Improving low achievers' academic performance at university by changing the social value of mastery goals

Recent research has shown that, in a University context, mastery goals are highly valued, and that students may endorse these goals either because they believe in their utility (i.e., social utility), in which case mastery goals are positively linked to achievement, or to create a positive image of themselves (i.e., social desirability), in which case mastery goals do not predict academic achievement. The present two experiments induced high vs. neutral levels of mastery goals' social utility and social desirability. Results confirmed that mastery goals predicted performance only when these goals were presented as socially useful but not socially desirable, especially among low achievers, those who need mastery goals the most to succeed.

The motivation to learn as a self-presentation tool among Swiss high school students : The moderating role of mastery goals' perceived social value on learning

Although it has been assumed that the motivation to learn - or mastery goal endorsement - positively predicts learning achievement, most empirical findings fail to demonstrate this relationship. In the present research, conducted in a Swiss high school, we adopted a social value approach to test the hypothesis that adolescent students' mastery goals do in fact predict learning, but only if these goals are perceived as highly useful for scholarly success (high social utility), and are not endorsed as a means to be appreciated by the teachers (low social desirability), a finding that has previously been observed among college students and on teacher-graded achievement measures only. Results demonstrate that in spite of potential peculiarities of an adolescent population, individual differences in mastery goals' perceived social utility and desirability moderate the mastery goal endorsement-learning achievement relation. Findings are discussed with regard to both theory development and educational practice.

The Interplay of Mastery and Performance Goals in Social Comparison: A Multiple-Goal Perspective.

Régner, Escribe, and Dupeyrat (2007) recently demonstrated that not only performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals (respectively, the desire to outperform others and not to be outperformed by others) but also mastery goals (the desire to acquire knowledge) were related to social comparison orientation (SCO, the tendency to search for social comparison information). In the present article, the possibility of a link between mastery goals and social comparison that depends on the level of performance-approach goals-a possibility supported by a multiple-goal perspective-was tested by examining the interaction effect between mastery and performance-approach goals. This is an important endeavor, as educational settings are rarely free from performance-approach goals, even when mastery goals are promoted. In Study 1, we tested self-set achievement goals (mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals) as predictors of SCO; the interaction between mastery goals and performance-approach goals indicated that the higher the performance-approach goal endorsement, the stronger the link between mastery goals and SCO. In Study 2, we manipulated goal conditions; mastery goals predicted interest in social comparison in the performance-approach goal condition only. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of multiple-goal pursuit in academic settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Achievement goals in educational contexts: A social psychology perspective

Research on achievement goals usually defines mastery goals as the desire to acquire knowledge, and performance goals as the desire to outperform (or not to underperform) others. Educational contexts are most of the time social contexts, involving various persons and groups, of various hierarchical positions, and various cultural and ideological contexts. Surprisingly, most research in the achievement goal field has been conducted at an individual level of analysis. In the present paper, we will review the social consequences and antecedents of goal endorsement. This research indicates that goals strongly affect the way one behaves with co-learners. Moreover, it suggests that more than merely individual dispositions, goals reflect the social relation students have with other persons, institutions, and with the society to which they belong. We conclude this paper by setting an agenda for future achievement goal research.

Intraindividual relations between achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions: an experience sampling approach

Theories on the link between achievement goals and achievement emotions focus on their within-person functional relationship (i.e., intraindividual relations). However, empirical studies have failed to analyze these intraindividual relations and have instead examined between-person covariation of the two constructs (i.e., interindividual relations). Aiming to better connect theory and empirical research, the present study (N = 120 10th grade students) analyzed intraindividual relations by assessing students’ state goals and emotions using experience sampling (N = 1,409 assessments within persons). In order to replicate previous findings on interindividual relations, students’ trait goals and emotions were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Despite being statistically independent, both types of relations were consistent with theoretical expectations, as shown by multi-level modeling: Mastery goals were positive predictors of enjoyment and negative predictors of boredom and anger; performance-approach goals were positive predictors of pride; and performance-avoidance goals were positive predictors of anxiety and shame. Reasons for the convergence of intra- and interindividual findings, directions for future research, and implications for educational practice are discussed.

L’incidence des buts d’accomplissement induits par les enseignants d’éducation physique sur la motivation de leurs élèves

Selon la théorie des buts d’accomplissement, il est possible que les attitudes et les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants d’éducation physique influencent la motivation de leurs élèves. Dans cette étude, les objectifs étaient d’abord de documenter l’évolution annuelle de la motivation pour l’éducation physique au début du secondaire en considérant le sexe et le niveau scolaire et de vérifier ensuite la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement induits par les enseignants d’éducation physique et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves sur la motivation de ces derniers, puis d’évaluer l’effet modérateur du sentiment de compétence et du sexe des élèves sur la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement. Les résultats montrent qu’en général les filles sont moins motivées que les garçons dans leurs cours d’éducation physique et que cette motivation diminue avec l’âge, et ce, peu importe le sexe des élèves. Ensuite, nos résultats montrent que les attitudes et les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants ainsi que la perception des élèves du climat induit par l’enseignant sont en mesure d’influencer certaines caractéristiques motivationnelles des élèves telles que l’adoption de buts de maîtrise et de performance-approche, la motivation intrinsèque, la motivation extrinsèque (par introjection et par régulation externe), l’amotivation et la valeur utilitaire que les élèves accordent à leurs cours d’éducation physique. Puis, il a été montré que la valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves était modérée par le sentiment de compétence des élèves pour les variables motivationnelles suivantes : buts de maîtrise, motivation intrinsèque, amotivation et valeur utilitaire. Ainsi, les attitudes des enseignants, leurs pratiques pédagogiques et la perception du climat de classe n’ont une incidence significative que lorsque le sentiment de compétence des élèves est faible. La valeur prédictive des buts d’accomplissement et de la perception de ces buts par les élèves était aussi modérée par le sexe des élèves pour les variables motivationnelles suivantes : buts de performance-approche, buts de performance-évitement et amotivation. Quand le sexe des élèves modifie la relation, celle-ci est généralement inversée selon le sexe des élèves : elle est positive pour les garçons et négative pour les filles. Suite à cette étude, nous constatons que les enseignants d’éducation physique gagneraient à instaurer un climat de maîtrise tout en laissant place aux défis personnels des élèves et en insistant sur l’utilité de la tâche. Afin de répondre aux besoins particuliers de chacun des élèves, il serait intéressant de mettre en place des regroupements selon la compétence sportive des élèves. Ainsi, l’enseignant serait en mesure d’instaurer un climat motivationnel adapté.

A percepção do clima motivacional em Educação Física em alunos do 3º ciclo e Ensino Secundário : influência do estilo de vida, da atitude face à Educação Física e da orientação de objectivos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar os estilos de vida de alunos de Educação Física, e relaciona-los com a perceção de competência, orientação de objetivos para a mestria, performance aproach, performance avoidance, perceção de clima motivacional para a mestria, performance aproach, performance avoidance, atitude gosto e importância face a disciplina de Educação Física. Neste sentido foi aplicado um Questionário (Papaioannou et al. 2007, versão adaptada por Martins, 2010), em quatro escolas da rede de estágio pedagógico em Educação Física de 3º ciclo e Secundário, de modo a avaliar as perceções de 199 alunos com idades compreendidas entre os 14-20 anos. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre alunos ativos e sedentários ao nível da perceção de competência (p=0,000), orientação de objetivos para a mestria (p=0,000), orientação de objetivos performance avoidance (p=0,028), perceção de clima motivacional para a mestria (p=0,010), atitude gosto pela educação física e suas matérias (p=0,001), e a atitude e importância atribuída à EF (p=0,002). A análise das correlações demonstrou a existência de relação entre o estilo de vida sedentário relativamente à perceção de competência (p=0,004), e orientação de objetivos performance avoidance esta ultima no sentido inverso (p=0,010). Em relação aos alunos ativos apenas se verificou a existência de correlação para a orientação de objetivos performance aproach (p=0,048).

Mastery-approach goals eliminate retrieval-induced forgetting: the role of achievement goals in memory inhibition

The present study examined how achievement goals affect retrieval-induced forgetting. Researchers have suggested that mastery-approach goals (i.e., developing one’s own competence) promote a relational encoding, whereas performance-approach goals (i.e., demonstrating one’s ability in comparison to others) promote item-specific encoding. These different encoding processes may affect the degree to which participants integrate the exemplars within a category and, as a result, we expected that retrieval-induced forgetting may be reduced or eliminated under mastery-approach goals. Three experiments were conducted using a retrieval-practice paradigm with different stimuli, where participants’ achievement goals were manipulated through brief written instructions. A meta-analysis that synthesized the results of the three experiments showed that retrieval-induced forgetting was not statistically significant in the mastery-approach goal condition, whereas it was statistically significant in the performance-approach goal condition. These results suggest that mastery-approach goals eliminate retrieval-induced forgetting, but performance-approach goals do not, demonstrating that motivation factors can influence inhibition and forgetting.

COACHES, CLIMATES, “FIELD” GOALS, AND EFFICACY: A “DE-CONSTRUCTION” OF THE MASTERY-APPROACH TO COACHING AND EXAMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS TO PSYCHOSOCIAL OUTCOMES IN A YOUTH FOOTBALL PLAYER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

In support of the achievement goal theory (AGT), empirical research has demonstrated psychosocial benefits of the mastery-oriented learning climate. In this study, we examined the effects of perceived coaching behaviors on various indicators of psychosocial well-being (competitive anxiety, self-esteem, perceived competence, enjoyment, and future intentions for participation), as mediated by perceptions of the coach-initiated motivational climate, achievement goal orientations and perceptions of sport-specific skills efficacy. Using a pre-post test design, 1,464 boys, ages 10-15 (M = 12.84 years, SD = 1.44), who participated in a series of 12 football skills clinics were surveyed from various locations across the United States. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) path analysis and hierarchical regression analysis, the cumulative direct and indirect effects of the perceived coaching behaviors on the psychosocial variables at post-test were parsed out to determine what types of coaching behaviors are more conducive to the positive psychosocial development of youth athletes. The study demonstrated that how coaching behaviors are perceived impacts the athletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate and achievement goal orientations, as well as self-efficacy beliefs. These effects in turn affect the athletes’ self-esteem, general competence, sport-specific competence, competitive anxiety, enjoyment, and intentions to remain involved in the sport. The findings also clarify how young boys internalize and interpret coaches’ messages through modification of achievement goal orientations and sport-specific efficacy beliefs.