/w). The raw material was obtained from hydroponic cultivation. The extract`s global yield isotherms, chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and cost of manufacturing were determined. The extraction assays were done for pressures of 10 to 30 MPa at 303 to 323 K. The identification of the compounds present in the extracts was made by GC-MS and ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the coupled reaction of beta-carotene and linolenic acid. At 1% of cosolvent, the largest global yield was obtained at 10 MPa and 303 K (2%, dry basis-d.b.); at 10% of cosolvent the largest global yield was obtained at 10 and 15 MPa (11%, d.b.), and at 20% of cosolvent the largest global yield was detected at 30 MPa and 303 K (24%, d.b.). The main components identified in the extracts were eugenol, germacrene-D, epi-alpha-cadinol, malic acid, tartaric acid, ramnose, caffeic acid, quinic acid, kaempferol, caffeoylquinic acid, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. Sweet basil extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity compared to beta-carotene. Three types of SFE extracts from sweet basil were produced, for which the estimated cost of manufacturing (class 5 type) varied from US$ 47.96 to US$ 1,049.58 per kilogram of dry extract.

La teoría de los códigos: una entrevista a Basil Bernstein

En el contexto de esta monografía dedicada a la obra del profesor Bernstein pareció oportuno contar con alguna aportación Original del propio autor. Su obra clásica principal estando a punto de publicarse en castellano (ya aparecida al editarse este número de Temps d'Educació), surgió la idea de una entrevista -de una entrevista 'epistolar' en este caso.

Presentación de la monografía: Basil Bernstein

Esta monografía de Temps d'Educació está dedicada a la obra de Basil Bernstein, el gran sociólogo británico que ha desarrollado su reflexión sobre el sistema y las formas educativas durante los últimos 30 años. Su nombre y su teoría están indisolublemente asociados con las problemáticas de educación y clases sociales, así como educación y lenguaje, incluso con los orígenes de la social ingüística moderna, con la denominada 'nueva' sociología de la educación británica de los 70, y, desde luego, con las teorías de la educación como reproducción social y cultural.

Basil conservation affected by cropping season, harvest time and storage period

Fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used in food, phytotherapic industry, and in traditional therapeutic, due to its essential oil content and composition. Nevertheless basil can not be kept for long periods after harvest and its quality can be reduced. This work aimed to assess the influence of the season and harvest time in the postharvest conservation of basil stored for different periods. Basil was harvested at 8 am and 4 pm both in August/1999 and January/2000. Cuttings were conditioned in PVC packages and stored for 3, 6, and 9 days. During storage, chlorophyll content, essential oil content and composition were determined as well as microbiological analyses were carried out. Harvest season and the days of storage influenced the final content of essential oil. There was a linear decrease in the content of essential oil, in the chlorophyll content and in the number of mold and yeast colonies during storage. There was no effect of cropping season or harvest hour on essential oil composition, but the eugenol and linalool content increased during storage. Coliforms were under 0.3 MPN g-1 and the number of Staphylococcus aureus was under 1.0x10² UFC g-1.

La teoria del codis. Una entrevista a Basil Berstein

En el context d'aquesta monografia dedicada a l'obra del professor Bernstein ens va semblar oportú de comptar amb alguna aportació original de l'autor. Estant a punt de publicar-se la seva obra clàssica principal (ja apareguda quan s'editi aquest número de Temps d'educació ), va sorgir la idea d'una entrevista- una entrevista, en aquest cas, 'epistolar'.

Basil Bernstein: Societat, llenguatge i educació

Si haguéssim de trobar un fil conductor del conjunt de l'obra de Basil Bernstein, no hi ha cap mena de dubte que seria la referencia al llenguatge: com el llenguatge estructura els éssers humans en el procés de socialització, com constitueix la seva principal eina per copsar el món, com els contextos en els quals es produeix la socialització i l' educació es caracteritzen per les maneres d'usar el llenguatge, com el llenguatge és alhora ' jutge i part ': de quina manera possibilita, com marca les categories socials ( classe social, sexe, raça, etc. ) en la mateixa essència del procés de socialització, com, en fi, el llenguatge se subordina, alhora que encarna i constitueix un principi més ampli i general que no és sinó la mateixa trama d'allò que és social: les formes de divisió del treball, el repartiment i la constitució del poder, les formes de control.

Basil Bernstein: sociedad, lenguaje, educación

Si tuviésemos que encontrar un hilo conductor del conjunto de la obra de Basil Bernstein no cabe duda que sería la referencia al lenguaje. A cómo el lenguaje estructura a los seres humanos en el proceso de socialización, a cómo constituye su principal herramienta para aprehender el mundo, a cómo los contextos en los que se produce la socialización y la educación se caracterizan por...

HYBRID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPLIEDTO MODELING SCFE OF BASIL AND ROSEMARY OILS

This work presents the results of a Hybrid Neural Network (HNN) technique as applied to modeling SCFE curves obtained from two Brazilian vegetable matrices. A series Hybrid Neural Network was employed to estimate the parameters of the phenomenological model. A small set of SCFE data of each vegetable was used to generate an extended data set, sufficient to train the network. Afterwards, other sets of experimental data, not used in the network training, were used to validate the present approach. The series HNN correlates well the experimental data and it is shown that the predictions accomplished with this technique may be promising for SCFE purposes.

Lipid and protein oxidation in the internal part of italian type salami containing basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Different concentrations of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (0.19; 0.38; 0.75; 1.87; 3.75 and 6.00 mg.g-1) were evaluated in relation to their antioxidant activity using the DPPH● radical methodology. From the IC50 obtained data, the concentrations of 0.19; 0.38; 0.75; 1.87; 3.75; 6.00 and 12.00 mg.mL-1 were applied directly to the product and these were sensorially evaluated by the test of control difference. The concentrations related to the highest acceptability (0.19; 0.38 and 0.75 mg.g-1) were tested for antioxidant activity in the internal part of Italian type salami - during the processing and after 30 days of storage, in terms of lipid and protein oxidation. The oxidation of lipids was determined using the method of TBARS. The method of carbonyl compounds was employed for proteins oxidation. Five different formulations of salami were elaborated: blank (without the use of antioxidant); control (using sodium eritorbate as antioxidant); and adding 0.19; 0.38 and 0.75 mg.g-1 of basil essential oil. The product was kept between 25 ºC and 18 ºC and UR between 95% and 70%, for 28 days. Analyses were carried out on the processing day and after 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and also following 30 days of storage. The basil essential oil in vitro presented an antioxidant activity of IC50 12 mg.mL-1. In the internal part of the Italian type salami the commercial antioxidant (control) and the formulation containing 0.75 mg.g-1 of basil essential oil presented antioxidant activity in relation to the lipids, but not to the proteins - during processing and storage.

Antioxidant potential of oregano (Oreganum vulgare L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.): application of oleoresins in vegetable oil

Studies have been carried out in order to increase the stability of vegetable oils due to economic and health protection reasons. There is a growing interest in the addition of natural antioxidants; especially herbs and spices. For this reason, this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant potential of the oleoresins of oregano, basil, and thyme, as well as their behavior when applied to soybean oil under various concentrations. Firstly, the antioxidant activity was determined by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and by the quantification of total phenolic compounds. Next, different concentrations of oleoresins (500 to 3000 mg.kg-1) were added to the soybean oil, and its antioxidant potential was analyzed using the oxidative stability through a Rancimat equipment. The value of 3000 mg.kg-1 of thyme and oregano oleoresins was the concentration that presented the greatest oxidative stability to soybean oil making them a natural alternative to vegetable oil conservation.

Basil Bernstein : memoria e historia.

Este artículo pretende rendir un homenaje a la obra de este sociólogo de la educación. Se analizan sus trabajos y sus más destacadas aportaciones teóricas enmarcadas en el contexto de las principales corrientes sociológicas, así como sus relaciones con los otros sociólogos relevantes. También se pone de manifiesto la influencia de su pensamiento en España, tanto en los aspectos teóricos como en la política educativa.

La sociolingüística de Basil Bernstein y sus implicaciones en el ámbito escolar.

Al analizar el pensamiento de Bernstein surgen grandes dificultades de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo. Así, se analiza la obra de Bernstein con el fin de solucionar estos inconvenientes y de analizar el conjunto de planteamientos bernsteinianos, distinguiendo sus concepciones teóricas y las implicaciones de su teoría, es decir, los análisis que realiza de la escuela, ya que existe un paralelismo radical entre los códigos lingüísticos y los códigos escolares.

Educación, cultura y poder de clase : Basil Bernstein y la sociología neomarxista de la educación.

Se realiza un análisis crítico e histórico acerca de la postura de Bernstein en su obra, donde se hallan paralelismos en los argumentos avanzados por los estudios posmodernistas y postestructuralistas. Se destaca su reflexión sobre la naturaleza de la relación entre cultura y poder.

El uso de la teor??a de Basil Bernstein como metodolog??a de investigaci??n en did??ctica y organizaci??n escolar

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: 'Mejorar la escuela: perspectivas did??cticas y organizativas'. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n