Diálogo, justicia y educación : La paidea socrático - platónica frente a la educación sofista en el Gorgias

Los cambios políticos de mediados del siglo V exigen para Atenas una educación que garantice la inserción de los ciudadanos en la sociedad como miembros activos. En este contexto surge la educación sofista: un hombre dedicado a la política, además de poseer cualidades para gobernar, debe incrementar su capacidad de pronunciar discursos oportunos y convincentes. La retórica se vuelve, así, en pilar fundamental de este nuevo escenario pedagógico y Gorgias llega a ser el principal representante de esta actividad. Platón realiza una asunción crítica de la sofística y propone al "diálogo filosófico" como instancia superadora de la retórica tradicional.

Diálogo, justicia y educación : La paidea socrático - platónica frente a la educación sofista en el Gorgias

Los cambios políticos de mediados del siglo V exigen para Atenas una educación que garantice la inserción de los ciudadanos en la sociedad como miembros activos. En este contexto surge la educación sofista: un hombre dedicado a la política, además de poseer cualidades para gobernar, debe incrementar su capacidad de pronunciar discursos oportunos y convincentes. La retórica se vuelve, así, en pilar fundamental de este nuevo escenario pedagógico y Gorgias llega a ser el principal representante de esta actividad. Platón realiza una asunción crítica de la sofística y propone al "diálogo filosófico" como instancia superadora de la retórica tradicional.

Diálogo, justicia y educación : La paidea socrático - platónica frente a la educación sofista en el Gorgias

Los cambios políticos de mediados del siglo V exigen para Atenas una educación que garantice la inserción de los ciudadanos en la sociedad como miembros activos. En este contexto surge la educación sofista: un hombre dedicado a la política, además de poseer cualidades para gobernar, debe incrementar su capacidad de pronunciar discursos oportunos y convincentes. La retórica se vuelve, así, en pilar fundamental de este nuevo escenario pedagógico y Gorgias llega a ser el principal representante de esta actividad. Platón realiza una asunción crítica de la sofística y propone al "diálogo filosófico" como instancia superadora de la retórica tradicional.

Inspiration and mimesis in Plato's criticism of poetry

Plato criticizes poetry in several of his dialogues, beginning with Apology, his first work, and ending with Laws, his last. In these dialogues, his criticism of poetry can be divided into two streams: poetry is criticized for either being divinely inspired, or because it is mimetic or imitative of reality. However, of the dialogues which criticize poetry in these ways, it is not until Laws that Plato mentions both inspiration and mimesis together, and then it is only in a few sentences. Furthermore, nowhere in the dialogues does Plato discuss their relationship. This situation has a parallel in the secondary literature. While much work has been done on inspiration or mimesis in Plato’s criticism of poetry, very little work exists which discusses the connection between them. This study examines Plato’s treatment - in the six relevant dialogues - of these two poetic elements, inspiration and mimesis, and shows that a relationship exists between them. Both can be seen to relate to two important Socratic-Platonic concerns: the care of the soul and the welfare of the state. These concerns represent a synthesis of Socratic moral philosophy with Platonic political beliefs. In the ‘inspiration’ dialogues, Ion, Apology, Meno, Phaedrus and Laws, poetic inspiration can affect the Socratic exhortation which considers the care of the individual soul. Further, as we are told in Apology, Crito and Gorgias, it is the good man, the virtuous man - the one who cares for his soul - who also cares for the welfare of the state. Therefore, in its effect on the individual soul, poetic inspiration can also indirectly affect the state. In the ‘mimesis’ dialogues, Republic and Laws, this same exhortation, on the care of the soul, is posed, but it is has now been rendered into a more Platonic form - as either the principle of specialization - the ‘one man, one job’ creed of Republic, which advances the harmony between the three elements of the soul, or as the concord between reason and emotion in Laws. While in Republic, mimesis can damage the tripartite soul's delicate balance, in Laws, mimesis in poetry is used to promote the concord. Further, in both these dialogues, poetic mimesis can affect the welfare of the state. In Republic, Socrates notes that states arc but a product of the individuals of which they are composed Therefore, by affecting the harmony of the individual soul, mimesis can then undermine the harmony of the state, and an imperfect political system, such as a timarchy, an oligarchy, a democracy, or a tyranny, can result. However, in Laws, when it is harnessed by the philosophical lawgivers, mimesis can assist in the concord between the rulers and the ruled, thus serving the welfare of the state. Inspiration and mimesis can thus be seen to be related in their effect on the education of both the individual, in the care of the soul, and the state, in its welfare. Plato's criticism of poetry, therefore, which is centred on these two features, addresses common Platonic concerns: in education, politics, ethics, epistemology and psychology.

The Socratic classroom : reflective thinking through collaborative inquiry

This book was written to serve two functions. First it is an exploration of what I have called Socratic pedagogy, a collaborative inquiry-based approach to teaching and learning suitable not only to formal educational settings such as the school classroom but to all educational settings. The term is intended to capture a variety of philosophical approaches to classroom practice that could broadly be described Socratic in form. The term ‘philosophy in schools’ is ambiguous and could refer to teaching university style philosophy to high school students or to the teaching of philosophy and logic or critical reasoning in senior years of high school. It is also used to describe the teaching of philosophy in schools generally. In the early and middle phases of schooling the term philosophy for children is often used. But this too is ambiguous as the name was adopted from Matthew Lipman’s Philosophy for Children curriculum that he and his colleagues at the Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children developed. In Britain the term ‘philosophy with children’ is sometimes employed to mark two methods of teaching that have Socratic roots but have distinct differences, namely Philosophy for Children and Socratic Dialogue developed by Leonard Nelson. The use of the term Socratic pedagogy and its companion term Socratic classroom (to refer to the kind of classroom that employs Socratic teaching) avoids the problem of distinguishing between various approaches to philosophical inquiry in the Socratic tradition but also separates it from the ‘study of philosophy’, such as university style philosophy or other approaches which place little or no emphasis on collaborative inquiry based teaching and learning. The second function builds from the first. It is to develop an effective framework for understanding the relationship between what I call the generative, evaluative and connective aspects of communal dialogue, which I think are necessary to the Socratic notion of inquiry. In doing so it is hoped that this book offers some way to show how philosophy as inquiry can contribute to educational theory and practice, while also demonstrating how it can be an effective way to approach teaching and learning. This has meant striking a balance between speaking to philosophers and to teachers and educators together, with the view that both see the virtues of such a project. In the strictest sense this book is not philosophy of education, insofar as its chief focus is not on the analysis of concepts or formulation of definitions specific to education with the aim of formulating directives that guide educational practice. It relinquishes the role of philosopher as ‘spectator’, to one of philosopher ‘immersed in matter’ – in this case philosophical issues in education, specifically those related to philosophical inquiry, pedagogy and classroom practice. Put another way, it is a book about philosophical education.

El significado de la prosopopeya de las Leyes en el "Critón" de Platon

El objeto de este trabajo es realizar un estudio iusfilosófico sobre la aparición de las Leyes (nómoi) personificadas de Atenas en el Critón de Platón. La prosopopeya de las Leyes resulta ser un aspecto central para poder comprender la obra, ya que éstas entablan un diálogo imaginario con Sócrates en el cual instalan diversos argumentos filosóficos para fundamentar la autoridad de la pólis. A los fines de identificar el valor argumentativo de este recurso en la obra, analizaré el significado del nómos en la Atenas del siglo V a. C. y la naturaleza de las Leyes en el contexto general del diálogo. Se busca demostrar la importancia que tienen aquéllas para explicar la decisión de Sócrates de beber la cicuta.

Nietzsche's eternal recurrence of the same : the effect of logic abridgement, contradictions and inconsistencies

I will argue that the doctrine of eternal recurrence of the same no better interprets cosmology than pink elephants interpret zoology. I will also argue that the eternal-reiurn-of-the-same doctrine as what Magnus calls "existential imperative" is without possibility of application and thus futile. To facilitate those arguments, the validity of the doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same will be tested under distinct rubrics. Although each rubric will stand alone, one per chapter, as an evaluation of some specific aspect of eternal recurrence, the rubric sequence has been selected to accommodate the identification of what I shall be calling logic abridgments. The conclusions to be extracted from each rubric are grouped under the heading CONCLUSION and appear immediately following rubric ten. Then, or if, at the end of a rubric a reader is inclined to wonder which rubric or topic is next, and why, the answer can be found at the top of the following page. The question is usually answered in the very first sentence, but always answered in the first paragraph. The first rubric has been placed in order by chronological entitlement in that it deals with the evolution of the idea of eternal recurrence from the time of the ancient Greeks to Nietzsche's August, 1881 inspiration. This much-recommended technique is also known as starting at the beginning. Rubric 1 also deals with 20th. Century philosophers' assessments of the relationship between Nietzsche and ancient Greek thought. The only experience of E-R, Zarathustra's mountain vision, is second only because it sets the scene alluded to in following rubrics. The third rubric explores .ii?.ih T jc,i -I'w Nietzsche's evaluation of rationality so that his thought processes will be understood appropriately. The actual mechanism of E-R is tested in rubric four...The scientific proof Nietzsche assembled in support of E-R is assessed by contemporary philosophers in rubric five. E-R's function as an ethical imperative is debated in rubrics six and seven.. .The extent to which E-R fulfills its purpose in overcoming nihilism is measured against the comfort assured by major world religions in rubric eight. Whether E-R also serves as a redemption for revenge is questioned in rubric nine. Rubric ten assures that E-R refers to return of the identically same and not merely the similar. In addition to assemblage and evaluation of all ten rubrics, at the end of each rubric a brief recapitulation of its principal points concludes the chapter. In this essay I will assess the theoretical conditions under which the doctrine cannot be applicable and will show what contradictions and inconsistencies follow if the doctrine is taken to be operable. Harold Alderman in his book Nietzsche's Gift wrote, the "doctrine of eternal recurrence gives us a problem not in Platonic cosmology, but in Socratic selfreflection." ^ I will illustrate that the recurrence doctrine's cosmogony is unworkable and that if it were workable, it would negate self-reflection on the grounds that selfreflection cannot find its cause in eternal recurrence of the same. Thus, when the cosmology is shown to be impossible, any expected ensuing results or benefits will be rendered also impossible. The so-called "heaviest burden" will be exposed as complex, engrossing "what if speculations deserving no linkings to reality. To identify ^Alderman p. 84 abridgments of logic, contradictions and inconsistencies in Nietzsche's doctrine of eternal recurrence of the same, I. will examine the subject under the following schedule. In Chapter 1 the ancient origins of recurrence theories will be introduced. ..This chapter is intended to establish the boundaries within which the subsequent chapters, except Chapter 10, will be confined. Chapter 2, Zarathustra's vision of E-R, assesses the sections of Thus Spoke Zarathustra in which the phenomenon of recurrence of the same is reported. ..Nihilism as a psychological difficulty is introduced in this rubric, but that subject will be studied in detail in Chapter 8. In Chapter 2 the symbols of eternal recurrence of the same will be considered. Whether the recurrence image should be of a closed ring or as a coil will be of significance in many sections of my essay. I will argue that neither symbolic configuration can accommodate Nietzsche's supposed intention. Chapter 3 defends the description of E-R given by Zarathustra. Chapter 4, the cosmological mechanics of E-R, speculates on the seriousness with which Nietzsche might have intended the doctrine of eternal recurrence to be taken. My essay reports, and then assesses, the argument of those who suppose the doctrine to have been merely exploratory musings by Nietzsche on cosmological hypotheses...The cosmogony of E-R is examined. In Chapter 5, cosmological proofs tested, the proofs for Nietzsche's doctrine of return of the same are evaluated. This chapter features the position taken by Martin ' Heidegger. My essay suggests that while Heidegger's argument that recurrence of the same is a genuine cosmic agenda is admirable, it is not at all persuasive. Chapter 6, E-R is an ethical imperative, is in essence the reporting of a debate between two scholars regarding the possibility of an imperative in the doctrine of recurrence. Their debate polarizes the arguments I intend to develop. Chapter 7, does E-R of the same preclude alteration of attitudes, is a continuation of the debate presented in Chapter 6 with the focus shifted to the psychological from the cosmological aspects of eternal recurrence of the same. Chapter 8, Can E-R Overcome Nihilism?, is divided into two parts. In the first, nihilism as it applies to Nietzsche's theory is discussed. ..In part 2, the broader consequences, sources and definitions of nihilism are outlined. My essay argues that Nietzsche's doctrine is more nihilistic than are the world's major religions. Chapter 9, Is E-R a redemption for revenge?, examines the suggestion extracted from Thus Spoke Zarathustra that the doctrine of eternal recurrence is intended, among other purposes, as a redemption for mankind from the destructiveness of revenge. Chapter 10, E-R of the similar refuted, analyses a position that an element of chance can influence the doctrine of recurrence. This view appears to allow, not for recurrence of the same, but recurrence of the similar. A summary will recount briefly the various significant logic abridgments, contradictions, and inconsistencies associated with Nietzsche's doctrine of eternal recurrence of the same. In the 'conclusion' section of my essay my own opinions and observations will be assembled from the body of the essay.

Macrobius, the classical paideia, and table etiquette c. 420 CE : a commentary on the Saturnalia 7.1-3

Ce mémoire traite des Saturnales de Macrobe, haut fonctionnaire du 5ième siècle après J.C. et encyclopédiste latin. Malgré l’opinion reçue, selon laquelle les Saturnales dépendraient presque exclusivement d’un nombre très restreint de sources, souvent copiées mot à mot, on a reconnu depuis longtemps que Macrobe remanie de son propre chef l’une de ces sources, les Propos de Table de Plutarque, dans son septième livre. Ce mémoire démontre que ce modèle, tout comme les sources mineures, latines et grecques, avec lesquelles Macrobe le complète, lui était assez familier pour servir à l’articulation d’une vision propre; les Saturnales ne peuvent donc être cités comme preuve de la décadence de leur époque. Ce mémoire fournit une traduction et un commentaire des chapitres 7.1-3 des Saturnales, avec une explication de leurs rapports avec les Propos de Table 1.1 et 2.1 de Plutarque ainsi que des éléments propre à Macrobe, afin de reconstruire sa méthode de composition et de déterminer ses attentes par rapport à son lecteur de l’empire tardif. Le commentaire est précédé d’une introduction de l’auteur, de l’œuvre, et du septième livre.

L'ésotérisme de la dramaturgie platonicienne : un regard sur le Banquet et le Phédon

Le présent mémoire se penche sur la dramaturgie que mettent en scène le Banquet et le Phédon de Platon. Dans le cas du premier dialogue, une étude de l'épilogue et du discours d'Alcibiade, assortie de parallèles ponctuels dans la République et la Lettre VII, permet de déceler un exemple de la rétention d'information platonicienne, telle que comprise sous l'égide des écoles platoniciennes de Tübingen et de Milan, de même qu'une attestation de l'existence de doctrines non-écrites qualitativement supérieures à celles que renferment les dialogues. L'épilogue du Banquet fait ensuite, à la lumière des conclusions susmentionnées, l'objet d'une interprétation qui distingue trois niveaux de lecture des dialogues platoniciens : l'extériorité, l'intériorité et l'oralité philosophique, symbolisées respectivement par le poète comique Aristophane, le poète tragique Agathon et le poète philosophique Socrate. Il va de soi que ce dernier renvoie sémantiquement au philosophe par excellence, titre que Platon endosse volontiers. L'essai exégétique touchant le Phédon se concentre pour sa part sur la dernière volonté de Socrate. Celle-ci survient au dénouement de la partie la plus « dramaturgique » du dialogue, c'est-à-dire après les discours proprement philosophiques sur l'immortalité de l'âme. En ciblant ces moments, de même que l'introduction, nous distinguons l'adjonction des tons tragique et comique, illustrant par là un procédé inhabituel dont le but, ultimement, est de soustraire le dialogue au registre tragique afin d'éviter la propagation d'émotions contraires à la philosophie. En exploitant l'oxymore comique-tragique sur un plan mimétique, nous montrerons que la dernière volonté de Socrate véhicule un dessein parénétique.

El Efebo rubio en la Residencia de Estudiantes : la paideia griega.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Mito y paideia : revisión de la moderna educación preescolar desde el pensamiento platoniano.

Conocer la importancia del mito y del cuento. Explica el significado del mito y el cuento, analiza el mito a lo largo de la historia de la educación y el cuento en la paideia de Platón y realiza una revisión crítica de la moderna educación preescolar. 1) A lo largo de las etapas del desarrollo de la humanidad, el mito ha sido un factor relativo a su comportamiento y un poderoso elemento de civilización y cultura. 2) Surge el mito cuando el espíritu humano se encuentra ante la realidad de un misterio y persiste en numerosas manifestaciones de la vida del hombre. Aunque la cultura haya desentrañado múltiples misterios, cuya justificación se aseguraba al abrigo de un mito, todas las nostalgias y fantasías humanas, a través de la actividad incansable del inconsciente, han enraizado su misterio inaccesible en un mundo onírico y mitológico. 3) El mito es la primera explicación causal de los problemas del cosmos, de la vida y de su sentido más allá de la inmanencia de las cosas mismas. Puesto que es una constante de indudable evidencia en la vida humana, su acción tiene que ser inevitable a la hora de conformar su personalidad y moldearla. Por esto mismo, se convierte en un factor de interés entre los recursos educativos que históricamente han venido utilizándose. 4) Existe una situación, la del niño que abre sus ojos a la vida, en la que queda resumido todo el camino recorrido por la humanidad, es como un compendio breve y valioso, en el que ningún paso debe evitarse porque cada tramo tiene su importancia insustituible. El tiempo del mito podría ser la transición desde la ignorancia de todo hasta el esfuerzo por explicar, poco a poco, las realidades, con frecuencia demasiado complejas. 5) En muchas ocasiones, el cuento encierra valiosas reservas de materiales culturales y populares, y en otras, una positiva valoración artística que refleja principios éticos y que determina acciones que pueden tomarse como modelos. 6) Entre el cuento y el niño debe existir una relación de bondad y de belleza. Este tema, que ha sido tratado por Platón en su paideia, podría ser uno de los criterios formales de mayor peso, a la hora de elegir o rechazar un mito. El hecho de que los niños den expresión libre a sus ocurrencias imaginativas, en forma de narraciones orales escritas o plásticas, se ajusta a la experiencia infantil y tiene un importante valor educativo. El mundo de la leyenda está vinculado al de la realidad infantil, de cuatro a siete años, como mínimo, que podría extenderse hasta los diez, en un medio campesino e incluso a doce años en las niñas, es un período en el que el desarrollo espiritual del niño le hace entregarse con sorprendente interés a narraciones legendarias.

Paideia : el desafío de la Pedagogía.

Los ingredientes con los que se cocina el hombre del futuro son la impaciencia, la banalidad y el desapego. Quizás sea conveniente reactivar las reservas de autodominio, rigor y compromiso. Los griegos supieron reunir estas tres facultades entorno al ideal de la educación humana bajo el emblema de la paideia. En el esfuerzo de captura del término aparecen expresiones como civilización, cultura, tradición, literatura o educación, ninguna de ellas coincide con lo que los griegos entendían por paideia. Los griegos denominaron paideia a todas las formas y creaciones espirituales y al tesoro entero de su tradición. En resumen, paideia es la formación integral del hombre como proceso vital en aras de un constante perfeccionamiento individual y colectivo. Por otro lado, es el semillero de ideales que son válidos para evaluar la vocación e idoneidad de un educador. Se destacan entre estos ideales el optimismo, el espíritu democrático y la confianza en el progreso. Por último, paideia significaría como mínimo la educación del hombre desde un trílogo relacional de inteligencia técnica, ética y estéticoafectiva.

Paradigmas, paideia y juegos olímpicos.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Escuela libre Paideia : educando en y para la libertad.

La 'Escuela Libre Paideia' es un proyecto educativo fundado en 1978, basado en la pedagogía libertaria y en la ideología anarquista, surgido como alternativa a la escuela pública. Esta escuela libre se autofinancia mediante las cuotas de los padres de los alumnos y a través de aportaciones privadas, lo que permite su gestión independiente y la satisfacción de todas sus necesidades. El desarrollo integral del alumnado es la parte fundamental de esta experiencia de escuela autogestionada, cuyos principios son: la igualdad, entendida como la eliminación del principio de autoridad; la solidaridad y el apoyo mutuo entendidos como forma de ayuda al compañero o grupo para la consecución de derechos y libertades individuales y colectivos; la justicia que evite abusos de poder o injusticias; y la libertad responsable entendida de forma colectiva y evitando las concepciones individualistas. La conclusión final arroja que se trata de una escuela 'en y para la libertad' que logra niveles elevados de satisfacción entre sus alumnos.