New parameters for daytime wandering

This study aimed to describe wandering using new parameters and to evaluate parameters as a function of cognitive impairment and mobility. Forty-four wanderers in long-term care settings were videotaped 12 times. Rate and duration of wandering episodes were plotted and used to derive parameters from values above and below case medians, proportion of hours wandering, and time of day. Participants wandered during 47% of observations; on average, the hourly rate was 4.3 episodes, the peak hourly rate was 18 episodes, and the peak hourly duration was 19.9 minutes. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores was negatively correlated with overall duration and number of observations during which duration exceeded 15 minutes per hour, was positively correlated with number of observations without wandering, and was not significantly correlated with rate-related parameters. Mobility correlated positively with rate and duration parameters. Interaction of MMSE score and mobility was the strongest predictor of wandering duration. Parameters derived from repeated measures provide a new view of daytime wandering and insight into relationships between MMSE score and mobility status with specific parameters of wandering.

New parameters of many-body potentials: studying the thermal and mechanical properties of noble metals

New parameters of nearest-neighbor EAM (1N-EAM), n-th neighbor EAM (NN-EAM), and the second-moment approximation to the tight-binding (TB-SMA) potentials are obtained by fitting experimental data at different temperatures. In comparison with the available many-body potentials, our results suggest that the 1N-EAM potential with the new parameters is the best description of atomic interactions in studying the thermal expansion of noble metals. For mechanical properties, it is suggested that the elastic constants should be calculated in the experimental zero-stress states for all three potentials. Furthermore, for NNEAM and TB-SMA potentials, the calculated results approach the experimental data as the range of the atomic interaction increases from the first-neighbor to the sixth-neighbor distance.

Non-invasive Studies on Age Related Parameters Using a Blood Volume Pulse Sensor

A non-invasive technique is implemented to measure a parameter which is closely related to the distensibility of large arteries, using the second derivative of the infrared photoplethysmographic waveform. Thirty subjects within the age group of 20-61 years were involved in this pilot study. Two new parameters, namely the area of the photoplethysmographic waveform under the systolic peak, and the ratio of the time delay between the systolic and the diastolic peaks and the time period of the waveform ( T/T) were studied as a function of age. It was found that while the parameter which is supposed to be a marker of distensibility of large arteries and T /T values correlate negatively with age, the area under the systolic peak correlates positively with age. The results suggest that the derived parameters could provide a simple, non-invasive means for studying the changes in the elastic properties of the vascular system as a function of age.

A new distribution on the simplex containing the Dirichlet family

The Dirichlet family owes its privileged status within simplex distributions to easyness of interpretation and good mathematical properties. In particular, we recall fundamental properties for the analysis of compositional data such as closure under amalgamation and subcomposition. From a probabilistic point of view, it is characterised (uniquely) by a variety of independence relationships which makes it indisputably the reference model for expressing the non trivial idea of substantial independence for compositions. Indeed, its well known inadequacy as a general model for compositional data stems from such an independence structure together with the poorness of its parametrisation. In this paper a new class of distributions (called Flexible Dirichlet) capable of handling various dependence structures and containing the Dirichlet as a special case is presented. The new model exhibits a considerably richer parametrisation which, for example, allows to model the means and (part of) the variance-covariance matrix separately. Moreover, such a model preserves some good mathematical properties of the Dirichlet, i.e. closure under amalgamation and subcomposition with new parameters simply related to the parent composition parameters. Furthermore, the joint and conditional distributions of subcompositions and relative totals can be expressed as simple mixtures of two Flexible Dirichlet distributions. The basis generating the Flexible Dirichlet, though keeping compositional invariance, shows a dependence structure which allows various forms of partitional dependence to be contemplated by the model (e.g. non-neutrality, subcompositional dependence and subcompositional non-invariance), independence cases being identified by suitable parameter configurations. In particular, within this model substantial independence among subsets of components of the composition naturally occurs when the subsets have a Dirichlet distribution

Comparison of physical properties of two exogenous surfactants: new parameter.

The pulmonary surfactant has essential physical properties for normal lung function. The most important property is the surface tension. In this work, it was evaluated the surface tension of two commercial exogenous surfactants used in surfactant replacement therapy, poractant alfa (Curosurf, Chiesi Farmaceuticals, Italy) and beractant (Survanta, Abbott Laboratories, USA) using new parameters. A Langmuir film balance (Minitrough, KSV Instruments, Finland) was used to measure surface tension of poractant alfa and beractant samples. For both samples, we prepared a solution of 1 mg/m dissolved in chloroform (100π`), which was applied over a subphase of milli-Q water (175 ml) in the chamber of the balance. The chamber has two moving barriers that can change its surface area between a maximal value of 112.5 cm 2 , and a minimal value of 22.5 cm 2, defining a balance cycle. Each surfactant had its surface tension evaluated during 20 balance cycles for three times. Four quantities were calculated from the experiment: Minimum Surface Tension (MTS), defined as the surface tension at minimal surface area during the first cycle; Mean Work Cycle (MWC), defined as the mean hysteresis area of the measured surface tension curve of the last 16 balance cycles; Critical Active Surface Area in Compression (CASAC) or in Expansion (CASAE), defined as the maximal chamber area where the surfactant is active on the surface in compression or expansion. The t-test was applied to verify for statistical significance of the results. Comproved with the MST is the same reported in literature, the differences between MWC, CASAC, and CASAE were statistically significant (p<0.001). The MWC, CASAC and CASAE were higher for poractant alfa than for beractant. A higher MWC for poractant alfa means higher elastic recoil of the lung in comparison with beractant. Using a different methodology, our results showed that poractant alfa is probably more effective in a surfactant replacement therapy than beractant due the use of poractant alfa in relation to the use of beractant in preterm infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS).

Development and synthesis of innovative approaches to the surgical assessment of articular cartilage degeneration

This research has established, through ultrasound, near infrared spectroscopy and biomechanics experiments, parameters and parametric relationships that can form the framework for quantifying the integrity of the articular cartilage-on-bone laminate, and objectively distinguish between normal/healthy and abnormal/degenerated joint tissue, with a focus on articular cartilage. This has been achieved by: 1. using traditional experimental methods to produce new parameters for cartilage assessment; 2. using novel methodologies to develop new parameters; and 3. investigating the interrelationships between mechanical, structural and molec- ular properties to identify and select those parameters and methodologies that can be used in a future arthroscopic probe based on points 1 and 2. By combining the molecular, micro- and macro-structural characteristics of the tissue with its mechanical properties, we arrive at a set of critical benchmarking parameters for viable and early-stage non-viable cartilage. The interrelationships between these characteristics, examined using a multivariate analysis based on principal components analysis, multiple linear regression and general linear modeling, could then to deter- mine those parameters and relationships which have the potential to be developed into a future clinical device. Specifically, this research has found that the ultrasound and near infrared techniques can subsume the mechanical parameters and combine to characterise the tissue at the molecular, structural and mechanical levels over the full depth of the cartilage matrix. It is the opinion in this thesis that by enabling the determination of the precise area of in uence of a focal defect or disease in the joint, demarcating the boundaries of articular cartilage with dierent levels of degeneration around a focal defect, better surgical decisions that will advance the processes of joint management and treatment will be achieved. Providing the basis for a surgical tool, this research will contribute to the enhancement and quanti�cation of arthroscopic procedures, extending to post- treatment monitoring and as a research tool, will enable a robust method for evaluating developing (particularly focalised) treatments.

Changes in Level of Virus Accumulation and Incidence of Infection are Critical in the Characterization of Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) Resistance in Rice

Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) accumulated in a cyclic pattern from early to late stages of infection in tungro-susceptible variety, Taichung Native 1 (TN1), and resistant variety, Balimau Putih, singly infected with RTBV or co-infected with RTBV+Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). These changes in virus accumulation resulted in differences in RTBV levels and incidence of infection. The virus levels were expressed relative to those of the susceptible variety and the incidence of infection was assessed at different weeks after inoculation. At a particular time point, RTBV levels in TN1 or Balimau Putih singly infected with RTBV were not significantly different from the virus level in plants co-infected with RTBV+RTSV. The relative RTBV levels in Balimau Putih either singly infected with RTBV or co-infected with RTBV+RTSV were significantly lower than those in TN1. The incidence of RTBV infection varied at different times in Balimau Putih but not in TN1, and to determine the actual infection, the number of plants that became infected at least once anytime during the 4wk observation period was considered. Considering the changes in RTBV accumulation, new parameters for analyzing RTBV resistance were established. Based on these parameters, Balimau Putih was characterized having resistance to virus accumulation although the actual incidence of infection was >75%.

Busway platform bus capacity analysis

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), because of its operational flexibility and simplicity, is rapidly gaining popularity with urban designers and transit planners. Earlier BRTs were bus shared lane or bus only lane, which share the roadway with general and other forms of traffic. In recent time, more sophisticated designs of BRT have emerged, such as busway, which has separate carriageway for buses and provides very high physical separation of buses from general traffic. Line capacities of a busway are predominately dependent on bus capacity of its stations. Despite new developments in BRT designs, the methodology of capacity analysis is still based on traditional principles of kerbside bus stop on bus only lane operations. Consequently, the tradition methodology lacks accounting for various dimensions of busway station operation, such as passenger crowd, passenger walking and bus lost time along the long busway station platform. This research has developed a purpose made bus capacity analysis methodology for busway station analysis. Extensive observations of kerbside bus stops and busway stations in Brisbane, Australia were made and differences in their operation were studied. A large scale data collection was conducted using the video recording technique at the Mater Hill Busway Station on the South East Busway in Brisbane. This research identified new parameters concerning busway station operation, and through intricate analysis identified the elements and processes which influence the bus dwell time at a busway station platform. A new variable, Bus lost time, was defined and its quantitative descriptions were established. Based on these finding and analysis, a busway station platform bus capacity methodology was developed, comprising of new models for busway station lost time, busway station dwell time, busway station loading area bus capacity, and busway station platform bus capacity. The new methodology not only accounts for passenger boarding and alighting, but also covers platform crowd and bus lost time in station platform bus capacity estimation. The applicability of this methodology was shown through demonstrative examples. Additionally, these examples illustrated the significance of the bus lost time variable in determining station capacities.

Near infrared spectroscopy for non-destructive evaluation of articular cartilage

There is a need for an accurate real-time quantitative system that would enhance decision-making in the treatment of osteoarthritis. To achieve this objective, significant research is required that will enable articular cartilage properties to be measured and categorized for health and functionality without the need for laboratory tests involving biopsies for pathological evaluation. Such a system would provide the capability of access to the internal condition of the cartilage matrix and thus extend the vision-based arthroscopy that is currently used beyond the subjective evaluation of surgeons. The system required must be able to non-destructively probe the entire thickness of the cartilage and its immediate subchondral bone layer. In this thesis, near infrared spectroscopy is investigated for the purpose mentioned above. The aim is to relate it to the structure and load bearing properties of the cartilage matrix to the near infrared absorption spectrum and establish functional relationships that will provide objective, quantitative and repeatable categorization of cartilage condition outside the area of visible degradation in a joint. Based on results from traditional mechanical testing, their innovative interpretation and relationship with spectroscopic data, new parameters were developed. These were then evaluated for their consistency in discriminating between healthy viable and degraded cartilage. The mechanical and physico-chemical properties were related to specific regions of the near infrared absorption spectrum that were identified as part of the research conducted for this thesis. The relationships between the tissue's near infrared spectral response and the new parameters were modeled using multivariate statistical techniques based on partial least squares regression (PLSR). With significantly high levels of statistical correlation, the modeled relationships were demonstrated to possess considerable potential in predicting the properties of unknown tissue samples in a quick and non-destructive manner. In order to adapt near infrared spectroscopy for clinical applications, a balance between probe diameter and the number of active transmit-receive optic fibres must be optimized. This was achieved in the course of this research, resulting in an optimal probe configuration that could be adapted for joint tissue evaluation. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept, a protocol for obtaining the new parameters from the near infrared absorption spectra of cartilage was developed and implemented in a graphical user interface (GUI)-based software, and used to assess cartilage-on-bone samples in vitro. This conceptual implementation has been demonstrated, in part by the individual parametric relationship with the near infrared absorption spectrum, the capacity of the proposed system to facilitate real-time, non-destructive evaluation of cartilage matrix integrity. In summary, the potential of the optical near infrared spectroscopy for evaluating articular cartilage and bone laminate has been demonstrated in this thesis. The approach could have a spin-off for other soft tissues and organs of the body. It builds on the earlier work of the group at QUT, enhancing the near infrared component of the ongoing research on developing a tool for cartilage evaluation that goes beyond visual and subjective methods.

A comprehensive mechanistic kinetic model for dilute acid hydrolysis of switchgrass cellulose to glucose, 5-HMF and levulinic acid

Switchgrass was treated by 1% (w/w) H₂SO₄in batch tube reactors at temperatures ranging from 140–220°C for up to 60 minutes. In this study, release patterns of glucose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and levulinic acid from switchgrass cellulose were investigated through a mechanistic kinetic model. The predictions were consistent with the measured products of interest when new parameters reflecting the effects of reaction limitations, such as cellulose crystallinity, acid soluble lignin–glucose complex (ASL–glucose) and humins that cannot be quantitatively analyzed, were included. The new mechanistic kinetic model incorporating these parameters simulated the experimental data with R² above 0.97. Results showed that glucose yield was most sensitive to variations in the parameter regarding the cellulose crystallinity at low temperatures (140–180°C), while the impact of crystallinity on the glucose yield became imperceptible at elevated temperatures (200–220 °C). Parameters related to the undesired products (e.g. ASL–glucose and humins) were the most sensitive factors compared with rate constants and other additional parameters in impacting the levulinic acid yield at elevated temperatures (200–220°C), while their impacts were negligible at 140–180°C. These new findings provide a more rational explanation for the kinetic changes in dilute acid pretreatment performance and suggest that the influences of cellulose crystallinity and undesired products including ASL–glucose and humins play key roles in determining the generation of glucose, 5-HMF and levulinic acid from biomass-derived cellulose.

Reversible jump sampler for autoregressive time series

We use reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to address the problem of model order uncertainty in autoregressive (AR) time series within a Bayesian framework. Efficient model jumping is achieved by proposing model space moves from the full conditional density for the AR parameters, which is obtained analytically. This is compared with an alternative method, for which the moves are cheaper to compute, in which proposals are made only for new parameters in each move. Results are presented for both synthetic and audio time series.

Interpretações de linguagens artísticas em Gerd Bornheim

Este estudo propõe uma leitura histórico-cultural das interpretações de Gerd Bornheim (1929-2002), destacando a temática da linguagem, sobretudo das linguagens artísticas. A partir dessas expressões, as colocações críticas de Bornheim a respeito da estética e filosofia da arte apresentam um panorama dos questionamentos. Nesse sentido, são notáveis em seus trabalhos as reflexões sobre o teatro e a música. A linguagem teatral permite o acesso às outras atividades artísticas (poesia, música, artes plásticas, cinema) de forma livre e aberta. A linguagem musical, em consonância com a teatral, corrobora a pesquisa de Bornheim, que observou o processo criativo, a comunicação, o papel da interpretação (advento da crítica) e as rupturas nas poéticas contemporâneas. Tal itinerário sublinha a pesquisa que Bornheim realizou na França nas décadas de 1950 e 1960-70. O estímulo dessa atmosfera, marcada pelo diálogo entre filosofia, ciências sociais, psicologia, psicanálise, história, antropologia, linguística, comunicação, teatro e música foi decisivo para ele. Esses pontos são importantes para a apreensão do tema da linguagem e sua ambiência histórica, na qual Bornheim revela outras perspectivas de pesquisa. O pano de fundo é a crise da metafísica e os novos parâmetros para se pensar a dialética, a teoria e a prática. O diagnóstico de tal crise estende-se também à estética. Por conseguinte, o entendimento das ideias de Bornheim conduz aos temas da diferença e alteridade na contemporaneidade. Com isso, persegue-se um percurso temático que aborda: a linguagem e o problema da comunicação a partir da ligação das interpretações de Bornheim com as de Sartre e Merleau-Ponty. Além disso, o surgimento da crítica e os questionamentos da normatividade ética e estética levam à discussão das motivações coincidentes entre artes e ciências. Por fim, a linguagem musical enfatiza ainda o processo de transformação da subjetividade, que propicia uma percepção mais ampla das expressões artísticas e culturais.

Aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade e o dever jurídico-constitucional de minimização da afetação individual: uma nova proposta discursiva

Investiga se o atual modelo de aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade se mostra adequado aos parâmetros traçados pela constituição de 1988, atendendo ao fundamento da dignidade da pessoa humana e aos objetivos fundamentais de construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária e de promoção do bem de todos. Analisa a dinâmica histórica da aplicação e das teorias das penas privativas de liberdade no Brasil, abordando os principais critérios e atuais orientações da aplicação penal. Sustenta que a dignidade da pessoa humana constitui fundamento do Estado Republicano e Democrático de Direito brasileiro e que, ao lado do princípio da humanidade das penas, seu correspondente penal, fundamenta a necessidade de se evitar ao máximo que os indivíduos sejam afetados pela intervenção do poder punitivo. Conclui, então, pela existência de um autêntico dever jurídico-constitucional da agência judicial no sentido de minimizar a intensidade de afetação do indivíduo sentenciado. Procura erigir novos princípios quanto à aplicação da pena, dotados de força normativa e que atuem de maneira integrada para a tutela dos direitos fundamentais. Defende que a Constituição de 1988 não incorporou o discurso legitimador da pena, limitando-se à tarefa de contenção de danos e de fixação de limites punitivos. Preconiza novos parâmetros para a fixação da pena-base, sustentando a incompatibilidade constitucional das finalidades de reprovação e prevenção do crime. Debate qual deve ser o adequado sentido constitucional das circunstâncias judiciais da pena. Discute as bases da tendência exasperadora da pena, caracterizada pelas agravantes, qualificadoras e causas de aumento, assim como da tendência mitigadora da pena, representada pelas atenuantes, causas de diminuição, participação de agentes, tentativa, concurso de crimes, crime continuado, unificação e limite de penas. Identifica a existência de crise no dogma da pena mínima, propondo, afinal, a construção de um novo modelo interpretativo de aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade.

A poesia de Paul Auster

This thesis examines Paul Austers extremely neglected early work: his poetry. Five books were published: Unearth (1974), Wall writing (1976), Effigies (1977), Fragments from cold (1977) and Facing the music (1980), available only at antiquarians and restrective universities libraries in the United States, as well as at the New York Public Library. Studies around Austers poetic oeuvre are restricted to papers, reviews, translators introduction, and a thesis that focus on his poetry to produce new analyses and interpretations of Austers novelistic works. The aim of this thesis is to gather this scattered material and provide new parameters of study around his poetry. Divided into three chapters, the first one maps the literary magazines where Auster published his poems at first, the translations of his poems and critical fortune; the second examines Austers five books according to three specific topics authorship, language, I and other themes related to them; the third analyzes White Spaces, text considered by the author as the bridge that leads him to prose and in this thesis as a singular writing in which Auster consolidates his literary project, since poetry, previous to prose, yet to come. Maurice Blanchot, Karlheinz Stierle and, principally, Auster, lay the foundation of the investigation. Other theorists who contribute to the understanding of the subject will be called to build the sui generis comparativism put into effect here

Equilíbrio líquido-líquido entre ácido acético, água e fenólicos: experimental e modelagem

Com o passar do tempo, a população mundial vem se conscientizando mais sobre problemas ambientais. Isso fez surgir uma demanda por tecnologias novas que possam se encaixar no cenário de sustentabilidade. Instabilidades frequentes no cenário político-econômico global acabam por elevar o preço do barril do petróleo. Assim a indústria química começa a buscar por alternativas que tenham a mesma versatilidade do petróleo. Dentre as opções de combustíveis renováveis, destaca-se o bio-óleo de pirólise. Seu interesse em estudos científicos vem do fato de poder-se utilizar do rejeito de processos como matéria prima, não necessitando competir por espaço com a plantação de alimentos. Sua composição pode ser representada por ácidos e fenóis. Em especial destacamos o ácido acético e fenóis oxigenados como m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol e guaiacol por estarem presentes em grandes quantidades. Sua separação das frações menos polares do bio-óleo pode ser realizada por meio de extração com água que é um reagente abundante e de baixo custo. O conhecimento das propriedades desses componentes puros é amplamente disponível na literatura, porém dados de composições das fases corrosivas, como misturas ternárias de água-ácido acético-m-cresol/o-cresol/p-cresol/guaiacol nas temperaturas de (298,15, 310,65 e 323,15) K são escassos. Devido a isso, o uso de modelos termodinâmicos para simulação do comportamento desses sistemas torna-se interessante. Todavia, quando são testadas as capacidades dos modelos clássicos, como o UNIFAC e NRTL, percebe-se que os mesmos não conseguem reproduzir o comportamento da binodal dos componentes corrosivos. Sendo assim, essa dissertação investigou soluções para melhorar a descrição desses sistemas, assim como obteve dados experimentais para tais sistemas de misturas ternárias de água-ácido acético-m-cresol/o-cresol/p-cresol/guaiacol nas temperaturas de (298,15, 310,65 e 323,15) K; desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para estimar parâmetros do modelo NRTL a partir de dados de composição da binodal e verificou-se a possibilidade de utilizar o modelo UNIFAC para prever o comportamento de equilíbrio de fases. Como resultado foram obtidos 314 novos dados experimentais, obtiveram-se parâmetros para o modelo NRTL que conseguem reproduzir com acurácia a forma da binodal com a metodologia proposta e verificou-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento no estudo do modelo UNIFAC para otimizar sua utilização na previsão do comportamento dos sistemas estudados