Predictions of road traffic noise on residential balconies using a specular and diffusion model

A combined specular reflection and diffusion model using the radiosity technique was developed to calculate road traffic noise level on residential balconies. The model is capable of numerous geometrical configurations for a single balcony situated in the centre of a street canyon. The geometry of the balcony and the street can be altered with width,length and height. The model was used to calculate for three different geometrical and acoustic absorption characteristics for a balcony. The calculated results are presented in this paper.

Speech interference and transmission on residential balconies with road traffic noise

Balcony acoustic treatments can mitigate the effects of community road traffic noise. To further investigate, a theoretical study into the effects of balcony acoustic treatment combinations on speech interference and transmission is conducted for various street geometries. Nine different balcony types are investigated using a combined specular and diffuse reflection computer model. Diffusion in the model is calculated using the radiosity technique. The balcony types include a standard balcony with or without a ceiling and with various combinations of parapet, ceiling absorption and ceiling shield. A total of 70 balcony and street geometrical configurations are analyzed with each balcony type, resulting in 630 scenarios. In each scenario the reverberation time, speech interference level (SIL) and speech transmission index (STI) are calculated. These indicators are compared to determine trends based on the effects of propagation path, inclusion of opposite buildings and difference with a reference position outside the balcony. The results demonstrate trends in SIL and STI with different balcony types. It is found that an acoustically treated balcony reduces speech interference. A parapet provides the largest improvement, followed by absorption on the ceiling. The largest reductions in speech interference arise when a combination of balcony acoustic treatments are applied.

Speech interference on residential balconies with road traffic noise

Residential balcony design influences speech interference levels caused by road traffic noise and a simplified design methodology is needed for optimising balcony acoustic treatments. This research comprehensively assesses speech interference levels and benefits of nine different balcony designs situated in urban street canyons through the use of a combined direct, specular reflection and diffuse reflection path theoretical model. This thesis outlines the theory, analysis and results that lead up to the presentation of a practical design guide which can be used to predict the acoustic effects of balcony geometry and acoustic treatments in streets with variable geometry and acoustic characteristics.

Simulating the effect of acoustic treatment types for residential balconies with road traffic noise

Development of design guides to estimate the difference in speech interference level due to road traffic noise between a reference position and balcony position or façade position is explored. A previously established and validated theoretical model incorporating direct, specular and diffuse reflection paths is used to create a database of results across a large number of scenarios. Nine balcony types with variable acoustic treatments are assessed to provide acoustic design guidance on optimised selection of balcony acoustic treatments based on location and street type. In total, the results database contains 9720 scenarios on which multivariate linear regression is conducted in order to derive an appropriate design guide equation. The best fit regression derived is a multivariable linear equation including modified exponential equations on each of nine deciding variables, (1) diffraction path difference, (2) ratio of total specular energy to direct energy, (3) distance loss between reference position and receiver position, (4) distance from source to balcony façade, (5) height of balcony floor above street, (6) balcony depth, (7) height of opposite buildings, (8) diffusion coefficient of buildings, and; (9) balcony average absorption. Overall, the regression correlation coefficient, R2, is 0.89 with 95% confidence standard error of ±3.4 dB.

Residential balconies with road traffic noise : a combined source image and radiosity model

Several significant studies have been made in recent decades toward understanding road traffic noise and its effects on residential balconies. These previous studies have used a variety of techniques such as theoretical models, scale models and measurements on real balconies. The studies have considered either road traffic noise levels within the balcony space or inside an adjacent habitable room or both. Previous theoretical models have used, for example, simplified specular reflection calculations, boundary element methods (BEM), adaptations of CoRTN or the use of Sabine Theory. This paper presents an alternative theoretical model to predict the effects of road traffic noise spatially within the balcony space. The model includes a specular reflection component by calculating up to 10 orders of source images. To account for diffusion effects, a two compartment radiosity component is utilised. The first radiosity compartment is the urban street, represented as a street with building facades on either side. The second radiosity compartment is the balcony space. The model is designed to calculate the predicted road traffic noise levels within the balcony space and is capable of establishing the effect of changing street and balcony geometries. Screening attenuation algorithms are included to determine the effects of solid balcony parapets and balcony ceiling shields.

Investigation of the effect of balconies on natural ventilation of dwellings in high-rise residential buildings in subtropical climate

Balconies, as one of the main architectural features in subtropical climates, are assumed to enhance the ventilation performance of buildings by redirecting the wind. Although there are some studies on the effect of balconies on natural ventilation inside buildings, the majority have been conducted on single zone buildings with simple geometries. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of balconies on the internal air flow pattern and ventilation performance of multi-storey residential buildings with internal partitions. To this end, a sample residential unit was selected for investigation and three different conditions tested, base case (no balcony), an open balcony and a semi-enclosed balcony. Computational Fluid Dynamics is used as an analysis method due to its accuracy and ability to provide detailed results. The cases are analysed in terms of average velocity, flow uniformity and number of Air Changes per Hour (ACH). The results suggest the introduction of a semi-enclosed balcony into high-rise dwellings improves the average velocity and flow uniformity. Integrating an open balcony results in reduction of the aforementioned parameters at 0° wind incidence.

What makes inner city high density living attractive? Insight from residents in Brisbane, Australia

Australia’s urban form and planning has shifted from traditional individual dwellings on spacious suburban blocks towards higher density urban consolidation. Despite relatively strong market demand for inner city high density (ICHD) living, there is ongoing need to explore and understand the aspects that make this urban form liveable and sustainable. The purpose of this research is to explore the viewpoints of current ICHD residents to better understand the liveability and sustainability matters that affect their everyday experiences and perceptions of this urban form. Qualitative interviews with 24 ICHD Brisbane (Australia) residents illustrates their perceptions and experiences of liveability and the ways in which it is broadly understood within three main domains and nine key sub-concepts, including: individual dwelling (thermal comfort, natural light and balconies, noise mitigation), building complex (shared space, good neighbour protocols, environmental sustainability) and the community (transport, amenities, sense of community). Focussing on the experience of ICHD residents, this research highlights the ways in which multiple aspects of the immediate living environment, the dwelling, building complex and the community intertwine to provide residents with a liveable space. The results show that urban features that reflect current societal pressure for greater sustainability such as lower energy use are the exact same features sought by ICHD residents in determining their liveability. By highlighting the aspects current ICHD residents value most about their dwellings, buildings and communities, these findings will help inform policy-makers, planners, developers and designers as they create urban spaces and dwellings that are more liveable and sustainable.

Development of a practical design guide for balcony acoustic treatments

Balcony acoustic treatments can be demonstrated to provide important benefits in reducing road traffic noise within the balcony space and consequently internally for any adjacent room. The actual effect on road traffic noise is derived from a multitude of variables that can be broadly categorized into (a) acoustical and (b) geometrical for two distinct propagation volumes being (i) the street space, and (ii) the balcony space. A series of recent research activities in this area has incorporated the use of a combined image and diffuse source model, which can be used to predict the effect of balconies on road traffic noise for large number of scenarios. This paper investigates and presents a method and capability to summarize predictive data into user friendly guidelines aimed for use by acoustical professionals and architects and possible implementation in building design policies for environmental noise. The paper concludes with a presentation of the likely format of a potential design guide.

The impact of private and shared open space on liveability in subtropical apartment buildings

The study explores the relationship between open space design, factors impacting open space provision, and resident satisfaction with open space in multistorey apartment buildings in the context of the subtropical lifestyle and climate of Brisbane Australia. The purpose of the paper is to identify the specific physical and spatial design characteristics residents perceive to be important in open spaces associated with their private dwellings and with shared open spaces. Firsthand resident evaluations of everyday experiences of residing in inner urban high density environments are explored through a survey of 636 residents and interviews with 24 residents. Private balconies are highly valued, but residents’ satisfaction would be enhanced by spaciousness for diverse activities, privacy and climate responsive design. Communal spaces and facilities are used infrequently by many residents who prefer interactions with community outside of the building. This is related to preferences for a level of anonymity in a setting where privacy is difficult to achieve due to physical proximity of neighbours.

The Perils of Moviegoing in America, 1896-1950

The Perils of Moviegoing in America is a film history that examines the various physical and (perceived) moral dangers facing audiences during the first fifty years of film exhibition.

Chapter 1: “Conflagration”
As early as 1897, a major fire broke out at a film exhibition in San Francisco, with flames burning the projectionist and nearby audience members. From that point until the widespread adoption of safety stock in 1950, fires were a very common movie-going experience. Hundreds of audience members lost their lives in literally thousands of theatre fires, ranging from early nickelodeons to the movie palaces of the thirties and forties.

Chapter 2: “Thieves Among Us”
Bandits robbed movie theatres on hundreds of occasions from the early days of film exhibition through the end of the Great Depression. They held up ticket booths, and they dynamited theatre safes. They also shot theatre managers, ushers, and audience members, as a great many of the robberies occurred while movies were playing on the screens inside.

Chapter 3: “Bombs Away”
Bombings at movie theatres became common in small towns and large cities on literally hundreds of occasions from 1914 to the start of World War II. Some were incendiary bombs, and some were stench bombs; both could be fatal, whether due to explosions or to the trampling of panicked moviegoers

Chapter 4: “It’s Catching”
Widespread movie-going in the early 20th century provoked an outcry from numerous doctors and optometrists who believed that viewing films could do irreparable harm to the vision of audience members. Medical publications (including the Journal of the American Medical Association) published major studies on this perceived problem, which then filtered into popular-audience magazines and newspapers.

Chapter 5: “The Devil’s Apothecary Shops”
Sitting in the dark with complete strangers proved worrisome for many early filmgoers, who had good reason to be concerned. Darkness meant that prostitutes could easily work in the balconies of some movie theatres, as could “mashers” who molested female patrons (and sometimes children) after the lights were dimmed. That was all in addition to the various murderers who used the cover of darkness to commit their crimes at movie theatres.

Chapter 6: “Blue Sundays”
Blue laws were those regulations that prohibited businesses from operating on Sundays. Most communities across the US had such legislation on their books, which by the nickelodeon era were at odds with the thousands of filmgoers who went to the movies every Sunday. Theatre managers were often arrested, making newspaper headlines over and over again. Police sometimes even arrested entire film audiences as accomplices in the Blue Law violations.

Chapter 7: “Something for Nothing”
In an effort to bolster ticket sales, many movie theatres in the 1910s began to hold lotteries in which lucky audience members won cash prizes; by the time of the Great Depression, lotteries like “Bank Night” became a common aspect of the theatre-going enterprise. However, reception studies have generally overlooked the intense (and sometimes coordinated) efforts by police, politicians, and preachers to end this practice, which they viewed as illegal and immoral gambling.

Antonio Vallejo Álvarez: arquitectura de la sensatez

La presente tesis doctoral desarrolla la obra del arquitecto Antonio Vallejo Álvarez (n. 1903, t. 1928, f. 2002) cuya larga carrera profesional permite observar una evolución que tiene como fondo la de la arquitectura española desde los planteamientos academicistas de principios del siglo XX, pasando por el primer racionalismo, hasta la influencia del Movimiento Moderno. Antonio Vallejo nació en Almonacid de Zorita, un pueblo de la provincia de Guadalajara pequeño pero singular ya que entonces se construía el Salto de Bolarque, instalación energética crucial en la época que albergaba además elementos de arquitectura culta. La familia le envió a Madrid a estudiar en las Escuelas Pías de San Fernando y luego en la vieja escuela de arquitectura de la calle Escritorios perteneciente a la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Terminada la carrera realizó unas primeras edificaciones de corte historicista con relativa abundancia de estilemas academicista que van desapareciendo paulatinamente a la vez que evolucionan hacia el “decó”. De esta depuración, que puede observarse muy bien en los números 69,73 y 62 de la calle Viriato de Madrid, resulta un primer racionalismo en el que las balconadas y cuerpos volados se apoyan sobre una trama racionalista ortogonal cada vez más rígida. Simultáneamente trabajó en esta época en la Oficina de Información sobre la Ciudad del Ayuntamiento de Madrid junto a Bernardo Giner de los Ríos y Fernando García Mercadal, entre otros. Más tarde se incorporó a las órdenes del primero a la Oficina de Construcciones escolares donde se mantuvo hasta el estallido de la guerra civil. Al amparo de la Ley Salmón fundó la empresa promotora de viviendas Ar-In donde realizó una arquitectura en la que la trama racionalista cobra una gran fuerza expresiva, matizada y potenciada por grandes balcones aterrazados de corte higienista. Sus exponentes máximos son el conjunto en la calle Narváez esquina a Alcalde Sáinz de Baranda, y la manzana de Guzmán el Bueno, 75 de Madrid. La guerra civil interrumpe el proceso y tras ella nuestro autor ensaya la supervivencia del racionalismo mediante la superposición de la trama en grandes cuerpos de alzado de ladrillo ocupando las plantas de pisos, sobre un basamento de granito en la planta baja y una especie de pórtico enmarcando los huecos del ático a modo de remate. En las ventanas se colocan embocaduras de caliza de diversas formas. Esta arquitectura, muy en la línea del gusto de la época, será sublimada mediante un magnífico ejemplo de manierismo en su gran obra de la Residencia de los Agustinos Recoletos y la Iglesia de Santa Rita de Madrid. Superados los al menos tres lustros de postguerra, Vallejo inicia un proceso que podríamos llamar estructuralista en la medida en que la asunción de la situación de la estructura en el edificio y el módulo por ella creada definen sus características formales. Aquí, tras trabajar el hormigón armado en algunos edificios como los del Residencial Bellas Vistas de Madrid, lo hace con mucho más convencimiento en edificios con estructuras de acero como el colegio del Sagrado Corazón de Guadalajara. Es también importante hablar de la provincia de Almería, a cuya capital llega nuestro arquitecto inmediatamente después de la guerra civil para alejarse de las indeseables consecuencias que hubiera podido tener su fidelidad al gobierno de la República con el que colaboró hasta el último momento. En la ciudad desarrolló una extensa labor como constructor a través de Duarín SA, que se había formado sobre los restos de su promotora. También como arquitecto, con una labor paralela a la madrileña pero con menor presión ambiental, lo que contribuyó a que en cierta medida el proceso de afloramiento de su arquitectura estructuralista, heredera lejana de su primer racionalismo, fuese más rápido, como prueban realizaciones como los edificios de la calle Juan Pérez, 18 y del Paseo de la Estación, 19. ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the works in architecture from Antonio Vallejo Álvarez (b. 1903, g. 1928, d. 2002) whose long career enables us to concentrate on the evolution of the Spanish Architecture from the Academicism taking place at the beginning of XXth century , until the influence of the Modern Movement, taking also into account Racionalism. Antonio Vallejo was born in Almonacid de Zorita, a village in the province of Guadalajara small but unique because then Salto de Bolarque the crucial energy facility at the time also housed elements of classical architecture is built. His family sent him to study to Madrid in Escuelas Pías de San Fernando first, and then he attended lessons in the old Architecture school from Escritorios street belonging this last one to la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Once he finished his degree on Architecture, he worked on some historicist buildings with a great use of academicist stylemes which will be disappearing little by little, turning into “deco”. From this depurationn, whose traces can be found in 69, 73, 62 at Viriato street in Madrid, our architect ends up with a first racionalism in which balconies and flown bodies are suspended on a racionalist and orthogonal more and more rigid. At that time, he was also working in the Information Office in Madrid Town Hall together with Bernardo Giner de los Ríos y Fernando García Mercadal, among others. Later, he worked for Bernardo Giner de los Ríos in the School Building Offices until the breaking out of the Civil War. Under Salmón law, he founded a developer for buildings named Ar-In, where he developed a type of Architecture in which racionalism develops a magnificent expressive force, empowered by great terraced balconies with higienistain court. His great masterpieces at this time are the buildings from Narvaez opposite to Alcalde Sáinz de Baranda and the block in 75 Guzmán El Bueno, in Madrid. Civil war interrupts somehow his process and once the war is over, our architect works on the survival of racionalism by overlapping on large bodies of brick elevation occupying different floor plants, on a base of granite on the ground floor and a sort of portico framing the gaps in the attic by way of auction. On the Windows he se colocan embocaduras de caliza de diversas formas. This type of architecture, very much enjoyed at that time, will be sublimed as a great example of manierism in his great work such as the case of Agustinos Recoletos Residence and Santa Rita Church in Madrid. About fifteen years after the war, in the post-war era, Vallejo starts a process which we could call structuralist, as lons as the asumption from the situation of the structure in the building and the created module define his main features. Here, once our architect works with reinforce concrete in some of his buildings such as Residencial Bellas Vistas de Madrid, he improves his technique with steel strucutres such as the on in the school Sagrado Corazón in Guadalajara. It is also remarkable to speak about the province of Almería, where our architect arrives inmediately after the civil war, to get rid of the consequences of his loyalty to the Republic movement to which he collaborated until his death. He developed a great career as a builder there through Duarín SA, which was launched though his former enterprise. Similary as the way he worked in Madrid,he, also as an arquitect, did his work in Almería with less environmental pressure though, fact which contributed to the flourishing of the structuralist architecture, as an heir from his first racionalism, as it can be shown from buildings in streets such as 18 Juan Pérez, and 19 Paseo de la Estación.

Jardinería popular en el norte de Alicante (L’Alcoiá y El Comtat): las plantas tradicionales de huertos, patios y balcones

Se presenta el catálogo y análisis de la flora ornamental popular del norte de Alicante, entendiendo por ello, las plantas dispuestas en macetas distribuidas por balcones, umbrales, terrazas, pequeños huertos, etc. La riqueza total del territorio es dos tercios superior, a la de otros estudios de comarcas próximas, superando algunas poblaciones las 200 especies y variedades ornamentales. El elemento autóctono y de introducción antigua es claramente mayoritario, aunque se han observado síntomas recientes de inversión de esta tendencia. Para el mantenimiento de este cultivo tradicional, rico en recursos fitogenéticos, ha quedado patente el papel fundamental de la mujer. Su experiencia acumulada en técnicas y modos de multiplicación y cultivo vegetal han permitido el mantenimiento del paisaje rural autóctono, confiriéndole un valor patrimonial elevado, que debería mantenerse como seña de identidad y calidad, para potenciar el turismo de interior.

Inglis House

Built in 1927 for Elizabeth and James Inglis, "The Highlands," as they called it, was given to the university in 1950 by Elizabeth H. Inglis. The estate at 2301 Highland Rd. comprises 8 1/2 acres and includes a caretaker's cottage and greenhouse. For many years, the university used the house for official visitors. Two students? in image.

Gestão nos Serviços com Sistemas de Monitorização e Implementação do Smart Pricing

A presente dissertação foi elaborada no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica (MEE) no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), em regime empresarial, na empresa PH Energia Lda. Tem-se verificado que, ao longo dos últimos anos, os mercados estão cada vez mais competitivos, tornando-se quase imperativo que as empresas apostem numa boa otimização dos processos produtivos. Produzir cada vez mais, mais rapidamente e com menos recursos disponíveis, ou seja, de forma eficiente, são os desafios de todas as empresas que pretendem permanecer no mercado. Neste contexto surge o tema de tese, “Gestão nos Serviços com Sistemas de Monitorização e Implementação do Smart Pricing”, cujo objetivo tem como base principal a otimização das plataformas da PH Energia numa cultura de melhoria contínua e orientação para o cliente e promover aplicação da tarifa indexada e Smart Pricing em empresas de maneira a que exista uma maior poupança. Ao longo desta dissertação, foram desenvolvidos cálculos associados à monitorização e gestão nos serviços, bem como demonstrada a viabilidade dos mesmos na aplicação de tarifasindexadas e Smart Pricing no setor empresarial e, para finalizar, a compensação que é possível obter ao deslocar o diagrama de cargas, mantendo sempre o mesmo consumo. Na elaboração deste trabalho fez-se o cruzamento de duas plataformas informáticas designadas GesEnergy e Kisense, com ajuda da empresa VPS que tem como parceria a empresa Energia Simples. Em relação ao plano indexado, foram realizados dois estudos de dois balcões do Banco Popular de Portugal de forma a explicitar quando e como deve ser aplicada a tarifa indexada, gestão da procura, bem como deve ser deslocação do consumo, de forma a abranger as horas mais vantajosas em que o preço de energia elétrica é mais baixo.