Comparison of the NEO-FFI, the NEO-FFI-R and an alternative short version of the NEO-PI-R (NEO-60) in Swiss and Spanish samples

Three different short versions of the NEO-PI-R were compared: The NEO-FFI, the NEO-FFI-R, and a new short version developed in the current study (NEO-60). This new version is intended to improve the psychometric characteristics of the original NEO-FFI, specially in regard to the factor structure at the item-level. A French version of the NEO-PI-R was given to 1090 Swiss subjects, whereas the Spanish (Castilian) version of the NEO-PI-R was administered to 1006 Spanish subjects. Results replicate the limitations of the NEO-FFI already found in other countries. Compared to the NEO-FFI, reliability coefficients and factor structure was enhanced by the NEO-FFI-R and the NEO-60 in both samples, although substantial differences were not found. The factor structure of the NEO-60 shows the best fit since only three items do not load mainly on their own factor in both samples. Besides, correlations between items and NEO-PI-R domain scores are also higher for the items included in the NEO-60 version. On the other hand, convergent correlations with the NEO-PI-R dimensions were satisfactory irrespective of the version, and confirmatory factor analyses show slight differences among the different models generated after the three short versions.

The five and seven factors personality models: differences and similitude between the TCI-R, NEO-FFI-R and ZKPQ-50-CC

The present study tests the relationships between the three frequently used personality models evaluated by the Temperament Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five Factor Inventory – Revised (NEO-FFI-R) and Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire-50- Cross-Cultural (ZKPQ-50-CC). The results were obtained with a sample of 928 volunteer subjects from the general population aged between 17 and 28 years old. Frequency distributions and alpha reliabilities with the three instruments were acceptable. Correlational and factorial analyses showed that several scales in the three instruments share an appreciable amount of common variance. Five factors emerged from principal components analysis. The first factor was integrated by A (Agreeableness), Co (Cooperativeness) and Agg-Host (Aggressiveness-Hostility), with secondary loadings in C (Conscientiousness) and SD (Self-directiveness) from other factors. The second factor was composed by N (Neuroticism), N-Anx (Neuroticism-Anxiety), HA (Harm Avoidance) and SD (Self-directiveness). The third factor was integrated by Sy (Sociability), E (Extraversion), RD (Reward Dependence), ImpSS (Impulsive Sensation Seeking) and NS (novelty Seeking). The fourth factor was integrated by Ps (Persistence), Act (Activity), and C, whereas the fifth and last factor was composed by O (Openness) and ST (Self- Transcendence). Confirmatory factor analyses indicate that the scales in each model are highly interrelated and define the specified latent dimension well. Similarities and differences between these three instruments are further discussed.

Estrutura da boa vida em pessoas com doença crónica

Doenças crónicas (DC) são doenças que têm de ser geridas em vez de curadas. Giovannini, Bitti, Sarchielli e Speltini (1986) caracterizam as doenças crónicas como: a) doenças de longa duração, b) que tendem a prolongar-se por toda a vida do doente, c) que provocam invalidez em graus variáveis, d) são devidas a causas não reversíveis, e) que exigem formas particulares de reeducação, f) que obrigam o doente a seguir determinadas prescrições terapêuticas, g) que normalmente exigem a aprendizagem de um novo estilo de vida, h) que necessitam de controlo periódico, de observação e de tratamento regulares. As DC não se definem pela sua aparente ou real gravidade. As pessoas que têm DC podem fazer a vida do dia-a-dia como qualquer outro cidadão, e grande parte deles acaba por falecer de velhice ou de outras doenças, que não a DC que os acompanhou grande parte da vida. Para estas pessoas viverem uma boa vida o processo de ajustamento é decisivo. O ajustamento à DC torna-se então um objectivo fundamental para as pessoas e para a sociedade. O ajustamento pode definir-se como uma resposta a uma alteração do meio ambiente, que leva um organismo a adaptar-se a essa alteração. Esta definição, explicam as autoras, implica que ele ocorre ao longo do tempo e, também, que é um resultado desejável. Para Stanton, Revenson, e Tennen, (2007), o ajustamento engloba inúmeros componentes que cruzam domínios interpessoais, cognitivos, emocionais, físicos e comportamentais. Estes autores referem que da revisão da literatura se pode concluir que, grosso modo a DC requer, ajustamento em múltiplos domínios, que o ajustamento se desenrola ao longo do tempo, e que existe uma heterogeneidade acentuada no modo como os indivíduos se ajustam à DC. O ajustamento é um conceito do senso comum que tanto é verbo como substantivo.

Personalidade e Transplante

A associação entre o tipo de personalidade e vários aspectos relacionados com a doença médica tem sido objecto de abundante investigação. Os modelos teóricos de personalidade que, hoje em dia, são mais utilizados neste contexto são de dois tipos: o modelo de três factores (Neuroticismo, Extroversão e Psicoticismo) e o modelo de 5 factores (neuroticismo e extroversão, a conscenciosidade, agradabilidade, e a abertura à experiência). Os modelos que relacionam a personalidade com a doença médica situam-se entre três tipologias: Hiperreactividade induzida pela personalidade, Predisposição constitucional e Comportamentos deletérios induzidos pela personalidade. Na avaliação da personalidade no doente médico pode optar-se por vários tipos de abordagem: Abordagem Taxonómica vs Dimensional; Auto vs Hetero avaliação; Instrumentos específicos para uma população vs Inespecíficos. São explorados os argumentos que favorecem as várias formas de abordagem. Entre os vários instrumentos disponíveis para avaliar a personalidade destacam-se o NEO-PI nas suas diferentes versões (NEO-PI original, NEO-PI-R, NEO-FFI-60). O NEO-PI-R e o NEO-FFI-60 estão validados para a população portuguesa. Dos poucos estudos disponíveis sobre personalidade no transplante foi possível concluir que o neuroticismo se associava a uma menor qualidade de vida (física, mental, social) no período pós-transplante e a extroversão a uma maior qualidade de vida (física, social), que a personalidade de tipo D se associava a uma pior qualidade de vida e uma maior mortalidade e taxa de rejeição após o transplante e que as perturbações de personalidade não estavam relacionadas com um aumento da taxa de recaída no consumo de álcool em doentes transplantados por doença hepática alcoólica.

Perfil d'un grup de penats per delictes contra la seguretat del trànsit

La recent qualificació de certs comportaments en la conducció de vehicles, amb conseqüències letals i indesitjables per a les víctimes, com a conductes delictives ha impactat de manera notable en la reducció de la freqüència i la gravetat d'aquestes conductes. La gestió i la intervenció juridicopenal amb aquests nous tipus d'infractors requereix conèixer les seves característiques individuals psicològiques i criminològiques que els fan especialment susceptibles de reincidir en el futur en aquests tipus delictius. L'objectiu d'aquest treball era avaluar les possibles diferències actitudinals i de personalitat entre un grup de condemnats per delictes contra la seguretat del trànsit, que estaven seguint una MPA, i un grup de controls. Es van seleccionar dues mostres de conductors, infractors i no-infractors, i es van avaluar mitjançant el NEO-FFI i el JI-R simultàniament. Els resultats indiquen que, respecte a les actituds antisocials, els membres del grup d'infractors mostren més actituds antisocials en general que els del grup control. Els infractors de trànsit mostren actituds antisocials compartides amb d'altres delinqüents. Tanmateix, en relació amb el segon objectiu de l'estudi, no es van detectar diferències significatives respecte a la personalitat entre els dos grups. És important ressenyar que la combinació de les mesures de personalitat i actitudinals emprades en aquest estudi permet classificar els conductors amb un bon nivell de precisió en les categories de presència/absència d'una condemna judicial per delicte de trànsit. Cal remarcar la necessitat d'un estudi més ampli i perllongat en el temps per tal de replicar aquests resultats i especialment verificar el seu efecte en la reincidència a un any, ja que en aquesta mostra no hem pogut contrastar-ho.

Influence of Individual Characteristics on Work Engagement and Job Stress in a Sample of National and Foreign Workers in Switzerland

In most Western postindustrial societies today, the population is aging, businesses are faced with global integration, and important migration flows are taking place. Increasingly work organizations are hiring crossnational and multicultural workteams. In this situation it is important to understand the influence of certain individual and cultural characteristics on the process of professional integration. The present study explores the links between personality traits, demographic characteristics (age, sex, education, income, and nationality), work engagement, and job stress. The sample consisted of 618 participants, including 394 Swiss workers (200 women, 194 men) and 224 foreigners living and working in Switzerland (117 women, 107 men). Each participant completed the NEO-FFI, the UWES, and the GWSS questionnaires. Our results show an interaction between age and nationality with respect to work engagement and general job stress. The levels of work engagement and job stress appear to increase with age among national wotkers, whereas they decrease among foreign workers. In addition, work engagement was negatively associated with Neuroticism and positively with the other four personality dimensions. Finally, job stress was positively associated with Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, and negatively associated with Extraversion. However, the strength of these relationships appeared to vary according to the worker's nationality, age, sex, education, and income.

Effectiveness of career counseling: A one-year follow-up

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) in a French-speaking Swiss sample and its relationship with personality dimensions and work engagement. The heterogeneous sample of 391 participants (Mage = 39.59, SD = 12.30) completed the CAAS-International and a short version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. To assess personality dimensions, participants completed either the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (n=283) or the NEO-FFI-R (n=108). The internal consistencies for the four subscales and total scores of the CAAS ranged from good to excellent, and skewness and kurtosis values indicated that scores were normally distributed. Gender differences and cor- relations with age were small or negligible. Several CFA models confirmed the factor structure of the French version of the CAAS-International, with loadings very similar to the ones observed for the international form. Adaptability was related to different personality dimensions, particularly neuroticism and conscientiousness, and also to work engagement. When predicting work engage- ment, career adaptability had a significant incremental validity over personality dimensions. Fi- nally, career adaptability partially moderated the relationship between personality and work engagement, suggesting that career adaptability also contributes to regulating the expression of personality dispositions.

Évaluation des effets du counseling d'orientation: Influence de l'alliance de travail et des caractéristiques individuelles.

L'objectif de ce travail est l'analyse des composantes psychologiques et relationnelles en jeu dans le counseling d'orientation, plus particulièrement du rôle de l'alliance de travail et des caractéristiques individuelles des clients en tant que facteurs d'explication du succès de l'intervention. L'étude porte sur un échantillon de 101 personnes, âgées de 15 à 41 ans et impliquées dans une démarche d'accompagnement en orientation scolaire et professionnelle. La satisfaction vis-à-vis de l'intervention, les niveaux d'indécision vocationnelle (CDDQ) au début et à l'issue de l'intervention, l'alliance de travail (WAI), la personnalité (NEO-FFI-R), ainsi que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques ont été évalués à l'aide d'instruments validés. L'impact des consultations est observé à travers une réduction importante du niveau d'indécision, t (87) = 9.27 , p < .001, d = .77. Les résultats montrent une forte association entre l'alliance et la satisfaction, r = .54, p < .001, ainsi qu'un lien négatif entre l'alliance et le niveau d'indécision à l'issue de l'intervention, r = -.31, p < .01. En outre, certaines dimensions de la personnalité, comme le névrosisme ou le caractère consciencieux, contribuent à l'explication des effets observés. Cependant, la personnalité et les variables sociodémographiques ne constituent pas des variables modératrices de la relation entre l'alliance de travail et la satisfaction ou l'indécision à l'issue de l'intervention. Cette étude témoigne que les effets du counseling d'orientation dépendent aussi bien de facteurs cognitifs que de paramètres affectifs et relationnels.

Validation de la version française de l'Inventaire de Satisfaction Conjugale MSI-R

Cette étude investigue la validité et la fidélité de la version française de l'Inventaire de Satisfaction Conjugale (MSI-R). Cet instrument multidimensionnel a montré ses apports dans les recherches internationales mais également dans la pratique clinique pour mesurer la nature et l'ampleur des conflits au sein d'un mariage ou d'une relation de couple. Les indices de consistance interne et de stabilité temporelle, calculés sur un échantillon constitué de 160 couples francophones, sont satisfaisants et similaires à ceux obtenus sur de précédentes traductions. Nous avons aussi répliqué la structure factorielle proposée récemment par Herrington et al. (2008), permettant de confirmer les deux facteurs, dysharmonie et désaffection, qui pourraient être utilisés dans de futures recherches à partir d'une version brève du MSI-R. Globalement, les résultats soutiennent la validité de construit de cette mesure pour des couples francophones. Nous avons mis en évidence des liens entre les échelles du questionnaire et d'autres mesures du fonctionnement du couple (DCI, CPQ, PFB), ainsi que des liens avec des variables socio-démographiques et des traits de personnalité mesurés à l'aide du NEO-FFI. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière de leurs implications théoriques et pratiques.

Inteligencia emocional y personalidad en las diferentes áreas de conocimiento de los estudiantes universitarios

El motivo de este estudio fue poner de manifiesto el estado de la competencia socioemocional, considerada competencia transversal en el nuevo marco universitario, y su relación con personalidad. Se analizó la competencia emocional (EQ-­‐i) y la personalidad (NEO-­‐FFi) de 640 alumnos de 1er curso de diferentes áreas de conocimiento de la UdL (231 hombres, 409 mujeres, M = 18.7 y DT = 1.9). Se realizaron pruebas Turkey, correlaciones entre los resultados y un análisis de regresión múltiple para determinar si existían diferencias entre los resultados por titulaciones y sexo. Se determinaron esas diferencias y también correlaciones entre competencia emocional y personalidad

Modèle de la compatibilité fondé sur l’attachement et la personnalité chez des couples en détresse

Cette thèse poursuit deux objectifs principaux. Le premier consiste à développer un modèle de la compatibilité conjugale fondé sur les notions d’attachement (évitement de la proximité et anxiété d’abandon) et de personnalité (névrotisme). Le deuxième objectif est d’examiner la validité prévisionnelle de ce modèle de compatibilité chez des couples en psychothérapie conjugale. Dans un premier temps, la présente thèse fait brièvement état de la situation des couples au Québec et des répercussions de la détresse conjugale. Par la suite, la recension de la documentation traite du concept de compatibilité entre conjoints en tant qu’alternative à la conceptualisation des dynamiques de couples. Cette analyse théorique montre ensuite la pertinence d’enrichir les modèles de compatibilité en y introduisant les notions d’attachement et de névrotisme. L’examen de ce modèle est suivi par une description des enjeux méthodologiques et statistiques à prendre en compte pour déterminer les fondements scientifiques des hypothèses sur la compatibilité conjugale. L’analyse de la validité prévisionnelle du modèle de compatibilité proposé compose le cœur de cette thèse. Pour ce faire, des couples effectuant une thérapie conjugale ont complété une série de questionnaires en début de suivi, dont l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique (Spanier, 1976), le Questionnaire sur les expériences d’attachement amoureux (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) et le NEO-FFI (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Les données des 365 couples de l’échantillon sont d’abord analysées en appliquant une méthode fondée sur les modèles d’interdépendance acteur-partenaire (APIM) (Kashy & Snyder, 1995). Les résultats démontrent que la présence d’évitement de la proximité est négativement liée à la satisfaction des conjoints eux-mêmes et à celle de leur partenaire. La méthode APIM révèle aussi que plus l’écart entre les conjoints sur l’évitement et le névrotisme est grand, plus les partenaires rapportent être insatisfaits de leur relation. Les résultats sont ensuite examinés à l’aide d’une technique statistique, l’analyse des regroupements naturels ou des clusters, susceptible de mieux examiner la notion de compatibilité. Cette analyse montre la présence de sept regroupements naturels de conjoints selon leurs scores d’attachement et de névrotisme. De plus, lorsque ces clusters sont croisés en fonction de la détresse conjugale, trois grands sous-types de couples qui engendrent des profils de détresse conjugale distincts émergent des analyses. Ces clusters présentent enfin des différences qualitatives quant à la nature des mandats thérapeutiques confiés aux thérapeutes. Les implications des résultats sont discutées en regard de la validation du modèle de compatibilité fondé sur les notions d’attachement et de névrotisme. Certaines données de la présente thèse suggèrent que ce ne sont pas les caractéristiques de l’un ou de l’autre des conjoints prises isolément, mais plutôt la combinaison des caractéristiques des conjoints qui explique le mieux la nature et la gravité de la détresse conjugale vécue. Plusieurs défis conceptuels, théoriques et méthodologiques sont discutés et des pistes de recherches futures sont proposées afin de consolider les assises scientifiques du modèle de compatibilité.

Inteligencia emocional y personalidad en las diferentes ??reas de conocimiento de los estudiantes universitarios

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: "Formaci??n del profesorado en el Espacio Europeo de Educaci??n Superior"

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its relationship with disgust vulnerability and conscientiousness

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Whole-brain functional connectivity during emotional word classification in medication-free Major Depressive Disorder: abnormal salience circuitry and relations to positive emotionality

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been associated with biased processing and abnormal regulation of negative and positive information, which may result from compromised coordinated activity of prefrontal and subcortical brain regions involved in evaluating emotional information. We tested whether patients with MDD show distributed changes in functional connectivity with a set of independently derived brain networks that have shown high correspondence with different task demands, including stimulus salience and emotional processing. We further explored if connectivity during emotional word processing related to the tendency to engage in positive or negative emotional states. In this study, 25 medication-free MDD patients without current or past comorbidity and matched controls (n=25) performed an emotional word-evaluation task during functional MRI. Using a dual regression approach, individual spatial connectivity maps representing each subject’s connectivity with each standard network were used to evaluate between-group differences and effects of positive and negative emotionality (extraversion and neuroticism, respectively, as measured with the NEO-FFI). Results showed decreased functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and ventral striatum with the fronto-opercular salience network in MDD patients compared to controls. In patients, abnormal connectivity was related to extraversion, but not neuroticism. These results confirm the hypothesis of a relative (para)limbic-cortical decoupling that may explain dysregulated affect in MDD. As connectivity of these regions with the salience network was related to extraversion, but not to general depression severity or negative emotionality, dysfunction of this network may be responsible for the failure to sustain engagement in rewarding behavior.

Distress Disclosure and Personality in College Students

This study examined distress disclosure, the tendency to confide unpleasant feelings and experiences to others. Other factors under consideration were gender, personality factors (such as extraversion and one's general tendency to disclose), and the identity of the person to whom individuals were asked to disclose. The subject pool included 22 male and 34 female volunteers from Bucknell University. Participants were asked to complete a measure of basic demographics, the Distress Disclosure Index, and the NEO-FFI measure of personality. They were then asked to disclose about an aspect of their lives that they personally found stressful, as if they were confiding in a best friend, a parent, or a professor, respectively. The transcriptions of those recordings were coded for length, depth, and breadth of the disclosure. The researcher hypothesized that greater length, depth, and breadth would be disclosed by females who scored highly on the Distress Disclosure Index, had high extraversion scores on the NEO-FFI, and had been asked to disclose to a best friend. The study found positive associations between openness and depth, neuroticism and depth, and gender with length, such that males were more likely to have longer disclosures. Negative associations were found between extraversion and depth, neuroticism and length, and openness and breadth. Personality factors, gender, and the disclosure target may act as better predictors of the tendency to disclose, rather than of the particular dimensions of disclosure, since every instance is unique.