An SPSS R-Menu for Ordinal Factor Analysis

Exploratory factor analysis is a widely used statistical technique in the social sciences. It attempts to identify underlying factors that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables. A statistical software package is needed to perform the calcula- tions. However, there are some limitations with popular statistical software packages, like SPSS. The R programming language is a free software package for statistical and graphical computing. It o ers many packages written by contributors from all over the world and programming resources that allow it to overcome the dialog limitations of SPSS. This paper o ers an SPSS dialog written in the R programming language with the help of some packages, so that researchers with little or no knowledge in programming, or those who are accustomed to making their calculations based on statistical dialogs, have more options when applying factor analysis to their data and hence can adopt a better approach when dealing with ordinal, Likert-type data.

Regressão logística ordinal em estudos epidemiológicos

Os modelos de regressão logística ordinal vêm sendo aplicados com sucesso na análise de estudos epidemiológicos. Entretanto, a verificação da adequação de cada modelo tem recebido atenção limitada. O artigo apresenta uma breve análise dos principais modelos de regressão logística ordinal e as estratégias para ajuste s, as técnicas de verificação de qualidade do ajuste, bem como os comandos para execução nos softwares R e Stata. A metodologia é ilustrada com aplicação dos dados do Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), o conhecido levantamento de saúde e nutrição.

Implementation of the ordinal shapley value for a three-agent economy

We propose a simple mechanism that implements the Ordinal Shapley Value (Pérez-Castrillo and Wettstein [2005]) for economies with three or less agents.

An ordinal shapley value for economic environments (Revised version)

We propose a new solution concept to address the problem of sharing a surplus among the agents generating it. The problem is formulated in the preferences-endowments space. The solution is defined recursively, incorporating notions of consistency and fairness and relying on properties satisfied by the Shapley value for Transferable Utility (TU) games. We show a solution exists, and call it the Ordinal Shapley value (OSV). We characterize the OSV using the notion of coalitional dividends, and furthermore show it is monotone and anonymous. Finally, similarly to the weighted Shapely value for TU games, we construct a weighted OSV as well.

An ordinal shapley value for economic environments

We propose a new solution concept to address the problem of sharing a surplus among the agents generating it. The sharing problem is formulated in the preferences-endowments space. The solution is defined in a recursive manner incorporating notions of consistency and fairness and relying on properties satisfied by the Shapley value for Transferable Utility (TU) games. We show a solution exists, and refer to it as an Ordinal Shapley value (OSV). The OSV associates with each problem an allocation as well as a matrix of concessions ``measuring'' the gains each agent foregoes in favor of the other agents. We analyze the structure of the concessions, and show they are unique and symmetric. Next we characterize the OSV using the notion of coalitional dividends, and furthermore show it is monotone in an agent's initial endowments and satisfies anonymity. Finally, similarly to the weighted Shapley value for TU games, we construct a weighted OSV as well.

Scoring Methods for Ordinal Multidimensional Forced-Choice Items

In most psychological tests and questionnaires, a test score is obtained bytaking the sum of the item scores. In virtually all cases where the test orquestionnaire contains multidimensional forced-choice items, this traditionalscoring method is also applied. We argue that the summation of scores obtained with multidimensional forced-choice items produces uninterpretabletest scores. Therefore, we propose three alternative scoring methods: a weakand a strict rank preserving scoring method, which both allow an ordinalinterpretation of test scores; and a ratio preserving scoring method, whichallows a proportional interpretation of test scores. Each proposed scoringmethod yields an index for each respondent indicating the degree to whichthe response pattern is inconsistent. Analysis of real data showed that withrespect to rank preservation, the weak and strict rank preserving methodresulted in lower inconsistency indices than the traditional scoring method;with respect to ratio preservation, the ratio preserving scoring method resulted in lower inconsistency indices than the traditional scoring method

Ordinal Cost Sharing.

We ask how the three known mechanisms for solving cost sharing problems with homogeneous cost functions - the value, the proportional, and the serial mechanisms - should be extended to arbitrary problem. We propose the Ordinality axiom, which requires that cost shares be invariante under all transactions preserving the nature of a cost sharing problem.

Scoring Methods for Ordinal Multidimensional Forced-Choice Items

In most psychological tests and questionnaires, a test score is obtained by taking the sum of the item scores. In virtually all cases where the test or questionnaire contains multidimensional forced-choice items, this traditional scoring method is also applied. We argue that the summation of scores obtained with multidimensional forced-choice items produces uninterpretable test scores. Therefore, we propose three alternative scoring methods: a weak and a strict rank preserving scoring method, which both allow an ordinal interpretation of test scores; and a ratio preserving scoring method, which allows a proportional interpretation of test scores. Each proposed scoring method yields an index for each respondent indicating the degree to which the response pattern is inconsistent. Analysis of real data showed that with respect to rank preservation, the weak and strict rank preserving method resulted in lower inconsistency indices than the traditional scoring method; with respect to ratio preservation, the ratio preserving scoring method resulted in lower inconsistency indices than the traditional scoring method

Números naturales (II) : ordinal.

Este vídeo forma parte de un curso completo de matemáticas para EGB

La evaluación del pensamiento ordinal en los escolares de 3 a 6 años

Resumen tomado de la publicación

El aprendizaje del n??mero natural en un contexto ordinal en la Educaci??n Infantil

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

La ense??anza del n??mero cardinal y ordinal en Educaci??n infantil

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

A combined score test for binary and ordinal endpoints from clinical trials

There is growing interest, especially for trials in stroke, in combining multiple endpoints in a single clinical evaluation of an experimental treatment. The endpoints might be repeated evaluations of the same characteristic or alternative measures of progress on different scales. Often they will be binary or ordinal, and those are the cases studied here. In this paper we take a direct approach to combining the univariate score statistics for comparing treatments with respect to each endpoint. The correlations between the score statistics are derived and used to allow a valid combined score test to be applied. A sample size formula is deduced and application in sequential designs is discussed. The method is compared with an alternative approach based on generalized estimating equations in an illustrative analysis and replicated simulations, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed.

Ordinal judgements of depth in monocularly- and binocularly-viewed photographs of complex natural scenes

This study investigated the contribution of stereoscopic depth cues to the reliability of ordinal depth judgments in complex natural scenes. Participants viewed photographs of cluttered natural scenes, either monocularly or stereoscopically. On each trial, they judged which of two indicated points in the scene was closer in depth. We assessed the reliability of these judgments over repeated trials, and how well they correlated with the actual disparities of the points between the left and right eyes' views. The reliability of judgments increased as their depth separation increased, was higher when the points were on separate objects, and deteriorated for point pairs that were more widely separated in the image plane. Stereoscopic viewing improved sensitivity to depth for points on the same surface, but not for points on separate objects. Stereoscopic viewing thus provides depth information that is complementary to that available from monocular occlusion cues.

Variáveis de controle sobre responder ordinal: revisitando estudos empíricos

Questões conceituais dentro dos sistemas explicativos em Psicologia podem ser trabalhadas através da busca dos termos e das condições definidoras de um determinado conceito ou fenômeno. Estudos de análise conceitual visam verificar quais os termos que não fazem parte de um conceito, a aplicação correta de um conceito já existente e em quais casos esse conceito pode ser aplicado. Visam a discriminação entre classes de eventos e a generalização intra classe. A aquisição e manutenção de cadeias comportamentais tem recebido o nome de encadeamento, referindo-se a sucessões de respostas, nas quais uma resposta produz as condições de estímulo para a resposta seguinte. Pode-se avaliar que grande parte do repertório dos organismos parece ocorrer de maneira organizada seqüencialmente em uma sucessão contínua. O comportamento ordinal vem sendo estudado através do exame do efeito de diferentes variáveis. Entretanto, a literatura operante tem mostrado diferentes termos para se referir ao fluxo contínuo e à sucessão de respostas. Esta pesquisa propôs verificando o comportamento lógico de alguns conceitos relacionados ao responder ordinal, investigando o nível de instrumentalidade através da especificação das variáveis controladoras nos procedimentos aplicados no âmbito da Análise Experimental do Comportamento. Por meio de algumas palavras-chave o material bibliográfico foi buscado em bancos de dados de periódicos científicos e livros da área. Em seguida, os trabalhos foram organizados em seis grupos diferentes de acordo com a semelhança em seus títulos e resumos. Por último, foram analisados destacando-se as principais variáveis envolvidas em cada tipo de procedimento. Foram selecionados 82 trabalhos, 14 artigos nacionais, 65 estrangeiros e 3 capítulos de livro, um nacional e dois estrangeiros. A análise descritiva das pesquisas demonstrou que nos grupos 2, 5 e 6 foi possível acessar informações comuns a todos os estudos. Além disso, verificou-se que o modelo analítico-comportamental de cadeia de respostas pareceu ser evidente nos estudos dos quatro primeiros grupos. Portanto, a verificação das variações de procedimento presentes nos experimentos possibilitou a organização e delimitação das variáveis envolvidas nos estudos sobre o responder ordinal. Tais informações poderão funcionar como um parâmetro de controle experimental no desenvolvimento de estudos futuros, bem como subsidiar investigações que visem verificar o efeito de variações de procedimento dentro de um mesmo grupo sobre o desempenho encontrado nos resultados dos estudos. Além disso, constatou-se que o emprego de um termo pode ser definido pelo contexto no qual o conhecimento é produzido, pois, os determinantes de um termo científico são produtos da complexidade de um contexto social que engendra mudanças no modo de tratar um determinado objeto de estudo.