Power, Pedagogy and Participation: ethics and pragmatics in research with young people

This article addresses issues of methodology and ethical reflexivity when attempting to investigate the opinions of young people. Drawing specifically on three studies of young people's understandings of citizenship and their views on topical issues, two from England and one from Lebanon, the authors present ways in which the ethical and practical challenges of such research can be met. While acknowledging the power relationship between researchers and informants, they suggest that what they call ‘pedagogical research approaches’ built on a participative methodology can open up a space where both parties benefit. They argue that, when working in schools, teacher educators can take advantage of this status to present themselves simultaneously as insiders and outsiders. The authors have devised what are intended to be non-exploitative research instruments that permit the gathering of useful qualitative data during a short encounter. They illustrate their approach with examples of classroom activities they have developed to provide simultaneously a valid learning experience and usable data.

Relationship between aerobic and anaerobic parameters from 3-minute all-out tethered swimming and 400-m maximal front crawl effort

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relationship between Congress and the Executive in the formulation and implementation of foreign policy : hearings before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session.

Vol. called part 1, but no further parts.

Empowering, degrading or a 'mutually exploitative' exchange For women?: Characterising the power relations of the strip club

This paper seeks to characterise the gendered and sexualised power relations of both female and male strip clubs, and to signal what this means for establishing positive definitions of female desire. It is argued that while it is not useful to present female strippers, or female patrons of male strip clubs as purely passive victims of male heterosexism within these venues, it is equally damaging to assume that these venues represent a whole-scale challenge to conventional oppressive gender and sexual relations for women. Some research has even suggested that both strippers and their patrons are engaged in a 'mutually exploitative' power relationship. Moreover, further empirical research documents key points where female dancers have perhaps wielded 'more' power over patrons at certain moments, and female dancers have highlighted feelings of empowerment and highlighted potential for gender and sexual relations which position women as passive to be subverted within stripping. However, such feelings are often temporally specific and are not applicable to all women in the strip industry. It may be particularly hard for these to manifest in women concentrated in the least economically-rewarding areas of the industry who have less 'power' to resist compromising their bodily boundaries. Furthermore, it is argued that women watching male strippers does little to reverse the 'male gaze', and nor does this male occupation carry as much negative social stigma with it as female stripping suffers. It is thus argued that the overwhelming picture, stemming largely from accounts of former dancers and from empirical studies of individual clubs, suggests these venues in fact do very little to challenge normative hetero-oppressive sexual scripts.

Power and influence in joint venture relationships and their impact on performance

The purpose of this research was to apply the concepts of power and influence tactics to the joint venture context by examining how they relate to venture performance. In addition, culture and the expectations of future cooperation were examined for their association with influence tactic use and joint venture performance. Data were collected from 58 parent firms of U.S.-based domestic and international joint ventures about their relationships with their partners.^ Under the theories of social exchange and power dependence, a parent's level of power is based on its partner's dependence on the relationship. The statistical results indicated that: (1) the greater the total of power of both parents in an equal power relationship, the greater the joint venture's performance; and (2) the greater the inequality between each parent's level of power, the lower the joint venture's performance. It was also found that the way in which a parent firm tried to influence its partner was related to joint venture performance. Specifically, the use of references to a partner's legitimate authority was negatively related to performance, while the use of rational arguments and compromises was positively related.^ Contrary to expectations, the cultural backgrounds of the parents were not shown to have a relationship to influence tactic use or joint venture's performance. On the other hand, greater expectation of future cooperation had a positive association with performance, and a significant relationship with influence tactic use. The greater the expectation, the less partners used more confrontational tactics such as pressure or legitimate authority. ^

The adjustment of leadership styles in intercultural workplace – some evidences from the multinational construction companies in Hong Kong

This study investigates the existence of intercultural adjustment in the multicultural construction workplaces by examining the leadership orientations (task-/people-orientation), communication and conflict resolution skills (high/low-context culture), and power relationship styles (high/low power distance) of local Chinese and the British expatriate project managers in the multinational construction companies in Hong Kong. A sample of project managers (N = 40) and their subordinates (N = 61) were surveyed using the structured questionnaires. Statistical techniques (independent-samples t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis) were employed to evaluate the data. The results revealed a number of interesting findings. First, it was found that both project manager groups equally considered the importance of task performance and interpersonal relationship. The results of correlations analysis provide support for the linkages of the length of working abroad with the change in task/people orientation for Chinese and expatriate managers. The analysis revealed that those Chinese managers who have the longest length of time living or working in Western countries tended to measure higher on task-orientation. Similarly, those British expatriate managers who have the longest period of working in Hong Kong tended to be less task-orientated. Second, local Chinese managers were found to be more confrontational when they strongly disagree with their team members than their British expatriate counterparts. It would appear that stress from project deadline which increase the directness and terseness in communication acts, and retain the composure of project managers in dealing with the subordinates. Finally, our findings show that there is significant difference between local Chinese and British expatriate managers in their power relationship with subordinates. This implies that although the intercultural adjustment might influence perceptions of local and expatriate managers, some dominant deep-rooted cultural values and beliefs are still not easily altered. Conclusions are presented along with suggestions for future studies.

Regulating virtual environments

Online gaming environments feature a number of challenging regulatory issues; a diverse player base, uneven power relationship, and lack of real dispute resolution mechanisms. By conducting an ethnographic study of the online environment Eve Online, and using as a comparative the offshore gaming industry, I consider how we might look to regulate, and resolve disputes within, online gaming environments. In doing so, I adopted a novel approach to the study of online gaming environments - that of norms - which gave significance not only to the terms of service dictated by platform providers and their legal advisors, but also to the social and ludic limitations and affordances players constructed themselves. Finally, through an account of the evolution of regulatory mechanisms and dispute resolution in the offshore gambling industry, I consider how an environment which features much in common with online gaming environments overcame a number of these challenges within the last 10-15 years, and what lessons might be taken from those experiences and applied to contemporary online gaming environments.

Valta kotikasvatuksessa

The aim of this research was to explore how issues of power manifest themselves in bringing up children at home. The starting point for the study was a phenomenon centered, power focused, and theoretically orientated view which also included an empirical part as well. The most common aim of the research was to find out and theoretize of power which is suitable for bringing up children at home. Power was defined and researched on the basis of existing power theories, mostly those presented in anglo-american research on power. For closer investigation I chose the most common categorizations and theories of power, namely, the nature of power, the four dimensions of power, and forms of power. The empirical part of the research consisted of 22 thematic interviews with mothers, fathers and 14 – 16-year-old teenagers from 11 different families. The interviewees were found through snowball sampling. The questions for the interviews were based on power theories. The result of the research was that the most common categorizations and theories of power were useful but not satisfactory in the study of power in bringing up children at home. The nature of authority in bringing up children at home appears to have same characteristics as the categorization of authority put forward by Weber but in addition it included extra categories called moral authority and ontological-existential authority. Theoretically the most challenging problem concerns the conflict between modern and postmodern views of power. None of them alone is able to describe power in bringing up children at home. The best solution appeared to be to add an assumption about the inner relation to the modern power view and an assumption about the Popperian three worlds to the postmodern view of power. The relationship between the parent and the child is necessary the inner power relation where the relation itself modifies the parties’ identities. In that case positive and productive elements are also included in the power relationship. Parents use many forms of power in bringing up children at home. Manipulative and violent forms of power are not justifiable but other forms of power and their open exercise is sometimes necessary. The important criteria to use in order to determine the most suitable forms of power and the most appropriate ways of exercising that power is to see how they improve the development of the identity and internalization of values of the child. An ethically justified exercise of power in bringing up children at home is based on a dialogical, pedagogical relationship between the parent and the child, focuses on the relationship between the parent and the child, orientates itself further than present, aspires to promote the good of the child, and comes true in a caring atmosphere.

Conhecimentos pedagógicos como orientação para a "missão docente": a formação na Escola Normal de Niterói na Primeira República (1893-1915)

A dissertação analisa a política de formação docente oferecida pela Escola Normal de Niterói entre 1893 e 1915. O projeto de institucionalização da escolarização de professores representou momento de transformações significativas na profissão, então associada aos ideais de progresso e modernidade republicanos, com destaque para a circulação e apropriação de teorias pedagógicas. Buscou-se conhecer o lugar de tais teorias e dos saberes na formação institucional de professores, visando compreender, em que medida, as representações sobre a missão docente se fez presente nos discursos dos Presidentes de Estado no período. Com esse objetivo, analisamos as reformas de ensino e as frequentes inserções e retiradas de disciplinas escolares, em meio aos intensos debates na esfera governamental sobre o que ensinar ao povo e aos professores. Almejava-se um saber que fosse capaz de ampliar a visão do cidadão brasileiro, modificar seus hábitos e inseri-lo na modernidade, aspectos que condiziam com a construção de um espírito republicano. Para compreender o funcionamento e a contribuição dessa escola para a história da educação fluminense, analisamos a legislação educacional, os programas e as disciplinas, e também alguns exames de admissão e finais dos alunos. Foram utilizadas as mensagens dos presidentes do Estado (1892 a 1918), as leis que reformaram ou regulamentaram a instrução pública (1893, 1895, 1900, 1912 e 1915), em particular a Escola Normal de Niterói, os exames de admissão (1901 a 1908), os exames finais dos alunos (1897 a 1911) e um diário de Geografia (1915). Tais documentos foram analisados à luz de extensa historiografia sobre a formação docente e permitiram conhecer práticas escolares da instituição. As leis que modificaram os programas tentaram imprimir um caráter mais científico ao curso e muito se discutiu sobre a questão prática. Para tanto, as disciplinas tencionavam articular a teoria à experiência corroborando a aptidão do professor. A aprendizagem era verificada por meio de exames finais, que sucediam as sabatinas e as provas. Examinar era um dispositivo de poder que comparava e excluía e não apenas mensurava o conhecimento. Investigar a formação de professores nos levou a olhar as articulações históricas e as relações de forças que a constituíram. A pesquisa documental sugere a necessidade de ampliarmos a visão sobre a formação docente na Primeira República, tendo em vista que houve esforços em se organizar a instrução pública, sobretudo, no que concerne à Escola Normal de Niterói.

Using an inverse-logistic model to describe growth increments of blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) in Tasmania

A new description of growth in blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) with the use of an inverse-logistic model is introduced. The inverse-logistic model avoids the disadvantageous assumptions of either rapid or slow growth for small and juvenile individuals implied by the von Bertalanffy and Gompertz growth models, respectively, and allows for indeterminate growth where necessary. An inverse-logistic model was used to estimate the expected mean growth increment for different black-lip abalone populations around southern Tasmania, Australia. Estimates of the time needed for abalone to grow from settlement until recruitment (at 138 mm shell length) into the fishery varied from eight to nine years. The variability of the residuals about the predicted mean growth increments was described with either a second inverse-logistic relationship (standard deviation vs. initial length) or by a power relationship (standard deviation vs. predicted growth increment). The inverse-logistic model can describe linear growth of small and juvenile abalone (as observed in Tasmania), as well as a spectrum of growth possibilities, from determinate to indeterminate growth (a spectrum that would lead to a spread of maximum lengths).

Adolescentes em conflito com a lei nas instituições sócio-educativas do Rio de Janeiro: identificação e discurso

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar, a partir das relações de poder dentro do CRIAAD de Duque de Caxias e das possíveis influências que os jovens recebem por sua relação com o do tráfico de drogas, quais são as categorias de identificação presentes na formação identitária dos adolescentes que cumprem medidas socioeducativas no DEGASE. A geração de dados se fez por ocasião de grupos focais com dois segmentos de adolescentes, o primeiro com idade de 17 a 19 anos; o segundo com adolescentes de 14 a 16 anos. Foram realizados dois grupos focais, além de entrevistas com técnicos do CRIAAD. Todo o processo de coleta de dados foi devidamente autorizado pelo Juizado da Infância e do Idoso de Duque de Caxias e pela Escola de Gestão Socioeducativa Paulo Freire. Este estudo apoiou-se principalmente na Análise do Discurso da Linha Francesa, proposta por Michel Pêcheux, além dos estudos sobre as instituições de atendimento ao adolescente em conflito com a lei, conforme Altoé, o estudo sobre as prisões e as relações de poder, conforme Foucault e uma parte histórica sobre o surgimento do Comando Vermelho, de acordo com Carlos Amorim e o estudo sobre o slogan, de acordo com Olivier Reboul. A pesquisa constatou que há um discurso de resistência por parte dos adolescentes, utilizando-se a categoria de silêncio, e o discurso de silenciamento por parte dos profissionais que atuam com as medidas sócio-educativas, de acordo com Orlandi . Tais aspectos conferem as instâncias sócio-educativas uma relação de poder que não se apagou, mesmo com as mudanças no sistema de atendimento à criança e ao adolescente.

Age and growth of the bastard grunt (Pomadasys incisus: Haemulidae) inhabiting the Canarian archipelago, Northwest Africa

The bastard grunt (Pomadasys incisus) is one of the most abundant coastal demersal fishes inhabiting the Canary Islands. Age and growth were studied from samples collected between October 2000 and September 2001. Growth analysis revealed that this species is a fast growing and moderately short-lived species (ages up to seven years recorded). Length-at-age was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=309.58 mm; k=0.220/year; t0=–1.865 year), the Schnute growth model (y1=126.66 mm; y2=293.50 mm; a=–0.426; b= 5.963), and the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=309.93 mm; k=0.218/ year; t0= –1.896 year; C=0.555; ts=0.652). Individuals grow quickly in their first year, attaining approximately 60% of their maximum length; after the first year, their growth rate drops rapidly as energy is probably diverted to reproduction. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy weight growth curve were W∞=788.22 mm; k=0.1567/year; t0= –1.984 year. Fish total length and otolith radius were closely correlated, r2=0.912. A power relationship was estimated between the total length and the otolith radius (a=49.93; ν=0.851). A year’s growth was represented by an opaque and hyaline (translucent) zone—an annulus. Backcalculated lengths were similar to those predicted by the growth models. Growth parameters estimated from the backcalculated sizes at age were L∞=315.23 mm; k=0.217/year; and t0= –1.73 year.

Resting metabolism and heat increment of feeding in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Chinese snakehead (Channa argus)

Resting metabolism was measured in immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi weighing 42.1-510.2 g and Chinese snakehead Channa argus weighing 41.5-510.3 g at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degreesC. Heat increment of feeding was measured in mandarin fish weighing 202.0 (+/-14.0) g and snakehead weighing 200.8 (+/-19.3) g fed swamp leach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus at 1% body weight per day at 28 degreesC. In both species, weight exponent in the power relationship between resting metabolism and body weight was not affected by temperature. The relationship between resting metabolism and temperature could be described by a power function. The temperature exponent was 1.39 in mandarin fish and 2.10 in snakehead (P < 0.05), indicating that resting metabolism in snakehead increased with temperature at a faster rate than in mandarin fish. Multiple regression models were used to describe the effects of body weight (W, g) and temperature (T, C) on the resting metabolism (R-s, mg O-2/h): In R-s = - 5.343 + 0.772 In W + 1.387 In T for the mandarin fish and In R-s = -7.863 + 0.801 ln W + 2.104 In T for the Chinese snakehead. The proportion of food energy channelled to heat increment was 8.7% in mandarin fish and 6.8% in snakehead. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

The Self-conscious Researcher – Post-modern Perspectives of Participatory Research with Young People

Research in young people by young people is a growing trend and considered a democratic approach to exploring their lives. Qualitative research is also seen as a way of redistributing power; with participatory research positioned by many as a democratic paradigm of qualitative inquiry. Although participatory research may grant a view on another world, it is fraught with a range of relationships that require negotiation and which necessitate constant self-reflection. Drawing on experiential accounts of participatory research with young people, this paper will explore the power relationship from the perspective of the adult researcher, the young peer researcher and also that of the researched. It will explore the self-conscious exchange of power; and describe how it is relinquished and reclaimed with increasing degrees of compliance as confidence and security develops. Co-authored by a peer researcher and adult researchers, this paper will illustrate a range of practical examples of participatory research with young people, decode the power struggle and consider the implications. It will argue that although the initial stages of the research process are artificial, self-conscious and undemocratic it concludes that the end may justify the means with the creation of social agency knowledge, experience and reality.

The Self-Conscious Researcher - Post-modern Perspectives of Participatory Research with Young People

Research in young people by young people is a growing trend and considered a democratic approach to exploring their lives. Qualitative research is also seen as a way of redistributing power; with participatory research positioned by many as a democratic paradigm of qualitative inquiry. Although participatory research may grant a view on another world, it is fraught with a range of relationships that require negotiation and which necessitate constant self-reflection. Drawing on experiential accounts of participatory research with young people, this paper will explore the power relationship from the perspective of the adult researcher, the young peer researcher and also that of the researched. It will explore the self-conscious exchange of power; and describe how it is relinquished and reclaimed with increasing degrees of compliance as confidence and security develops. Co-authored by a peer researcher and adult researchers, this paper will illustrate a range of practical examples of participatory research with young people, decode the power struggle and consider the implications. It will argue that although the initial stages of the research process are artificial, self-conscious and undemocratic it concludes that the end may justify the means with the creation of social agency knowledge, experience and reality.