Secagem de resíduo de goiaba em secador convectivo de bandejas: modelagem matemática e análise do processo

Actually, Brazil is one of the larger fruit producer worldwide, with most of its production being consumed in nature way or either as juice or pulp. It is important to highlig ht in the fruit productive chain there are a lot lose due mainly to climate reasons, as well as storage, transportation, season, market, etc. It is known that in the pulp and fruit processing industy a yield of 50% (in mass) is usually obtained, with the other part discarded as waste. However, since most this waste has a high nutrient content it can be used to generate added - value products. In this case, drying plays an important role as an alternative process in order to improve these wastes generated by the fruit industry. However, despite the advantage of using this technique in order to improve such wastes, issues as a higher power demand as well as the thermal efficiency limitation should be addressed. Therefore, the control of the main variables in t his drying process is quite important in order to obtain operational conditions to produce a final product with the target specification as well as with a lower power cost. M athematical models can be applied to this process as a tool in order to optimize t he best conditions. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the drying behaviour of a guava industrial pulp waste using a batch system with a convective - tray dryer both experimentally and using mathematical modeling. In the experimental study , the dryin g carried out using a group of trays as well as the power consume were assayed as response to the effects of operational conditions (temperature, drying air flow rate and solid mass). Obtained results allowed observing the most significant variables in the process. On the other hand, the phenomenological mathematical model was validated and allowed to follow the moisture profile as well as the temperature in the solid and gas phases in every tray. Simulation results showed the most favorable procedure to o btain the minimum processing time as well as the lower power demand.

Avaliação da secagem do bagaço de cajá usando planejamento fatorial composto central

This work deals with the kinetics assay of Cajá (Spondias mombin L.) bagasse drying by an experimental design using a tray dryer. In order to add-value to this product a kinetic study has been carried out. A central composite experimental design has been carried out to evaluate the influence of the operational variables: input air temperature (55; 65 e 75ºC); the drying air velocity (3.2; 4.6 e 6.0 m/s) and the fixed bed thickness (0.8; 1.2 e 1.6 cm) and as response variable the the moisture content (dry basis). The results showed that the diffusional Fick model fitted quite well the experimental data. The best condition found has been input air temperature of 75ºC, drying air velocity of 6.0 m/s as well as fixed bed thickness of 0.8 cm. The experimental design assay showed that the main effects as well as the second ones were significant at 95% confindance level. The best operational condition according to statistical planning was 75 oC input air temperature, 6.0 m.s-1 drying air velocity and 0.8 cm fixed bed thickness. In this case, the equilibrium moisture content (1.3% dry basis) occured at 220 minutes

Estudo da desidratação de tomates em pedaços com pré-tratamento osmótico

Vegetables drying plays an important role in the field of food dehydration, being a very old practice that was originated from sun drying items of food in order to preserve them to be consumed during the periods of scarcity. One of these vegetables is the tomato, that was originally grown in South America. Tomatoes are easily perishable after being picked up from the tree and this makes the process of tomato dehydration a challenge due to the high amount of water (95%) contained in them. The present research work was mainly intended to develop alternative processes for tomato conservation, by drying slices of skinned and unskinned tomatoes in the in natura form or in the osmotically pre-dehydrated form. Firstly, the best conditions of the osmotic pre-dehydration process were defined including temperature, immersion time and concentration of the osmotic solution, based on the results of water loss, solids gain and weigh reduction of the pre-dehydration tomatoes at different processing conditions. The osmotic solution used was made up of NaCl (5 and 10%) and sucrose (25 and 35%) at different combinations. For a fixed conditions of osmotic pre-dehydration, the drying tests of the pre-processed and in natura tomatoes were carried out in a stove with air circulation and a convective dryer with trays, at two levels of temperature. The sensorial analysis of the osmotically pre-treated and unskinned dehydrated tomatoes was carried out as well as a study on the their shelf-live. The results obtained showed that the drying of the tomatoes took place as a result of the internal control of the water transport, and did not show a constant rate, while two distinct periods of the decreasing phase were observed. The osmotic pre treatment substancially reduced the initial amount of humidity in the tomatoes, thus reducing the necessary time for the product to attain levels of intermediate humidity. The impermeability of the tomato skin was identified as well as the unfavorable influence of the pre-treatment on the unskinned tomatoes, whose solid gain brought about a decrease in the water activity with subsequent reduction of the drying rate. Despite the various simplifications carried out during the development of this study, the proposed diffusive model adjusted to the experimental data satisfactorily, thus making it possible to determine the effective coefficients of diffusion, whose results were consistent and compatible with those found in the current literature. Concerning the higher rates of evaporation and the lowest processing time, the best results were obtained in the drying of the unskinned, in natura tomatoes and of the skinned, pre-dehydrated tomatoes, at 60ºC, both processed in the convective drier. The results of the sensorial analysis of the unskinned and pre-treated product did not prove to be satisfactory. Regarding the shelf-live of the tomatoes, for a period of 45 days, no physicochemical or microbiological alteration of the product was noted

Secagem do resíduo de acerola (Malphigia emarginata D.C.): estudo do processo e avaliação do impacto sobre o produto final

Brazil, one of the largest agricultural producers in the world, has managed in recent years to significantly improve its production. However, in response to this advance in the agro-industrial sector, the generation of agro-industrial residues has also increased. New technological alternatives have to be implemented in order to bring economic and rational use of this material and drying is one of the possible choices. Considering the great importance that bioactive compounds present for food science and technology, this research aims to evaluate the air-drying process of acerola residue in a tray convective drier under controlled temperature (60, 70 e 80ºC), air velocity (4.0, 5.0 e 6.0 m/s) and material width (0.5, 0.62 e 0.75 cm) by applying an experimental planning 23 + 3. Based on that, the impact on physical-chemical characteristics, color, bioactive compounds concentration and antioxidant activity of dried acerola waste was evaluated, having the in natura and freeze dried waste as control groups. Dried acerola residue presented natural pigments, mainly carotenoids (143.68 - 68.29 mg/g) and anthocyanins (290.92 - 90.11 mg/100 g), which explain the red and yellow instrumental color parameters observed. The acerola residue powder is also rich in phenolic compounds (3261.11 -2692.60 mgGAEeq/100g), proanthocyanidins (61.33-58.46 eq/100g), ascorbic acid (389.44 739.29 mg/100 g) and DPPH antioxidant activity (20.91 24.72 μg Trolox eq/g). Results show decreased concentration of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids, proanthocyanidins and ascorbic acid caused by the air-drying process. However, even after the observed drying losses, the acerola residue powder can be considered a high value food ingredient, considering the high bioactive compounds concentration found in the final product, as well as the colorimetric characterization and microbiological stability of the dried powder

ESTUDO DE SECAGEM DE PÊRA BARTLETT (Pyrus sp.) EM FATIAS

O processo de secagem visa a redução do teor de água fazendo com que a atividade da água dos produtos in natura diminua drasticamente, aumentando o tempo de conservação e a vida útil do produto e facilitando seu transporte, manuseio e armazenamento. Através do uso de um secador convectivo vertical de bandejas, determinaram-se as curvas de secagem da pêra bartlett (Pyrus sp.) nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70°C e velocidades do ar de 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5m/s, obtendo-se nove curvas de secagem. Através destas curvas o estudo da secagem foi conduzido avaliando as difusividades efetivas e as energias de ativação.

Determinação da difusividade efetiva de raiz de chicória

Inulin is a fructooligosacharide found in diverse agricultural products, amongst them garlic, banana, Jerusalem artichoke and chicory root. Inulin generally is used in developed countries, as a substitute of sugar and/or fat due to its characteristics of fitting as functional and dietary food. Chicory root is usually used as source and raw material for commercial extration of inulin. The experiments consisted on drying sliced chicory roots based on a factorial experimental design in a convective dryer whose alows the air to pass perpendicularly through the tray. Effective diffusivity (dependent variable) has been determined for each experimental combination of independent variables (air temperature and velocity). The data curves have been fitted by the solution of the second Fick law and Page's model. Effective difusivity varied from 3.51 x 10-10 m² s-1 to 1.036 x 10-10 m² s-1. It is concluded that, for the range of studied values, air temperature is the only statistically significant variable. So, a first order mathematical model was obtained, representing effective diffusivity behavior as function of air temperature. The best drying condition was correspondent to the trial using the highest drying air temperature.

Determinação da difusividade efetiva de raiz de chicória

A inulina é um frutooligossacarídeo encontrado em diversos produtos agrícolas, dentre os quais o alho, a banana, a alcachofra de Jerusalém e a raiz de chicória. A inulina é geralmente utilizada em países desenvolvidos, como substituto do açúcar e/ou gordura devido as suas características que a enquadram como alimento funcional e dietético. A raiz de chicória é utilizada como fonte e matéria-prima para a extração comercial de inulina. Os experimentos constituíram-se na secagem das raízes fatiadas em um secador convectivo com fluxo do ar perpendicular, com base em um planejamento fatorial. Pôde-se determinar a difusividade efetiva (variável dependente) para cada uma das combinações das variáveis independentes (temperatura e velocidade do ar), sendo as curvas desses resultados ajustadas pela solução da Segunda Lei de Fick e pelo modelo de Page. A difusividade efetiva variou de 3,51 x 10-10 m² s-1 até 10,36 x 10-10 m² s-1. Concluiu-se que, para a região de valores estudada, somente a temperatura do ar é estatisticamente significativa. Obteve-se, assim, modelo matemático de primeira ordem, representando o comportamento da difusividade efetiva em função da temperatura do ar. A melhor condição de secagem obtida foi a que utiliza a maior temperatura de ar de secagem.

Determinação da difusividade e da energia de ativação para feijão macassar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), variedade sempre-verde, com base no comportamento da secagem

Neste artigo, teve-se o objetivo de determinar curvas de secagem em camada fina para grãos de feijão macassar, variedade sempre-verde. Visou-se, também, à determinação da difusividade efetiva da água no interior do produto, bem como a energia de ativação. Para tal, foram utilizadas amostras com 150 g de feijão com teor inicial de água de 37% (bu), nas temperaturas de 40; 50 e 60 ºC. A velocidade do ar do secador convectivo foi mantida em 1,0 m s-1 e, durante todo o processo, os valores médios da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar ambiente foram, respectivamente, 29 ºC e 58%. A difusividade efetiva da água no produto foi determinada, em cada temperatura, por meio da lei de Fick, pressupondo um modelo esférico para os grãos. Uma expressão para a difusividade efetiva da água em função da temperatura foi determinada por meio do ajuste da equação de Arrhenius aos dados obtidos. A análise dos resultados possibilita concluir que a equação de Page representa, de forma satisfatória, o processo de secagem em todas as condições estudadas. O modelo esférico estabelecido para os grãos é satisfatório, resultando em difusividade efetiva que variou de 7,13x10-11 até 14,0x10-11 m²s-1, e em energia de ativação igual a 26,9 kJ mol-1. Foi observado que, para a temperatura do ar de secagem mantida em 60 ºC, houve a formação de fissuras em quantidade significativa de grãos.

Caracterização da fração protéica da cianobactéria Aphanothece Microscopica Nägeli cultivada no efluente da parboilização do arroz

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a fração protéica da cianobactéria Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli cultivada no efluente da parboilização do arroz quando submetida a diferentes condições de secagem. A produção da biomassa foi realizada a partir da água residuária do processo de parboilização do arroz em bioreatores de coluna de bolhas. A biomassa foi separada do efluente por centrifugação e desidratada em secador descontínuo de bandejas nas condições de 40, 50 e 60ºC e espessuras de bandejas de 5 e 7 mm. O comportamento eletroforético das proteínas da biomassa foi analisado por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamamida na presença de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) e apresentou bandas com peso molecular de 15 kDa a 62,5 kDa. O perfil aminoacídico mostrou teores superiores aos recomendados pelo padrão FAO, com exceção dos aminoácidos lisina e dos sulfurados (MET+CYS). A caracterização funcional, expressa em termos de solubilidade e capacidade emulsificante, demonstrou a influência da condição de secagem na funcionalidade protéica da biomassa.

Datos experimentales de la cinética del secado y del modelo matemático para pulpa de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) en rodajas

En este trabajo fueron obtenidos experimentalmente la cinética del secado de la pulpa de cupuaçu en forma de rodajas con espesor de 0,5 cm. El secado fue realizado utilizándose un secador laboratorial de bandejas, a las temperaturas de 50, 60 y 70 ºC y a la velocidad del aire de secado de 1,5 m/s. De acuerdo con los datos de la cinética del secado se puede observar que cuanto mayor es la temperatura del secado mayor es la velocidad del secado. El tiempo requerido para secar el producto hasta una humedad del 20%, fueron 9,2, 8,1 y 7,3 horas para las temperaturas de secado de 50, 60 y 70 ºC respectivamente. Las curvas experimentales del secado fueron ajustados al modelo difusional de Fick considerándose la muestra como una lámina infinita y al modelo de Page. Los dos modelos se ajustaron bien a los datos experimentales. Los coeficientes de difusión del modelo de Fick variaron de 1.171 a 1.561 m/s².

Estudo da secagem do pedúnculo do caju em sistemas convencional e solar: modelagem e simulação do processo

This work aims to study the drying of cashew-nut pulp with different lay-out of dryers using conventional and solar energy. It concerns with the use of exceeding of the regional raw material and the suitable knowledge for the applicability of the drying systems as pathway for food conservation. Besides, it used renewable sources as solar energy to dry these agroindustrial products. Runs were carried out using a conventional tray-dryer with temperature, air velocity control and cashew slice thickness of 55°C, 65°C, 75°C; 3.0; 4.5, 6.0 m s-1; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 cm, respectively, in order to compare the studied systems. To evaluate the conventional tray-dryer, it was used a diffusional model of 2nd Fick´s law, where the drying curves were quite well fitted to an infinite flat plate design. For the drying runs where the room temperature had no control, it was developed a phenomenological-mathematical model for the solar dryer with indirect radiation under natural and forced convection based on material and energy balances of the system. Besides, it was carried out assays in the in natura as well as dehydrated, statistic analysis of the experimental drying data, sensorial analysis of the final dry product and a simplified economical analysis of the systems studied

Propriedades termodinâmicas de adsorção de água e cinética de secagem de subprodutos da industrialização de abacaxi (Ananás comosus L.): casca e cilindro central

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência da secagem sobre compostos medicinais e de pungência do gengibre

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Efeito da adição de revestimentos comestíveis sobre a qualidade de mamão desidratado após a secagem e durante o armazenamento

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Montagem e operação de um secador pneumático tipo flash

In this work, a pneumatic dryer has been designed and assembled in laboratory scale in order to study and evaluate configurations more efficient for application in drying of important materials of Northeast region in Brazil. The equipment was tested with drying of corn and rice grains, in conditions of temperature and air velocity at 80 oC and 35 m/s, respectively. For this type of dryer, it is recommended to work at temperatures above 200 °C and air velocity with higher dynamic pressure. However, even under operating conditions below what it is recommended, the results obtained with the pneumatic dryer were satisfactory. In addition, experiments of drying were performed by using a cabinet dryer (batch dryer) under the same conditions used in the pneumatic dryer. Flash one curves for the corn were fitted satisfactorily by applying of the Lewis model, while a better agreement was found for rice by using the Page model. The data obtained with both drying processes allowed to compare the performance between pneumatic and batch dryers. In respect to drying rate, the pneumatic dryer presented a similar performance to the batch dryer during processing with corn and a superior performance to the last one during processing with rice. Therefore, it was possible to verify that the pneumatic dryer assembled in this preliminar study can be applied for different materials and under different operating conditions