Diversidade de culturas organizacionais: obstáculos e desafios para a liderança de um mega agrupamento

Este projeto tem por base um problema identificado num mega agrupamento de um concelho do grande porto, criado em junho de 2012, e que se centra nas dificuldades de gestão e liderança de uma organização resultante da agregação de duas unidades com culturas organizacionais distintas. Na perspetiva de conhecermos e compreendermos o problema e respondermos ao nosso questionamento, optamos por uma metodologia qualitativa seguindo o método de um estudo de caso. No estudo empírico, cuja técnica de recolha foi um focus group, recolheram-se as perceções dos professores das unidades agregadas sobre a criação da nova organização, sobre o impacto nas identidades e culturas organizacionais, sobre a forma da procura de uma coesão no respeito pela diversidade e identificaram-se os quadros de referência das escolas que se agregaram. O estudo realizado permite reconhecer que as dificuldades ao nível da gestão e liderança se confinam mais na escola que perdeu a centralidade e que se sente numa posição periférica. Na elaboração do plano de ação recuperámos e valorizámos a ideia de que um modelo de liderança baseado em valores poderia ser um caminho para a unidade. Neste sentido o plano de ação, com base em alguns princípios de atuação e definição de estratégias tenta dar resposta à questão de partida e em congruência com um modelo de liderança por valores.

As práticas de supervisão e liderança dos coordenadores do departamento de Matemática e Ciências Experimentais na harmonização de um emergente mega departamento

A escola é uma organização cuja missão se traduz no aperfeiçoamento das práticas pedagógicas e na melhoria da qualidade do ensino e da aprendizagem (Lima, 2008) muito embora se veja confrontada diariamente com vários desafios de ordem política, social, económica e ideológica que obrigam todos os agentes educativos a encontrar formas para os ultrapassar (Nóvoa, 2009). Atualmente, o sucesso dos mega agrupamentos recentemente criados pela tutela emerge como um enorme desafio quanto à organização e nova dinâmica da escola como instituição, realçando o papel fundamental dos promotores e harmonizadores da mudança que constituem os órgãos de gestão e nomeadamente os de gestão intermédia, representados pelos coordenadores dos departamentos curriculares. Com efeito, é a eles que cabe o difícil e delicado papel de unir realidades diferentes coordenando-as, orientando-as e harmonizando-as respeitando simultaneamente as diferentes ambições e expetativas dos alunos quanto ao seu futuro, as culturas escolares e os professores que de um momento para o outro são obrigados a adaptarem-se a contextos sociais ainda mais heterogéneos. Desta forma, a tarefa dos coordenadores de departamento vê-se substancialmente acrescida e dificultada não só pelo aumento do número de docentes que constitui o departamento mas, mais ainda pela explosão das diferenças que surgem entre os vários docentes, as suas práticas e o universo de alunos do mega agrupamento que se deve constituir numa única comunidade escolar (Sergiovanni, 2004). No intuito de realçar o papel dos coordenadores na promoção da integração das duas escolas e na implementação da efetiva colaboração entre coordenadores e grupos disciplinares, objetivo geral deste trabalho, é proposta uma ação de formação na modalidade de projeto. Esta proposta resulta da análise das entrevistas realizadas aos coordenadores do mega departamento de Matemática e Ciências Experimentais do mega agrupamento onde a autora deste estudo exerce funções, e através das quais se procurava responder à questão: qual o papel dos coordenadores na promoção de integração das duas escolas e na implementação da efetiva colaboração entre os coordenadores e grupos disciplinares.

Perceções dos encarregados de educação acerca de um mega-agrupamento de escolas

O presente trabalho procura estudar as perceções dos pais e encarregados de educação dos alunos, acerca de um Mega-Agrupamento de escolas, na região centro do país. Elaborámos o enquadramento teórico, tendo em vista duas entidades que se complementam, como parceiras privilegiadas da comunidade educativa: a escola e a família. Consideramos uma problemática atual e pertinente, fruto de um processo participativo nem sempre consensual. Salientamos os principais normativos legais referentes aos encarregados de educação, desde a constituição da República Portuguesa. Assim, são de 1976 os primeiros indícios no sentido de capacitar os pais dos direitos de se fazerem ouvir e representar nas organizações escolares. As definições que os pais constroem acerca da escola repercutem-se na sua participação parental, pautando o seu envolvimento e repercutem-se nos educandos, facto a que devemos estar atentos. Por outro lado, a escola, como organização, tem sofrido uma evolução nem sempre linear, desde a implementação das primeiras políticas de autonomia, nos finais do século XX, até à formalização dos atuais Mega-Agrupamentos de escolas. O projeto educativo assume-se como o documento que define a política e a orientação da instituição escolar. É o instrumento de autonomia da escola e pretende-se que seja elaborado com a participação da comunidade educativa, de que os pais são parte essencial. O estudo empírico efetuado englobou a adoção de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, associados a técnicas e instrumentos de recolha de dados, como a entrevista, o inquérito por questionário e a recolha documental, dos quais procurámos retirar os dados que nos proporcionaram um estudo tão representativo da realidade quanto possível e aplicado a uma realidade específica. Procurámos executar o estudo com rigor e fidelidade, reconhecendo, porém, as suas limitações. O exemplo de outra amostragem, ou de outro contexto, teria refletido outros resultados e perspetivas da realidade em estudo, tão vasta e propícia a estudos por parte de investigadores.

The Queensland study of melanoma : Environmental and genetic associations (Q-MEGA); Study design, baseline characteristics, and repeatability of phenotype and sun exposure measures

Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is a major health issue in Queensland, Australia, which has the world’s highest incidence. Recent molecular and epidemiologic studies suggest that CMM arises through multiple etiological pathways involving gene-environment interactions. Understanding the potential mechanisms leading to CMM requires larger studies than those previously conducted. This article describes the design and baseline characteristics of Q-MEGA, the Queensland Study of Melanoma: Environmental and Genetic Associations, which followed up 4 population-based samples of CMM patients in Queensland, including children, adolescents, men aged over 50, and a large sample of adult cases and their families, including twins. Q-MEGA aims to investigate the roles of genetic and environmental factors, and their interaction, in the etiology of melanoma. Three thousand, four hundred and seventy-one participants took part in the follow-up study and were administered a computer-assisted telephone interview in 2002-2005. Updated data on environmental and phenotypic risk factors, and 2777 blood samples were collected from interviewed participants as well as a subset of relatives. This study provides a large and well-described population-based sample of CMM cases with follow-up data. Characteristics of the cases and repeatability of sun exposure and phenotype measures between the baseline and the follow-up surveys, from 6 to 17 years later, are also described.

Reconceptualising mega project success in Australian Defence : recognising the importance of value co-creation

Recent literature in project management has urged a re-conceptualisation of projects as a value co-creation process. Contrary to the traditional output-focused project methodology, the value creation perspective argues for the importance of creating new knowledge, processes, and systems for suppliers and customers. Stakeholder involvement is important in this new perspective, as the balancing of competing needs of stakeholders in mega projects becomes a major challenge in managing the value co-creation process. In this study we present interview data from three Australian defence mega projects to demonstrate that senior executives have a more complex understanding of project success than traditional iron triangle measures. In these mega defence projects, customers and other stakeholders actively engage in the value creation process, and over time both content and process value are created to increase defence and national capability. Value created and captured during and post projects are the key to true success.

Analysis of traffic injury severity in a mega city of a developing country

Despite a considerable amount of research on traffic injury severities, relatively little is known about the factors influencing traffic injury severity in developing countries, and in particular in Bangladesh. Road traffic crashes are a common headline in daily newspapers of Bangladesh. It has also recorded one of the highest road fatality rates in the world. This research identifies significant factors contributing to traffic injury severity in Dhaka – a mega city and capital of Bangladesh. Road traffic crash data of 5 years from 2007 to 2011 were collected from the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP), which included about 2714 traffic crashes. The severity level of these crashes was documented in a 4-point ordinal scale: no injury (property damage), minor injury, severe injury, and death. An ordered Probit regression model has been estimated to identify factors contributing to injury severities. Results show that night time influence is associated with a higher level injury severity as is for individuals involved in single vehicle crashes. Crashes on highway sections within the city are found to be more injurious than crashes along the arterial and feeder roads. There is a lower likelihood of injury severity, however, if the road sections are monitored and enforced by the traffic police. The likelihood of injuries is lower on two-way traffic arrangements than one-way, and at four-legged intersections and roundabouts compare to road segments. The findings are compared with those from developed countries and the implications of this research are discussed in terms of policy settings for developing countries.

Rating defense mega-project success : the role of personal attributes and stakeholder relationships

In this paper, we develop and test a model of the relationships between mega-project leaders’ personal attributes and their ratings of project success in the context of the Australian defense industry. In our model, emotional intelligence, cognitive flexibility, and systemic thinking were hypothesized to be related to project success ratings, mediated by internal and external stakeholder relationships. We tested the model in an online survey study of 373 mega-project leaders. Results were that emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility were found to be related to the quality of mega-project leader’s relationships with both internal and external stakeholders; and that these relationships in turn were found to be associated with the project leaders’ ratings of project success. We found however that systemic thinking had no relationship with either stakeholder relationships or ratings of project success. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings and make recommendations for future research. In particular, additional research is needed to examine the contribution of a wider range of competencies on stakeholder relationships and project success in mega-projects, and that there is also a need for research in future to attempt to use more objective ratings of project success.

Defining mega project success in Australian defence : a relation-based framework for value co-creation with project stakeholders

Defining success in mega projects has been a challenging exercise for Australian Defence. The inherent conflict between nation capability building and cost efficiency raises questions about how to appropriately define mega project success. Contrary to the traditional output-focused project methodology, the value creation perspective argues for the importance of creating new knowledge, processes, and systems for suppliers and customers. Stakeholder involvement is important in this new perspective, as the balancing of competing needs of stakeholders in mega projects becomes a major challenge in managing the value co-creation process. In our earlier study reported interview data from three Australian defence mega projects and reported that those senior executives have a more complex understanding of project success than traditional iron triangle measures. In these mega defence projects, customers and other stakeholders actively engage in the value creation process, and over time both content and process value are created to increase defence and national capability. Value created and captured during and post projects are the key to true success. We aim to develop a comprehensive theoretical model the capture the value co-creation process as a way of re-conceptualising success in mega projects. We propose a new framework redefine project value as multi-dimensional, contextual and temporal construct that emerges from the interactions among multiple stake holders over the complete project life cycle. The framework distinguishes between exploitation and exploration types of projects, and takes into consideration the requisite governance structures.

Navigating the social dimension of sustainability decision making of mega-projects

Until recently, sustainable development was perceived as essentially an environmental issue, relating to the integration of environmental concerns into economic decision-making. As a result, environmental considerations have been the primary focus of sustainability decision making during the economic development process for major projects, and the assessment and preservation of social and cultural systems has been arguably too limited. The practice of social impact and sustainability assessment is an established and accepted part of project planning, however, these practices are not aimed at delivering sustainability outcomes for social systems, rather they are designed to minimise ‘unsustainability’ and contribute to project approval. Currently, there exists no widely recognised standard approach for assessing social sustainability and accounting for positive externalities of existing social systems in project decision making. As a result, very different approaches are applied around the world, and even by the same organisations from one project to another. This situation is an impediment not only to generating a shared understanding of the social implications as related to major projects, but more importantly, to identifying common approaches to help improve social sustainability outcomes of proposed activities. This paper discusses the social dimension of sustainability decision making of mega-projects, and argues that to improve accountability and transparency of project outcomes it is important to understand the characteristics that make some communities more vulnerable than others to mega-project development. This paper highlights issues with current operational level approaches to social sustainability assessment at the project level, and asserts that the starting point for project planning and sustainability decision making of mega-projects needs to include the preservation, maintenance, and enhancement of existing social and cultural systems. It draws attention to the need for a scoping mechanism to systematically assess community vulnerability (or sensitivity) to major infrastructure development during the feasibility and planning stages of a project.

Think of the children! The decline of the big day out and mega-festivals

What does the future look like for music festivals in Australia? This article examines the decline of the large festivals that have grown to dominate the scene in Australia in the last twenty years, and the rise of small, specialized festivals that offer a boutique experience.

Combining meta- and mega-analytic approaches for multi-site diffusion imaging based genetic studies: From the enigma-DTI working group

Meta-analyses estimate a statistical effect size for a test or an analysis by combining results from multiple studies without necessarily having access to each individual study's raw data. Multi-site meta-analysis is crucial for imaging genetics, as single sites rarely have a sample size large enough to pick up effects of single genetic variants associated with brain measures. However, if raw data can be shared, combining data in a "mega-analysis" is thought to improve power and precision in estimating global effects. As part of an ENIGMA-DTI investigation, we use fractional anisotropy (FA) maps from 5 studies (total N=2, 203 subjects, aged 9-85) to estimate heritability. We combine the studies through meta-and mega-analyses as well as a mixture of the two - combining some cohorts with mega-analysis and meta-analyzing the results with those of the remaining sites. A combination of mega-and meta-approaches may boost power compared to meta-analysis alone.

Tree-ring based hydroclimate reconstruction over northern Vietnam from Fokienia hodginsii: eighteenth century mega-drought and tropical Pacific influence

We present here the first statistically calibrated and verified tree-ring reconstruction of climate from continental Southeast Asia.The reconstructed variable is March-May (MAM) Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) based on ring widths from 22 trees (42 radial cores) of rare and long-lived conifer, Fokienia hodginsii (Po Mu as locally called) from northern Vietnam. This is the first published tree ring chronology from Vietnam as well as the first for this species. Spanning 535 years, this is the longest cross-dated tree-ring series yet produced from continental Southeast Asia. Response analysis revealed that the annual growth of Fokienia at this site was mostly governed by soil moisture in the pre-monsoon season. The reconstruction passed the calibration-verification tests commonly used in dendroclimatology, and revealed two prominent periods of drought in the mid-eighteenth and late-nineteenth enturies. The former lasted nearly 30 years and was concurrent with a similar drought over northwestern Thailand inferred from teak rings, suggesting a ``mega-drought'' extending across Indochina in the eighteenth century. Both of our reconstructed droughts are consistent with the periods of warm sea surface temperature (SST)anomalies in the tropical Pacific. Spatial correlation analyses with global SST indicated that ENSO-like anomalies might play a role in modulating droughts over the region, with El Nio (warm) phases resulting in reduced rainfall. However, significant correlation was also seen with SST over the Indian Ocean and the north Pacific,suggesting that ENSO is not the only factor affecting the climate of the area. Spectral analyses revealed significant peaks in the range of 53.9-78.8 years as well as in the ENSO-variability range of 2.0 to 3.2 years.

A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder

Prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depressive disorder (MDD) have met with limited success. We sought to increase statistical power to detect disease loci by conducting a GWAS mega-analysis for MDD. In the MDD discovery phase, we analyzed more than 1.2 million autosomal and X chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 759 independent and unrelated subjects of recent European ancestry (9240 MDD cases and 9519 controls). In the MDD replication phase, we evaluated 554 SNPs in independent samples (6783 MDD cases and 50 695 controls). We also conducted a cross-disorder meta-analysis using 819 autosomal SNPs with P<0.0001 for either MDD or the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium bipolar disorder (BIP) mega-analysis (9238 MDD cases/8039 controls and 6998 BIP cases/7775 controls). No SNPs achieved genome-wide significance in the MDD discovery phase, the MDD replication phase or in pre-planned secondary analyses (by sex, recurrent MDD, recurrent early-onset MDD, age of onset, pre-pubertal onset MDD or typical-like MDD from a latent class analyses of the MDD criteria). In the MDD-bipolar cross-disorder analysis, 15 SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance (P<5 x 10(-8)), and all were in a 248 kb interval of high LD on 3p21.1 (chr3:52 425 083-53 822 102, minimum P=5.9 x 10(-9) at rs2535629). Although this is the largest genome-wide analysis of MDD yet conducted, its high prevalence means that the sample is still underpowered to detect genetic effects typical for complex traits. Therefore, we were unable to identify robust and replicable findings. We discuss what this means for genetic research for MDD. The 3p21.1 MDD-BIP finding should be interpreted with caution as the most significant SNP did not replicate in MDD samples, and genotyping in independent samples will be needed to resolve its status.