A relação homem-mundo em René Descartes e no Zen-Budismo

Este trabalho procura justapor duas visões do homem no mundo, a cartesiana e a zen-budista, ressaltando o aspecto fragmentador da primeira e o aspecto integrador da segunda. O objetivo básico é contribuir para maior articulação e integração do homem contemporâneo através de três movimentos. Primeiro, através da critica à concepçao racionalista, mecânica, prepotente e antinatural, fundada na lógica dual e antitética do paradigma da ciência e do pensamento ocidental em boa parte construido por René Descartes; Segundo, através da divulgação e da exposição enfática, em nosso meio acadêmico ocidental, da metafisica e da mística budistas, especialmente em sua versão Zen, que compreende o mundo em permanente transformação e construção como um todo articulado ao equilibrio universal, no qual as palavras, os conhecimentos e a percepção são meros signos passageiros que escondem a realidade cósmica. O movimento final pretende negar uma visão maniqueísta da realidade onde a oposição não é vista como a liquidação de um dos termos pelo outro, mas como a busca de uma nova síntese: a gestação, enfim, de um novo referencial do mundo - e aqui apenas se levanta a questão - a ser construído, quem sabe, a partir da integração dos paradigmas caracterizados hoje como ocidental e oriental.

As provas metafísicas da existência de deus em René Descartes

Le but de cet article est de présenter les éléments de preuve de l existence de Dieu présentée dans les Méditationes Métaphysiques de René Descartes, en soulignant son importance et son rôle dans le projet philosophique cartésien. La recherche visait á comprendre comment Descartes, étant um homme de science, la recherche de Dieu dans le pilier et d assurer leur philosophie. Par consé quence que Descartes propose de remplacer lui promettant de construire une nouvelle science fondée sur des bases sûres. Ainsi, le texte suit um ordre qu une partie de doute méthodologique comme um élément essentiel pour surmonter une connaissance née de l incertitude et généralisée et d opinions comme étant de droite, pour finalement atteindre la vérité dans les sciencies, Grace à la découverte Du premier cours, le cogito, moi pensant, alors existantes. Trouvé cette certitude, le sujet qui a en elle l idée d um être infini qui contient toutes perfections et, comme Il fera la démonstration de la preuve a posteriori et a priori. Et donc cet être ne peut pas être considéré comme inexistant projet assurant Descartes

A dispute in the world of the dead : René Descartes and Andreas Rüdiger

En 1731 un autor alemán anónimo publicó un diálogo del muerto continuando la tradición comenzada en la Grecia antigua por Luciano de Samosata. Hoy sobrevive una única copia del texto, publicada sin referencia del lugar de publicación o impresor y se encuentra ahora en el Evangelisches Predigerseminar Bibliothek en Wittenberg. Los protagonistas son el filósofo y físico Andreas Rüdiger (1673-1731) y René Descartes, quien representa en el diálogo a un tipo muy diverso de filósofo de la figura “histórica" que trascendió hasta nosotros en sus obras. Este artículo se propone reconstruir la composición de este texto raro y enigmático y contextualizar la perspectiva ideológica del autor en las controversias que animaban el trasfondo filosófico de las universidades alemanas de los comienzos del siglo XVIII.

Cuerpo-objeto y cuerpo-sujeto en René Descartes

Fil: Menacho, Mónica Isabel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Études du cartésianisme, ou, principes de la philosophie de René Descartes : commentés par un appendice contenant les fragmens des lettres de ce philosophie qui se rapportent aux questions traitées dans cet ouvrage, avec des morceaux extraits des plus célèbres Cartésiens du dix-septième siècle, et suivis des notes explicatives de quelques parties du système cartésien /

Includes bibliographical references.

Cuerpo-objeto y cuerpo-sujeto en René Descartes

Fil: Menacho, Mónica Isabel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Cuerpo-objeto y cuerpo-sujeto en René Descartes

Fil: Menacho, Mónica Isabel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Œuvres de Descartes, publiées

t. 1. Eloge de René Descartes, par (A. L. Thomas. Discours de la méthode. Méditations métaphysiques. Objections aux Méditations avec les réponses de l'auteur.--t. 2. Objections contre les Méditations, avec les réponses de l'auteur.--t. 3. Les principes de la philosophie.--t. 4. Les passions de l'ame. Le monde, on Trairé de la lumière. L'homme. De la formation du foetus.--t. 5. La dioptrique. Les météores. La géométrie. Traité de la mécanique. Abrégé de la musique.--t. 6-10. Lettres.--t. 11. Lettre de René Descartes à Gisbert Voet. Règles pour la direction de Mesprit. Recherche de la vérité par les lumières naturelles. Premières pensées sur la génération des animaux. Des saveurs. Extrait des manuscrits de René Descartes.

La predicción y la regla de los signos de descartes

René Descartes publicó en 1637 su famosa Géométrie, un tratado donde aplica el álgebra a la geometría y desarrolla un original sistema de álgebra simbólica. En el tercer libro de la Géométrie enuncia, sin demostración, su célebre regla de los signos de Descartes. Durante dos siglos, el mundo matemático intentó sin éxito una demostración general y satisfactoria a los estándares de la época. Finalmente, Carl Frederick Gauss la demostró de la manera más general en 1828 recurriendo a métodos algebraicos. En este artículo, presentamos el tratamiento que la regla de los signos tiene en los libros de texto de álgebra y proponemos una justificación original alternativa apoyada en la idea de predicción que, hasta donde sabemos, no ha sido reportada en la literatura especializada.

Poetics of Subjectivity : Existence and Expressivity in Simone de Beauvoir's Philosophy

In the last thirty years, primarily feminist scholars have drawn attention to and re-evaluated the philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir (1908 1986). Her philosophical practice has been described as non-systematic, and her literary writing has been viewed as part of her non-systematic mode of philosophising. This dissertation radically deepens the question concerning Beauvoir s philosophical motivations for turning to literature as a mode to express subjectivity. It explicates the central concepts of Beauvoir s philosophy of existence, which are subjectivity, ambiguity, paradox and temporality, and their background in the modern traditions of existential philosophy and phenomenology. It also clarifies Beauvoir s main reason to turn to literature in order to express subjectivity as both singular and universal: as a specific mode of communication, literature is able to make the universality of existence manifest in the concrete, singular and temporal texture of life. In addition, the thesis gives examples of how Beauvoir s literary works contribute to an understanding of the complexity of subjectivity. I use the expression poetics of subjectivity to refer to the systematic relation between Beauvoir s existential and phenomenological notion of subjectivity and her literary works, and to her articulations of a creative mode of using language, especially in the novel. The thesis is divided into five chapters, of which the first three investigate Beauvoir s philosophy of existence at the intersection of the modern traditions of thought that began with René Descartes and Søren Kierkegaard s intuitions about subjectivity. Chapter 1 interprets Beauvoir s notion of ambiguity, as compared to paradox, and argues that both determine her notion of existence. Chapters 2 and 3 investigate the phenomenological side of Beauvoir s philosophy through a study of her response to early French interpretations of transcendental subjectivity, especially in the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. My analysis shows that Edmund Husserl s distinction between different levels of subjective experience is central to Beauvoir s understanding of subjectivity and to the different ego concepts she uses. Chapter 4 is a study of Beauvoir s reflections on the expression of subjective thought, and, more specifically, her philosophical conceptions of the metaphysical novel and the autobiography as two modes of indirect communication. Chapter 5, finally, compares two modes of investigating concrete subjectivity; Beauvoir s conceptual study of femininity in Le deuxième sexe and her literary expression of subjectivity in the novel L Invitée. My analysis reveals and explicates Beauvoir s original contribution to a comprehensive understanding of the becoming and paradox of human existence: the fundamental insight that these phenomena are sexed, historically as well as imaginatively.

Certainty or Faith? Arendt's and Merleau-Ponty's Critique of Cartesian Foundationalism

Epistemological foundationalism has for centuries attempted to unify all scientific inquiry into the context of one grand science, the first philosophy. One of the most important tasks of this tradition has been to ground all knowledge on absolutely certain foundations. In this master s thesis I ask the following question: To what extent and under what conditions is it possible to achieve absolute certainty in the sense of the attempts of Cartesian foundationalism? By examining how the 20th century philosophers, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) interpret the epistemological methodology of René Descartes, I claim that the Cartesian achievement of absolute certainty rests on the implicit presupposition of an epistemologically prior form of faith in the world and trust (pistis) in other conscious beings. I show that knowledge is possible only within the context of a common world that is inhabited by several conscious beings that share a common linguistic system. This threefold element is shown to be the bedrock condition for any kind of philosophical inquiry. The main literature sources for this thesis are The Life of the Mind by Hannah Arendt, Le Visible et l invisible by Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Meditationes de Prima Philosophiae by René Descartes and Erfahrung und Urteil by Edmund Husserl.

O substrato idealista no programa de filosofia do ensino secundário e nas posteriores orientações

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Filosofia no Secundário, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Infinito, conoscenza e trascendenza

Quello che mi propongo in queste pagine è una breve analisi del debito che Levinas ha nei confronti di Cartesio per quanto concerne l'elaborazione del concetto di infinito in « Totalità e infinito ». [...]