Uma avaliação das contribuições de Stiglitz à teoria dos mercados financeiros

The objective and originality of this paper lie in identifying Stiglitz's main theoretical contributions to Financial Economics and in briefly portraying the contemporary economic thought out of which these contributions emerged as well as in suggesting their connections with the subsequent economic thought. Grounded on a detailed analysis of Stiglitz's works on finance, his most important theoretical findings are singled out and gathered into four issues: (1) the conditions under which the Modigliani-Miller theorem is valid; (2) the inconsistency inherent to the efficient market hypothesis; (3) the microeconomic effects of asymmetrical information in financial markets; and (4) its real macroeconomic effects. In all of these topics, the focal point of Stiglitz's theoretical research is the unrealistic underpinnings on which the Arrow-Debreu competitive equilibrium model relies. It is also emphasised that this same perspective he coherently followed to construct a fully-fledged theoretical framework would be preserved in his empirical investigations, notably about developing countries, on which he has concentrated effort since the beginnings of the nineties.

Does Opaqueness Make Equity Capital Expensive for Banks?

Bank managers often claim that equity is expensive, which contradicts the Modigliani-Miller irrelevance theorem. An opaque bank must signal its solvency by paying high and stable dividends in order to keep depositors tranquil. This signalling may require costly liquidations if the return on assets has been poor, but not paying the dividend might trigger a run. A strongly capitalized bank should keep substantial amounts of risk-free yet non-productive currency because the number of shares is high, which is costly. The dividend is informative of the state of the bank; rational depositors react to it.

O custo do peso morto do sistema previdenciário de repartição: analisando o caso brasileiro

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o custo de peso morto do sistema previdenciário de repartição, evidenciando como a contribuição previdenciária afeta o bem estar da população e como alguns choques econômicos podem suavizar ou agravar este impacto. O modelo utilizado para verificar tais impactos foi baseado na teoria do ciclo de vida de Modigliani & Miller (1958). A partir de resultados que corroboram o significativo custo de peso morto do sistema, mostramos que apesar do foco das discussões sobre previdência no Brasil estar concentrado na sua perspectiva de falência, o grande problema do sistema previdenciário tem cunho estrutural. Por fim, concluímos que a manutenção do atual sistema brasileiro de previdência está diretamente relacionada ao crescimento econômico e a redução da taxa de juros praticada no país.

Estrutura de capital, custo de capital e valor de mercado das empresas siderurgicas brasileiras de capital aberto, no período 1991-2000

A moderna teoria financeira iniciou com a publicação do trabalho de MODIGLIANI & MILLER (1958) em defesa da irrelevância da estrutura de capital sobre o custo de capital e o valor das empresas, e cuja conclusão principal foi que, no contexto de mercados de capitais perfeitos, o valor e o custo de capital da empresa são independentes da sua estrutura de capital. Entre os estudos posteriores, MYERS (1984), EID JR (1996), TEDESCHI (1997) e MARTELANC (1998) defenderam a relevância da estrutura de capital, sob o argumento da existência de imperfeições de mercado que limitam o uso do endividamento, tais como os custos de falência, a teoria de agência, a teoria de controle e a carência de capitais, notadamente em países em desenvolvimento. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram evidências a favor da relevância da estrutura de capital e da prevalência da teoria da ordem de preferência modificada. Dentro do enfoque da criação de valor para o acionista, apresentado por RAPPAPORT (1998), STEWART (1999) e MALVESSI (2001), analisamos se as empresas criaram ou destruíram valor para seus acionistas. Os indicadores EVA e MV A, obtidos a partir dos critérios adotados, mostraram que as empresas do setor destruíram valor para o acionista, no período 1991-2000. A análise em separado dos segmentos de empresas privadas e privatizadas não permitiu conclusões diferentes das obtidas para o setor como um todo

Gli assetti proprietari e di controllo nell'agroalimentare italiano

The recent default of important Italian agri-business companies provides a challenging issue to be investigated through an appropriate scientific approach. The events involving CIRIO, FERRUZZI or PARMALAT rise an important research question: what are the determinants of performance for Italian companies in the Italian agri – food sector? My aim is not to investigate all the factors that are relevant in explaining performance. Performance depends on a wide set of political, social, economic variables that are strongly interconnected and that are often very difficult to express by formal or mathematical tools. Rather, in my thesis I mainly focus on those aspects that are strictly related to the governance and ownership structure of agri – food companies representing a strand of research that has been quite neglected by previous scholars. The conceptual framework from which I move to justify the existence of a relationship between the ownership structure of a company, governance and performance is the model set up by Airoldi and Zattoni (2005). In particular the authors investigate the existence of complex relationships arising within the company and between the company and the environment that can bring different strategies and performances. They do not try to find the “best” ownership structure, rather they outline what variables are connected and how they could vary endogenously within the whole economic system. In spite of the fact that the Airoldi and Zattoni’s model highlights the existence of a relationship between ownership and structure that is crucial for the set up of the thesis the authors fail to apply quantitative analyses in order to verify the magnitude, sign and the causal direction of the impact. In order to fill this gap we start from the literature trying to investigate the determinants of performance. Even in this strand of research studies analysing the relationship between different forms of ownership and performance are still lacking. In this thesis, after a brief description of the Italian agri – food sector and after an introduction including a short explanation of the definitions of performance and ownership structure, I implement a model in which the performance level (interpreted here as Return on Investments and Return on Sales) is related to variables that have been previously identified by the literature as important such as the financial variables (cash and leverage indices), the firm location (North Italy, Centre Italy, South Italy), the power concentration (lower than 25%, between 25% and 50% and between 50% and 100% of ownership control) and the specific agri – food sector (agriculture, food and beverage). Moreover we add a categorical variable representing different forms of ownership structure (public limited company, limited liability company, cooperative) that is the core of our study. All those variables are fully analysed by a preliminary descriptive analysis. As in many previous contributions we apply a panel least squares analysis for 199 Italian firms in the period 1998 – 2007 with data taken from the Bureau Van Dijck Dataset. We apply two different models in which the dependant variables are respectively the Return on Investments (ROI) and the Return on Sales (ROS) indicators. Not surprisingly we find that companies located in the North Italy representing the richest area in Italy perform better than the ones located in the Centre and South of Italy. In contrast with the Modigliani - Miller theorem financial variables could be significant and the specific sector within the agri – food market could play a relevant role. As the power concentration, we find that a strong property control (higher than 50%) or a fragmented concentration (lower than 25%) perform better. This result apparently could suggest that “hybrid” forms of concentrations could create bad functioning in the decision process. As our key variables representing the ownership structure we find that public limited companies and limited liability companies perform better than cooperatives. This is easily explainable by the fact that law establishes that cooperatives are less profit – oriented. Beyond cooperatives public limited companies perform better than limited liability companies and show a more stable path over time. Results are quite consistent when we consider both ROI and ROS as dependant variables. These results should not lead us to claim that public limited company is the “best” among all possible governance structures. First, every governance solution should be considered according to specific situations. Second more robustness analyses are needed to confirm our results. At this stage we deem these findings, the model set up and our approach represent original contributions that could stimulate fruitful future studies aimed at investigating the intriguing issue concerning the effect of ownership structure on the performance levels.

Essays on the selection of securities: Decision on acquisition and issuance perspectives and decision rules

This dissertation is a discourse on the capital market and its interactive framework of acquisition and issuance of financial assets that drive the economy from both sides—investors/lenders and issuers/users of capital assets. My work consists of four essays in financial economics that offer a spectrum of revisions to this significant area of study. The first essay is a delineation of the capital market over the past half a century and major developments on capital markets on issues that pertain to the investor's opportunity set and the corporation's capital-raising availability set. This chapter should have merits on two counts: (i) a comprehensive account of capital markets and return-generating assets and (ii) a backdrop against which I present my findings in Chapters 2 through 4. ^ In Chapter 2, I rework on the Markowitz-Roy-Tobin structure of the efficient frontier and of the Separation Theorem. Starting off with a 2-asset portfolio and extending the paradigm to an n-asset portfolio, I bring out the optimal choice of assets for an investor under constrained utility maximization. In this chapter, I analyze the selection and revision-theoretic construct and bring out optimum choices. The effect of a change in perceived risk or return in the mind of an investor is ascertained on the portfolio composition. ^ Chapter 3 takes a look into corporations that issue market securities. The question of how a corporation decides what kinds of securities it should issue in the marketplace to raise funds brings out the classic value invariance proposition of Modigliani and Miller and fills the gap that existed in the literature for almost half a century. I question the general validity in the classic results of Modigliani and Miller and modify the existing literature on the celebrated value invariance proposition. ^ Chapter 4 takes the Modigliani-Miller regime to its correct prescription in the presence of corporate and personal taxes. I show that Modigliani-Miller's age-old proposition needs corrections and extensions, which I derive. ^ My dissertation overall brings all of these corrections and extensions to the existing literature as my findings, showing that capital markets are in an ever-changing state of necessary revision. ^

Determinants of Capital Structure of Swedish limited companies : Testing Trade-off Theory Against Pecking Order Theory

Research question- This thesis investigates the determinants of capital structure of the Swedish companies. In order to do so, the two dominant theories of the corporate structure are studied and their assumptions are tested. Thus, the study researches which one of the two theories is more appealing for the Swedish market. Methodology-The study follows a purely quantitative study, by conducting an econometric analysis. The data are collected from a secondary source and more particularly the "Retriever" database, which contains financial data of the Swedish companies. Findings- The findings indicate that the determinants of the corporate structure for the Swedish market do not differ from other studies which have been conducted in other countries. However, there is a difference when it comes to tax and non-tax shields. The results suggest that in most cases the Pecking Order Theory appears to be more representative for the Swedish market, since most of the coefficient appear to be in favour of it. Moreover, the significance of the effect of the industry for the financial leverage is confirmed.

A utilização de derivativos agrega valor à firma? Um estudo do caso brasileiro

Este trabalho examina o uso de derivativos e seu impacto sobre o valor da firma para uma amostra de empresas brasileiras não-financeiras listadas na bolsa de valores de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2006. Utilizando métodos paramétricos e não-paramétricos, os resultados confirmam que a utilização de derivativos agrega valor à firma e indicam que, contrário ao previsto por Modigliani e Miller (1958), a política financeira das empresas exerce um impacto sobre o seu valor.

Dividendos e efeito clientela: evidências no mercado brasileiro

Investigou-se se características externas à operação da empresa, representativas de efeito clientela, diferenciam marginalmente a política de dividendos de firmas listadas na BM&FBovespa, em uma amostra de 410 firmas (2.339 empresas/ano), no período de 1998 a 2010. Utilizaram-se regressão logística e regressão Tobit para os testes da hipótese, a qual propugna que existe associação estatisticamente significante entre a decisão de declarar dividendos - e seu montante - e o efeito clientela, que não pôde ser rejeitada de maneira conclusiva. Pôde-se inferir que a política de dividendos de firmas brasileiras confirma, de modo parcial, a proposição de Miller e Modigliani (1961) acerca de o efeito clientela influenciar a decisão de dividendos das firmas; o impacto do efeito clientela, ademais, é devido a questões associadas a governança corporativa e a mecanismos de financiamento predominantes no mercado financeiro brasileiro.

Análise comparativa de duas traduções de Tropic of Cancer de Henry Miller

Orientadora: Maria Helena Anacleto-Matias

A hierarquia dos determinantes da estrutura de capital em empresas portuguesas

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças, sob orientação de Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade Pereira

A Influência da teoria da agência na estrutura de capital na indústria do calçado

apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a Dissertação de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças sob orientação do Mestre Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade Pereira