A capacidade de subitizing em crianças de 4 anos

Dissertação apresentada à escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Educação Matemática na Educação Pré-Escolar e nos 1º e 2º Ciclos do Ensino Básico

Performance perceptive dans l’autisme : du facteur «g» au facteur «p»

La perception est de plus en plus reconnue comme fondamentale à la compréhension du phénotype autistique. La première description de l’autisme, par Kanner en 1947, fait état d’un profil cognitif hétérogène caractérisé par des habiletés exceptionnelles à l’intérieur de domaines spécifiques de la perception (ex., la musique). L’accumulation des observations cliniques sur la présence de particularités perceptives a mené à l’élaboration d’études empiriques permettant d’objectiver des surfonctionnements dans le traitement élémentaire de l’information perceptive dans l’autisme. Parallèlement, des études cognitives suggèrent la présence d’une « intelligence différente » chez les personnes autistes. Celle-ci serait caractérisée par une dissociation entre des performances à différents tests d’intelligence fortement corrélés ensemble chez les personnes typiques. Le potentiel intellectuel des personnes autistes serait sous-estimé lorsque mesuré par l’échelle de Wechsler, plutôt que des mesures d’intelligence fluide comme les Matrices Progressives de Raven. Avec l’appui d’études en imagerie cérébrale, ces résultats suggèrent une relation unique entre la perception et l’intelligence chez cette population clinique. Étant donné l’accumulation de preuves sur 1) la présence d’atypies perceptuelles, 2) le rôle différent de la perception dans l’intelligence et 3) l’importance des comportements répétitifs et intérêts restreints dans le phénotype autistique (DSM-5), le premier volet de cette thèse s’est intéressé à la relation entre les performances perceptives des personnes autistes et celle des personnes ayant un développement typique, au-delà de ce qui est expliqué par l’intelligence. À l’aide de modèles de régression linéaire, les résultats démontrent un profil de covariation spécifique à l’autisme pour les habiletés plurimodales. Contrairement aux personnes ayant un développement typique, ces associations persistent au-delà de ce qui est expliqué par l’intelligence générale ou par l’efficacité générale des systèmes perceptifs. Ce profil de covariation résiduelle propre aux personnes autistes suggère la présence d’un facteur plurimodal spécifique à ce groupe clinique : le facteur « p ». Le deuxième volet de cette thèse s’est intéressé à la prévalence des habiletés exceptionnelles au niveau individuel, la relation les forces perceptives et les talents, ainsi qu’aux facteurs de prédisposition en lien avec le développement d’habiletés exceptionnelles. Les forces perceptives des personnes autistes furent évaluées à l’aide de tâches expérimentales sensibles à la détection de surfonctionnements perceptifs, soit une tâche de discrimination de hauteurs sonores et une version modifiée du sous-test « Blocs » de l’échelle d’intelligence de Wechsler. Les talents furent évalués de manière clinique à l’aide de l’ADI-R (« Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised »). Les données indiquent que 88.4 % des personnes autistes avec une intelligence dans la normale présentent au moins une habileté exceptionnelle (force perceptive ou talent). Les talents sont rapportés chez 62.5 % des cas et les forces perceptives se retrouvent chez 58 % des cas. La cooccurrence des forces perceptives entre les modalités perceptives est relativement peu fréquente (24 % à 27 %) et la présence d’un talent dans une modalité n’augmente pas les chances de présenter une force perceptive dans une même modalité. Une plus grande intelligence augmente les chances de présenter au moins un talent. En revanche, une intelligence plus faible, mais se situant tout de même dans les limites de la normale, est associée à un profil cognitif plus hétérogène avec des forces perceptives plus fréquentes. En somme, l’intelligence autistique serait caractérisée par un rôle plus important de la perception, indépendamment des surfonctionnements perceptifs. Cette particularité cognitive se manifesterait par la présence d’un facteur plurimodal, « p », spécifique à l’autisme. Théoriquement, le facteur « p » reflèterait des modifications innées (ou « hardwired ») dans l’organisation corticale des microcircuits responsables de l'encodage des dimensions perceptives élémentaires. En revanche, une faible association intermodale entre les forces perceptives suggère que des modifications corticales sont essentielles, mais non suffisantes pour le développement d’habiletés exceptionnelles. Par des processus de plasticité, des modifications corticales auraient des répercussions sur le phénotype autistique en offrant une base plus « fertile » pour le développement d’habiletés exceptionnelles, voire savantes, lorsque la personne autiste serait exposée à des expériences de vie avantageuses. Par ailleurs, les résultats de cette thèse, combinés à la littérature existante sur l’intelligence et l’apprentissage des personnes autistes, nous amènent à réfléchir sur les approches d’évaluation et d’intervention les mieux adaptées au fonctionnement spécifique de cette population clinique.

Identification des corrélats neuronaux associés à la clôture perceptive des objets : une étude en potentiels évoqués

La capacité du système visuel humain à compléter une image partiellement dévoilée et à en dériver une forme globale à partir de ses fragments visibles incomplets est un phénomène qui suscite, jusqu’à nos jours, l’intérêt de nombreux scientifiques œuvrant dans différents milieux de recherche tels que l’informatique, l’ingénierie en intelligence artificielle, la perception et les neurosciences. Dans le cadre de la présente thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés spécifiquement sur les substrats neuronaux associés à ce phénomène de clôture perceptive. La thèse actuelle a donc pour objectif général d’explorer le décours spatio-temporel des corrélats neuronaux associés à la clôture perceptive au cours d’une tâche d’identification d’objets. Dans un premier temps, le premier article visera à caractériser la signature électrophysiologique liée à la clôture perceptive chez des personnes à développement typique dans le but de déterminer si les processus de clôture perceptive reflèteraient l’interaction itérative entre les mécanismes de bas et de haut-niveau et si ceux-ci seraient sollicités à une étape précoce ou tardive lors du traitement visuel de l’information. Dans un deuxième temps, le second article a pour objectif d’explorer le décours spatio-temporel des mécanismes neuronaux sous-tendant la clôture perceptive dans le but de déterminer si les processus de clôture perceptive des personnes présentant un trouble autistique se caractérisent par une signature idiosyncrasique des changements d’amplitude des potentiels évoqués (PÉs). En d’autres termes, nous cherchons à déterminer si la clôture perceptive en autisme est atypique et nécessiterait davantage la contribution des mécanismes de bas-niveau et/ou de haut-niveau. Les résultats du premier article indiquent que le phénomène de clôture perceptive est associé temporellement à l’occurrence de la composante de PÉs N80 et P160 tel que révélé par des différences significatives claires entre des objets et des versions méconnaissables brouillées. Nous proposons enfin que la clôture perceptive s’avère un processus de transition reflétant les interactions proactives entre les mécanismes neuronaux œuvrant à apparier l’input sensoriel fragmenté à une représentation d’objets en mémoire plausible. Les résultats du second article révèlent des effets précoces de fragmentation et d’identification obtenus au niveau de composantes de potentiels évoqués N80 et P160 et ce, en toute absence d’effets au niveau des composantes tardives pour les individus avec autisme de haut niveau et avec syndrome d’Asperger. Pour ces deux groupes du trouble du spectre autistique, les données électrophysiologiques suggèrent qu’il n’y aurait pas de pré-activation graduelle de l’activité des régions corticales, entre autres frontales, aux moments précédant et menant vers l’identification d’objets fragmentés. Pour les participants autistes et avec syndrome d’Asperger, les analyses statistiques démontrent d’ailleurs une plus importante activation au niveau des régions postérieures alors que les individus à développement typique démontrent une activation plus élevée au niveau antérieur. Ces résultats pourraient suggérer que les personnes du spectre autistique se fient davantage aux processus perceptifs de bas-niveau pour parvenir à compléter les images d’objets fragmentés. Ainsi, lorsque confrontés aux images d’objets partiellement visibles pouvant sembler ambiguës, les individus avec autisme pourraient démontrer plus de difficultés à générer de multiples prédictions au sujet de l’identité d’un objet qu’ils perçoivent. Les implications théoriques et cliniques, les limites et perspectives futures de ces résultats sont discutées.

Psychophysical power functions for apparent area in perceptive, memory, and inference conditions for observers of different age groups

The purpose of this research was to verify the effect of age on the exponent of the power function in Perceptive, Memory, and Inference experimental conditions. In the Memory condition the intervals of 2 min., 8, 24, and 48 hr. and 1 wk. were used between acquisition of information and remembering. For each experimental condition the ages of observers ranged between 17 and 35 years (Group I), 40-55 years (Group II), and 60-77 years (Group III), and education ranged from high school to graduate school. The observers estimated the areas of the Brazilian states using the psychophysical method of magnitude estimation. No significant differences were obtained for Groups I, II, and III for each experimental condition, except in the Memory Condition with the 24-hr. interval. Analysis for experimental conditions and ages showed a significant difference between the Perceptive Condition and each of the others, but no difference between the Inference and Memory Conditions. These results indicated that in the remembering processes there is no loss of information as a function of age. From the small variability in the power function exponents for the three ages, we may assume that age could be related to amount of education of the observers, which suggests study is important.

Technical innovations for the diagnosis and the rehabilitation of motor and perceptive impairments of the child with Cerebral Palsy

The treatment of the Cerebral Palsy (CP) is considered as the “core problem” for the whole field of the pediatric rehabilitation. The reason why this pathology has such a primary role, can be ascribed to two main aspects. First of all CP is the form of disability most frequent in childhood (one new case per 500 birth alive, (1)), secondarily the functional recovery of the “spastic” child is, historically, the clinical field in which the majority of the therapeutic methods and techniques (physiotherapy, orthotic, pharmacologic, orthopedic-surgical, neurosurgical) were first applied and tested. The currently accepted definition of CP – Group of disorders of the development of movement and posture causing activity limitation (2) – is the result of a recent update by the World Health Organization to the language of the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health, from the original proposal of Ingram – A persistent but not unchangeable disorder of posture and movement – dated 1955 (3). This definition considers CP as a permanent ailment, i.e. a “fixed” condition, that however can be modified both functionally and structurally by means of child spontaneous evolution and treatments carried out during childhood. The lesion that causes the palsy, happens in a structurally immature brain in the pre-, peri- or post-birth period (but only during the firsts months of life). The most frequent causes of CP are: prematurity, insufficient cerebral perfusion, arterial haemorrhage, venous infarction, hypoxia caused by various origin (for example from the ingestion of amniotic liquid), malnutrition, infection and maternal or fetal poisoning. In addition to these causes, traumas and malformations have to be included. The lesion, whether focused or spread over the nervous system, impairs the whole functioning of the Central Nervous System (CNS). As a consequence, they affect the construction of the adaptive functions (4), first of all posture control, locomotion and manipulation. The palsy itself does not vary over time, however it assumes an unavoidable “evolutionary” feature when during growth the child is requested to meet new and different needs through the construction of new and different functions. It is essential to consider that clinically CP is not only a direct expression of structural impairment, that is of etiology, pathogenesis and lesion timing, but it is mainly the manifestation of the path followed by the CNS to “re”-construct the adaptive functions “despite” the presence of the damage. “Palsy” is “the form of the function that is implemented by an individual whose CNS has been damaged in order to satisfy the demands coming from the environment” (4). Therefore it is only possible to establish general relations between lesion site, nature and size, and palsy and recovery processes. It is quite common to observe that children with very similar neuroimaging can have very different clinical manifestations of CP and, on the other hand, children with very similar motor behaviors can have completely different lesion histories. A very clear example of this is represented by hemiplegic forms, which show bilateral hemispheric lesions in a high percentage of cases. The first section of this thesis is aimed at guiding the interpretation of CP. First of all the issue of the detection of the palsy is treated from historical viewpoint. Consequently, an extended analysis of the current definition of CP, as internationally accepted, is provided. The definition is then outlined in terms of a space dimension and then of a time dimension, hence it is highlighted where this definition is unacceptably lacking. The last part of the first section further stresses the importance of shifting from the traditional concept of CP as a palsy of development (defect analysis) towards the notion of development of palsy, i.e., as the product of the relationship that the individual however tries to dynamically build with the surrounding environment (resource semeiotics) starting and growing from a different availability of resources, needs, dreams, rights and duties (4). In the scientific and clinic community no common classification system of CP has so far been universally accepted. Besides, no standard operative method or technique have been acknowledged to effectively assess the different disabilities and impairments exhibited by children with CP. CP is still “an artificial concept, comprising several causes and clinical syndromes that have been grouped together for a convenience of management” (5). The lack of standard and common protocols able to effectively diagnose the palsy, and as a consequence to establish specific treatments and prognosis, is mainly because of the difficulty to elevate this field to a level based on scientific evidence. A solution aimed at overcoming the current incomplete treatment of CP children is represented by the clinical systematic adoption of objective tools able to measure motor defects and movement impairments. A widespread application of reliable instruments and techniques able to objectively evaluate both the form of the palsy (diagnosis) and the efficacy of the treatments provided (prognosis), constitutes a valuable method able to validate care protocols, establish the efficacy of classification systems and assess the validity of definitions. Since the ‘80s, instruments specifically oriented to the analysis of the human movement have been advantageously designed and applied in the context of CP with the aim of measuring motor deficits and, especially, gait deviations. The gait analysis (GA) technique has been increasingly used over the years to assess, analyze, classify, and support the process of clinical decisions making, allowing for a complete investigation of gait with an increased temporal and spatial resolution. GA has provided a basis for improving the outcome of surgical and nonsurgical treatments and for introducing a new modus operandi in the identification of defects and functional adaptations to the musculoskeletal disorders. Historically, the first laboratories set up for gait analysis developed their own protocol (set of procedures for data collection and for data reduction) independently, according to performances of the technologies available at that time. In particular, the stereophotogrammetric systems mainly based on optoelectronic technology, soon became a gold-standard for motion analysis. They have been successfully applied especially for scientific purposes. Nowadays the optoelectronic systems have significantly improved their performances in term of spatial and temporal resolution, however many laboratories continue to use the protocols designed on the technology available in the ‘70s and now out-of-date. Furthermore, these protocols are not coherent both for the biomechanical models and for the adopted collection procedures. In spite of these differences, GA data are shared, exchanged and interpreted irrespectively to the adopted protocol without a full awareness to what extent these protocols are compatible and comparable with each other. Following the extraordinary advances in computer science and electronics, new systems for GA no longer based on optoelectronic technology, are now becoming available. They are the Inertial and Magnetic Measurement Systems (IMMSs), based on miniature MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) inertial sensor technology. These systems are cost effective, wearable and fully portable motion analysis systems, these features gives IMMSs the potential to be used both outside specialized laboratories and to consecutive collect series of tens of gait cycles. The recognition and selection of the most representative gait cycle is then easier and more reliable especially in CP children, considering their relevant gait cycle variability. The second section of this thesis is focused on GA. In particular, it is firstly aimed at examining the differences among five most representative GA protocols in order to assess the state of the art with respect to the inter-protocol variability. The design of a new protocol is then proposed and presented with the aim of achieving gait analysis on CP children by means of IMMS. The protocol, named ‘Outwalk’, contains original and innovative solutions oriented at obtaining joint kinematic with calibration procedures extremely comfortable for the patients. The results of a first in-vivo validation of Outwalk on healthy subjects are then provided. In particular, this study was carried out by comparing Outwalk used in combination with an IMMS with respect to a reference protocol and an optoelectronic system. In order to set a more accurate and precise comparison of the systems and the protocols, ad hoc methods were designed and an original formulation of the statistical parameter coefficient of multiple correlation was developed and effectively applied. On the basis of the experimental design proposed for the validation on healthy subjects, a first assessment of Outwalk, together with an IMMS, was also carried out on CP children. The third section of this thesis is dedicated to the treatment of walking in CP children. Commonly prescribed treatments in addressing gait abnormalities in CP children include physical therapy, surgery (orthopedic and rhizotomy), and orthoses. The orthotic approach is conservative, being reversible, and widespread in many therapeutic regimes. Orthoses are used to improve the gait of children with CP, by preventing deformities, controlling joint position, and offering an effective lever for the ankle joint. Orthoses are prescribed for the additional aims of increasing walking speed, improving stability, preventing stumbling, and decreasing muscular fatigue. The ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), with a rigid ankle, are primarily designed to prevent equinus and other foot deformities with a positive effect also on more proximal joints. However, AFOs prevent the natural excursion of the tibio-tarsic joint during the second rocker, hence hampering the natural leaning progression of the whole body under the effect of the inertia (6). A new modular (submalleolar) astragalus-calcanear orthosis, named OMAC, has recently been proposed with the intention of substituting the prescription of AFOs in those CP children exhibiting a flat and valgus-pronated foot. The aim of this section is thus to present the mechanical and technical features of the OMAC by means of an accurate description of the device. In particular, the integral document of the deposited Italian patent, is provided. A preliminary validation of OMAC with respect to AFO is also reported as resulted from an experimental campaign on diplegic CP children, during a three month period, aimed at quantitatively assessing the benefit provided by the two orthoses on walking and at qualitatively evaluating the changes in the quality of life and motor abilities. As already stated, CP is universally considered as a persistent but not unchangeable disorder of posture and movement. Conversely to this definition, some clinicians (4) have recently pointed out that movement disorders may be primarily caused by the presence of perceptive disorders, where perception is not merely the acquisition of sensory information, but an active process aimed at guiding the execution of movements through the integration of sensory information properly representing the state of one’s body and of the environment. Children with perceptive impairments show an overall fear of moving and the onset of strongly unnatural walking schemes directly caused by the presence of perceptive system disorders. The fourth section of the thesis thus deals with accurately defining the perceptive impairment exhibited by diplegic CP children. A detailed description of the clinical signs revealing the presence of the perceptive impairment, and a classification scheme of the clinical aspects of perceptual disorders is provided. In the end, a functional reaching test is proposed as an instrumental test able to disclosure the perceptive impairment. References 1. Prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy in Europe. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Set;44(9):633-640. 2. Bax M, Goldstein M, Rosenbaum P, Leviton A, Paneth N, Dan B, et al. Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 Ago;47(8):571-576. 3. Ingram TT. A study of cerebral palsy in the childhood population of Edinburgh. Arch. Dis. Child. 1955 Apr;30(150):85-98. 4. Ferrari A, Cioni G. The spastic forms of cerebral palsy : a guide to the assessment of adaptive functions. Milan: Springer; 2009. 5. Olney SJ, Wright MJ. Cerebral Palsy. Campbell S et al. Physical Therapy for Children. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2000;:533-570. 6. Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Van Gestel L, Huenaerts C, Van Campenhout A, Callewaert B, et al. How can push-off be preserved during use of an ankle foot orthosis in children with hemiplegia? A prospective controlled study. Gait Posture. 2006 Ott;24(2):142-151.

A perceptive insight into cities patterns by visualizing urban economies

Urban economic activities are an essential facet in defining city identity. Traditional approaches rely very often on the most theoretical and quantitative features of the studies, excluding de-facto a direct association between those findings and the tangible subject of the analysis. To fill the gap, the Big Data era and information visualization methodologies could help analysts, stakeholders and general audience to gain a new insight on the field. In this paper, we want to provide some food for thought about new opportunities arising in visual urban economies as well as present some visual results on possible scenarios.

Intersubjectivité performeur-spectateur et pédagogie perceptive

Cette recherche étudie le vécu des spectateurs d’un dispositif performatif particulier basé sur la pratique de la pédagogie perceptive : les performances sur le mode du Sensible. La relation entre spectateurs et performeurs est un processus intersubjectif (Barba, 2004) ; celle qui s’établit entre le pédagogue perceptif et la personne accompagnée (Bourhis, 2009). Mais plus précisément, quelles sont les spécificités de la résonance chez le spectateur lorsque cette relation prend source dans les processus de réciprocité du Sensible transposés dans le cadre performatif ? Une méthodologie qualitative d’inspiration phénoménologique permet d’extraire à travers neuf entretiens, réalisés à l’issue de trois performances, six niveaux de résonance donnant à voir un spectateur « résonnant », actif et mobilisé. Les résultats confirment des natures de résonance mises en évidence dans la littérature (physiologique, proprioceptive, tonique, émotionnelle) et ouvrent à d’autres types de résonance (d’états et du Sensible), plus spécifiques à la pratique de la pédagogie perceptive.

The educational affordances of generative media in arts education

Network Jamming systems provide real-time collaborative media performance experiences for novice or inexperienced users. In this paper we will outline the theoretical and developmental drivers for our Network Jamming software, called jam2jam. jam2jam employs generative algorithmic techniques with particular implications for accessibility and learning. We will describe how theories of engagement have directed the design and development of jam2jam and show how iterative testing cycles in numerous international sites have informed the evolution of the system and its educational potential. Generative media systems present an opportunity for users to leverage computational systems to make sense of complex media forms through interactive and collaborative experiences. Generative music and art are a relatively new phenomenon that use procedural invention as a creative technique to produce music and visual media. These kinds of systems present a range of affordances that can facilitate new kinds of relationships with music and media performance and production. Early systems have demonstrated the potential to provide access to collaborative ensemble experiences to users with little formal musical or artistic expertise.This presentation examines the educational affordances of these systems evidenced by field data drawn from the Network Jamming Project. These generative performance systems enable access to a unique kind of music/media’ ensemble performance with very little musical/ media knowledge or skill and they further offer the possibility of unique interactive relationships with artists and creative knowledge through collaborative performance. Through the process of observing, documenting and analysing young people interacting with the generative media software jam2jam a theory of meaningful engagement has emerged from the need to describe and codify how users experience creative engagement with music/media performance and the locations of meaning. In this research we observed that the musical metaphors and practices of ‘ensemble’ or collaborative performance and improvisation as a creative process for experienced musicians can be made available to novice users. The relational meanings of these musical practices afford access to high level personal, social and cultural experiences. Within the creative process of collaborative improvisation lie a series of modes of creative engagement that move from appreciation through exploration, selection, direction toward embodiment. The expressive sounds and visions made in real-time by improvisers collaborating are immediate and compelling. Generative media systems let novices access these experiences with simple interfaces that allow them to make highly professional and expressive sonic and visual content simply by using gestures and being attentive and perceptive to their collaborators. These kinds of experiences present the potential for highly complex expressive interactions with sound and media as a performance. Evidence that has emerged from this research suggest that collaborative performance with generative media is transformative and meaningful. In this presentation we draw out these ideas around an emerging theory of meaningful engagement that has evolved from the development of network jamming software. Primarily we focus on demonstrating how these experiences might lead to understandings that may be of educational and social benefit.

V2V/V2I augmented maps : state-of-the-art and contribution to real-time crash risk assessment

A number of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are currently being released on the market, providing safety functions to the drivers such as collision avoidance, adaptive cruise control or enhanced night-vision. These systems however are inherently limited by their sensory range: they cannot gather information from outside this range, also called their “perceptive horizon”. Cooperative systems are a developing research avenue that aims at providing extended safety and comfort functionalities by introducing vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communications to the road actors. This paper presents the problematic of cooperative systems, their advantages and contributions to road safety and exposes some limitations related to market penetration, sensors accuracy and communications scalability. It explains the issues of how to implement extended perception, a central contribution of cooperative systems. The initial steps of an evaluation of data fusion architectures for extended perception are exposed.

The role of knowledge in the project management office

Both Knowledge Management (KM) and Project Management (PM) are known as crucial factors to develop competitive advantage(CA). PM Office (PMO) is recognized as a strong solution to institutionalize PM practices in organization. However, according to the literature there is a significant gap in addressing KM practices in the PMO. In other words, existing PMO maturity models has not been addressed from KM perceptive. This paper discusses undertaken investigations of both KM and PM as an initial part of PhD research on the role of knowledge in PMO

Dreams in the Shadows : Vietnamese-Australian Lives in Transition

Explores the experiences of Vietnamese immigrants in Australia. Description What is it like to be a refugee in a country that has a completely different culture from your own, where you feel very different from those around you? With a fine eye for detail and keen empathy for her interviewees, Mandy Thomas explores the experiences of Vietnamese living in Australia. She examines displacement and loss, the ongoing effects of war trauma, and international and community politics. While reflecting on many of the contemporary debates on identity and communality, she explores the concrete realities of Vietnamese lives through their daily experiences. She discusses how Vietnamese families have adapted Western domestic architecture to create a more comfortable home environment, how traditional festivals now serve new purposes, and the changing nature of status and gender relations. She describes the reception of the Vietnamese by the wider Australian society and in the media, and she explores the ongoing ties that overseas Vietnamese have with their homeland. Dreams in the Shadows is a valuable resource for anyone working with immigrant communities, for readers interested in Vietnamese immigration to Western countries, and for researchers of migration and multiculturalism. 'Dreams in the Shadows is a wonderfully sensitive account of Vietnamese in Australia that provides insight into the worlds of Vietnamese immigrants and the often marginalizing orders of the host society.' Bruce Kapferer, Professor of Anthropology, James Cook University and University College London 'A perceptive, sensitive and culturally nuanced account of one of the most recently formed diasporas - that of Vietnamese in Sydney. Deserves to be widely read.' Pnina Werbner, Reader in Social Anthropology, Keele University

The study of design elements and people’s behaviour in campus public space : how design shapes user’s behaviour

A growing body of researches provided evidence of the successful design in particular focus on design elements, ranging from colour, lighting, technology, landscape and spatial arrangement. However, no example or literature investigates the opportunities for linking these design elements in a practical base. Drawing upon existing architectural design theory, this paper investigates the relationship between design elements regards to public’s behavioural response to the public space. The aims of this paper are two-fold: first to examine whether there is a direct relationship between the two, and second to find out how the design elements could be coordinated together to influence not only the activities but also the environment, function and experience. To meet this objective, observation, behavioural mapping, interview and cognitive mapping methodologies are used. The present study involves two local case studies to find out the relationship between design elements in order to assist the design of a better public space for public activities. Correlation between the design elements shows that public activities is more likely to happen in relatively space with well balance of design. These finding provide a better understanding of public space design by gaining deeper perceptive between design and user’s behaviour, consequently improving social activities and interactions in public space. Moreover, it focuses on campus public areas which can be a vital aspect of university campus and play a valuable role in the overall success of public space design.