The aquisition of language skill by children

DUE TO COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS ONLY AVAILABLE FOR CONSULTATION AT ASTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES WITH PRIOR ARRANGEMENT

Translation – The fifth language skill? A comparison of the role of translation in Finnish lukio and the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

This study attempts to answer the question “Should translation be considered a fifth language skill?” by examining and comparing the use of translation as a language learning and assessment method in the national Finnish lukio curriculum and the curriculum of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP). Furthermore, the students’ ability to translate and their opinions on the usefulness of translation in language learning will be examined. The students’ opinions were gathered through a questionnaire that was given to 156 students studying in either lukio or the IBDP in Turku and Rovaniemi. I present and compare the role of translation in selected language teaching and learning methods and approaches, and discuss the effectiveness of translation as a language learning method and an assessment method. The theoretical discussion provides the basis for examining the role of translation as a language learning method and an assessment method in the curricula and final examinations of both education programs. The analysis of the two curricula indicated that there is a significant difference in the use of translation, as translation is used as a language learning method and as an assessment method in lukio, but is not used in either form in the IB. The data obtained through the questionnaire indicated that there is a difference in the level of language competence between the lukio and IB students and suggested that the curriculum in which the student studies has some effect on his/her cognitive use of translation, ability to translate and opinions concerning the usefulness of translation in language learning. The results indicated that both groups of students used translation, along with their mother tongue, as a cognitive language learning method, and, contrary to the expectations set by the analysis of the two curricula, the IB students performed better in the translation exercises than lukio students. Both groups of students agreed that translation is a useful language learning method, and indicated that the most common dictionaries they use are bilingual Internet dictionaries. The results suggest that translation is a specific skill that requires teaching and practice, and that perhaps the translation exercises used in lukio should be developed from translating individual words and phrases to translating cultural elements. In addition, the results suggest that perhaps the IB curriculum should include the use of translation exercises (e.g., communicative translation exercises) in order to help students learn to mediate between languages and cultures rather than learn languages in isolation from each other.

The impact of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) listening comprehension through first language (L1) listening strategy training

Listening is the basic and complementary skill in second language learning. The term listening is used in language teaching to refer to a complex process that allows us to understand spoken language. Listening, the most widely used language skill, is often used in conjunction with the other skills of speaking, reading and writing. Listening is not only a skill area in primary language performance (L1), but is also a critical means of acquiring a second language (L2). Listening is the channel in which we process language in real time – employing pacing, units of encoding and decoding (the 2 processes are central to interpretation and meaning making) and pausing (allows for reflection) that are unique to spoken language. Despite the wide range of areas investigated in listening strategies during training, there is a lack of research looking specifically at how effectively L1 listening strategy training may transfer to L2. To investigate the development of any such transfer patterns the instructional design and implementation of listening strategy of L1 will be critical.

Upper Secondary Students’ Beliefs About Learning English as a Foreign Language : A contrast between the students’ beliefs and the Swedish curriculum

Learning English as a foreign language (EFL) entails different factors. Language learners use different strategies in order to make their language acquisition successful. Motivation and self-regulated learning are other factors that influence how successful the EFL learner is. This paper aims to analyze the beliefs of upper secondary students in a Swedish school about learning EFL, as well as how their beliefs relate to what is specified in the Swedish curriculum. An analysis of the differences between students’ beliefs and what is stated in the curriculum was done. A survey was conducted on a total of 54 students who were enrolled in the social sciences program. The results showed that students believed that motivation and self-regulated learning were important factors for a successful learning. For them, the language skill of reception is more important than production, which does not correspond with what it is stated in the national curriculum. First and second year students’ beliefs were similar in most of the cases, but not all of them.

Difficultés d’ordre grammatical rencontrées chez les immigrants adultes allophones dans l’apprentissage du français langue seconde

La présente étude vise à identifier et classer les difficultés d’ordre grammatical rencontrées chez les immigrants adultes allophones dans l’apprentissage du français langue seconde. Nous avons d’une part analysé les examens finaux de 98 apprenants inscrits dans les cours de francisation à l’Université de Montréal afin de décrire leurs erreurs grammaticales fréquentes commises. Nous avons décrit les erreurs grammaticales fréquentes produites par les apprenants de chaque niveau de francisation d’une manière précise afin que les apprenants puissent bien éviter l’usage de formes erronées et bien développer des compétences linguistiques en français langue seconde. D’autre part, nous avons collecté les opinions personnelles de cinq professeurs principaux de francisation à l’égard de l’importance de l’enseignement de la grammaire dans les cours de langue seconde, du traitement des erreurs grammaticales, et de la persistance des erreurs à travers différents niveaux, etc. En précisant les points grammaticaux à apprendre de chaque niveau de francisation et en fusionnant les résultats des apprenants et des professeurs, nous pouvons offrir aux apprenants adultes allophones des tableaux simples des points grammaticaux et des erreurs grammaticales correspondantes de chaque niveau. Ces derniers pourraient les exploiter pour favoriser la maîtrise du français langue seconde ainsi leur intégration à la société québécoise.

Chipping Away at the Monolith: Dispelling the Myth of Father Noninvolvement in Children's Early Literacy Development

Current research stresses the importance of parent involvement in their children 's academic development. Parents reading and writing with their young children is shown to prepare them for the benefits of for ma I education. Studies completed on parent participation in early literacy activities have tended to look at mothers ' role. Few researchers have investigated the contributions fathers have made. The results of a study completed on father-child early literacy practices are presented. Fathers reported engaging in reading and writing activities with their children for three reasons: To prepare their children for school, to bond with their children, and to assist their children in language skill development. Recommendations are provided on how to encourage fathers to participate in early literacy practices

Problematising L2 listening pedagogy:the potential of process-based listening strategy instruction in the L2 classroom

Listening is typically the first language skill to develop in first language (L1) users and has been recognized as a basic and fundamental tool for communication. Despite the importance of listening, aural abilities are often taken for granted, and many people overlook their dependency on listening and the complexities that combine to enable this multi-faceted skill. When second language (L2) students are learning their new language, listening is crucial, as it provides access to oral input and facilitates social interaction. Yet L2 students find listening challenging, and L2 teachers often lack sufficient pedagogy to help learners develop listening abilities that they can use in and beyond the classroom. In an effort to provide a pedagogic alternative to more traditional and limited L2 listening instruction, this thesis investigated the viability of listening strategy instruction (LSI) over three semesters at a private university in Japan through a qualitative action research (AR) intervention. An LSI program was planned and implemented with six classes over the course of three AR phases. Two teachers used the LSI with 121 learners throughout the project. Following each AR phase, student and teacher perceptions of the methodology were investigated via questionnaires and interviews, which were primary data collection methods. Secondary research methods (class observations, pre/post-semester test scores, and a research journal) supplemented the primary methods. Data were analyzed and triangulated for emerging themes related to participants’ perceptions of LSI and the viability thereof. These data showed consistent positive perceptions of LSI on the parts of both learners and teachers, although some aspects of LSI required additional refinement. This project provided insights on LSI specific to the university context in Japan and also produced principles for LSI program planning and implementation that can inform the broader L2 education community.

Authentizität und Lernen - das Fach in der Fachdidaktik. Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Chemie und Physik Jahrestagung in Berlin 2015

Die 42. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Chemie und Physik (GDCP) wurde im September 2015 an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ausgerichtet. Zum Tagungsthema „Authentizität und Lernen - Das Fach in der Fachdidaktik“ diskutierten neben den Plenarreferentinnen und -referenten eine große Anzahl an Tagungsgästen. Der vorliegende Band umfasst die ausgearbeiteten Beiträge der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer. (DIPF/Orig.)

Sprachförderung im Alltag: Umsetzung in Kindergarten, Kita und Spielgruppe. Videobasierte Fallanalysen

Hohe Erwartungen werden gegenwärtig an verschiedene Initiativen zur Sprachförderung in der frühkindlichen Bildung gestellt. Wirkungsanalysen verweisen auf die Bedeutung der Sprachförderung als Querschnittsaufgabe und damit auf die Sprachförderkompetenz der Fachkräfte, Kinder in ihrem Spracherwerb adaptiv zu unterstützen. Die hier diskutierte Interventionsstudie umfasst eine Weiterbildung für frühpädagogische Fachkräfte aus Spielgruppe, Kita und Kindergarten in Deutschland und der Schweiz, die fünf ausgewählte Strategien der Sprachförderung im Alltag thematisiert. Es werden die Strategien und ihre Umsetzung durch die Fachkräfte anhand von Fallstudien auf der Basis der Videoanalyse aufgezeigt. (DIPF/Orig.)

Stand-Punkte beziehen – multimodale Unterstützung des Erwerbs sprachlich-kognitiver Fähigkeiten im Kindergarten

Im Forschungsprojekt "Prozesse der Sprachförderung im Kindergarten – ProSpiK" werden Gespräche zwischen Lehrpersonen und Kindern gefilmt und sequenzanalytisch ausgewertet, um ihre Potenziale für den Erwerb und die Förderung bildungssprachlicher Fähigkeiten zu untersuchen. Ziel ist es, Grundlagen für eine stufengerechte (integrierte, situations- und themenorientierte) Sprachdidaktik zu erarbeiten, die Bildungsungleichheit abbauen hilft, anstatt sie zu reproduzieren. In der Nummer 3/2014 der Schweizerischen Zeitschrift für Bildungswissenschaften wurden die Anlage des Projekts und erste Auswertungsergebnisse (zum Phänomen «Wechsel von Referenzräumen») vorgestellt (Isler, Künzli, & Wiesner, 2014). Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich weiter vertiefend mit der Ausgestaltung von pädagogischen Gesprächen: Es wird untersucht, mit welchen kommunikativen Mitteln die Kinder beim Erwerb von Fähigkeiten des Argumentierens (Beziehen und Begründen eigener Positionen) unterstützt werden können.2 Im ersten Abschnitt geht es um die Bedeutung der Prozessqualität in der frühen Bildung und um Gespräche als Erwerbskontexte sprachlicher Fähigkeiten. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden zentrale theoretische Konzepte dargestellt, die unseren Analysen zugrunde liegen. Der dritte Abschnitt gibt einen exemplarischen Einblick in das Datenmaterial und die Auswertungsarbeiten. Im vierten Abschnitt wird anhand einer exemplarischen Analyse gezeigt, wie im Kindergarten multimodal gelernt werden kann. Abschliessend werden die Ergebnisse mit Bezug auf die Forschungsfragen des Projekts diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.)

Sprache als Schlüssel zum Bildungserfolg? Eine Fallstudie zur Reproduktion von Bildungsungleichheit im pädagogischen Alltag

Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert auf den Bildungsabschnitt im Leben eines mehrsprachigen Kindes, in dem der Übergang vom Kindergarten in die Primarschule ethnographisch untersucht wird. Am Beispiel von Dokumenten- und Praxisanalysen werden Selektionsprozesse und die Entstehung von Bildungsungleichheit auf der Mikroebene des pädagogischen Alltags insbesondere beim untersuchten Übergang rekonstruiert. Kontextuelle bildungspolitische Rahmenbedingungen werden dabei ebenfalls thematisiert. (DIPF/Orig.)

Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2015. Vorträge auf der 49. Tagung für Didaktik der Mathematik vom 09.02.2015 bis 13.02.2015 in Basel [Band 2]

Die Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik fand im Jahr 2015 zum dritten Mal in der Schweiz statt. [...] Mit rund 300 Vorträgen, 16 moderierten Sektionen, 15 Arbeitskreistreffen und 21 Posterpräsentationen eröffnete sich ein breites Spektrum an Themen und unterschiedlichen Zugangsweisen zur Erforschung von Fragen rund um das Lernen und Lehren von Mathematik. (DIPF/Orig.)

Metacognitive strategy instruction in English as Foreign Language (EFL) listening skill

Listening skill is a critical part of language learning in general, and second, and foreign language learning, in particular. However, the process of this basic skill has been overlooked compared to other skills such as speaking, reading and writing, in terms of an explicit instruction, and the product of listening is instead mainly tested indirectly through comprehension questions in classrooms. Instruction of metacognitive strategies demonstrates the pivotal impact on second language listening skill development. In this vein, this study used a mixed method with an experimental male group (N = 30) listened to texts using process-approach pedagogy directed students through metacognitive strategies over a semester (10 weeks) in Iran. To investigate the impact of metacognitive strategy instruction, the following approaches were implemented. First, IELTS listening test was used to track any development of listening comprehension. Second, using Vandergrift et al. (2006) Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) helped examine students’ use of metacognitive strategies in listening comprehension. Finally, interviews were used to examine students’ use of strategies in listening. The results showed that students had a development in comprehension of IELTS listening test, but no statistical significant development of metacognitive awareness in listening was demonstrated. Students and teacher reported in the interviews students used multiple strategies to approach listening comprehension besides metacognitive strategies.

Listening skill requires a further look into second/foreign language learning

Current English-as-a-second and foreign-language (ESL/EFL) research has encouraged to treat each communicative macroskill separately due to space constraint, but the interrelationship among these skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) is not paid due attention. This study attempts to examine first the existing relationship among the four dominant skills, second the potential impact of reading background on the overall language proficiency, and finally the relationship between listening and overall language proficiency as listening is considered an overlooked/passive skill in the pedagogy of the second/foreign language classroom. However, the literature in language learning has revealed that listening skill has salient importance in both first and second language learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of each of four skills in EFL learning and their existing interrelationships in an EFL setting. The outcome of 701 Iranian applicants undertaking International English Language Testing System (IELTS) in Tehran demonstrates that all communicative macroskills have varied correlations from moderate (reading and writing) to high (listening and reading). The findings also show that the applicants’ reading history assisted them in better performing at high stakes tests, and what is more, listening skill was strongly correlated with the overall language proficiency.

Metacognitive strategy instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) listening skill

Listening skill is allocated inadequate consideration in English language instruction and learning in Iran. At the school level, listening skill is not taught but reading and writing skills are taught traditionally. At the college level, reading skill is emphasised. For students seeking IELTS certification, institutes teach listening skill within the framework of a Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. Nonetheless, despite the official syllabus, many teachers tend to test rather than teach listening skill. Currently, listening skill in the curriculum is embedded in an oral comprehension teaching approach through multiple choice written responses in the institutes. Therefore, the process of explicitly teaching listening is overlooked with a strong emphasis on the post hoc assessment of the products of listening. This study used a mixed methods approach to investigate the relationship between metacognitive strategy instruction and listening performance, metacognitive awareness and use of metacognitive strategies in listening. Three research questions were addressed in this study: - Is there a relationship between metacognitive strategy instruction (planning, monitoring and evaluation) and Iranian High Intermediate students¡¦ listening? „ - Is there a relationship between metacognitive strategy instruction and Iranian High Intermediate students¡¦ metacognitive awareness of listening? - Does metacognitive strategy instruction help Iranian High Intermediate students¡¦ use of metacognitive strategies during listening? A single group (N = 30) of High Intermediate level tertiary students in Iran were guided through a metacognitive strategy instruction over one semester (10 weeks). The first research question was measured through IELTS listening tests, which tracked any change of students’ listening performance. The second research question was analysed through results of a Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) to survey students’ awareness of metacognitive strategies in listening. Finally, the third research question was analysed through interviews, which explored students’ use of metacognitive strategies in listening. Results indicate that High Intermediate students developed listening performance, but there were no significant changes in metacognitive awareness in listening. Students reported in the interviews that they used multiple strategies (cognitive and metacognitive) to approach listening. Implications for English teaching in Iran and other contexts are discussed.