Modelowanie i przetwarzanie wiedzy czaso-przestrzennej. Model XCDC – aspekty teoretyczne oraz rozwiązania aplikacyjne

Wydział Matematyki i Informatyki: Zakład Lingwistyki Informatycznej i Sztucznej Inteligencji

Psychocentricity and participant profiles: implications for lexical processing among multilinguals

Lexical processing among bilinguals is often affected by complex patterns of individual experience. In this paper we discuss the psychocentric perspective on language representation and processing, which highlights the centrality of individual experience in psycholinguistic experimentation. We discuss applications to the investigation of lexical processing among multilinguals and explore the advantages of using high-density experiments with multilinguals. High density experiments are designed to co-index measures of lexical perception and production, as well as participant profiles. We discuss the challenges associated with the characterization of participant profiles and present a new data visualization technique, that we term Facial Profiles. This technique is based on Chernoff faces developed over 40 years ago. The Facial Profile technique seeks to overcome some of the challenges associated with the use of Chernoff faces, while maintaining the core insight that recoding multivariate data as facial features can engage the human face recognition system and thus enhance our ability to detect and interpret patterns within multivariate datasets. We demonstrate that Facial Profiles can code participant characteristics in lexical processing studies by recoding variables such as reading ability, speaking ability, and listening ability into iconically-related relative sizes of eye, mouth, and ear, respectively. The balance of ability in bilinguals can be captured by creating composite facial profiles or Janus Facial Profiles. We demonstrate the use of Facial Profiles and Janus Facial Profiles in the characterization of participant effects in the study of lexical perception and production.

Redefining U.S. borders : a reading of Sandra Cisneros’s Caramelo, Cristina Garcia’s The Agüero Sisters, and David Plante’s The Family and The Native

Cette thèse propose une redéfinition de la notion de frontière dans le contexte américain, avec pour point de départ les romans de trois voix littéraires issues de trois minorités ethniques : Sandra Cisneros (Caramelo), Cristina Garcia (The Agüero Sisters) et David Plante (The Family et The Native). Je conceptualise la frontière comme fluctuation entre mouvement et immobilité, entre porosité et imperméabilité. Dans le premier chapitre, je fournis des repères sur la théorie des frontières et j'analyse les avancées de ce champ d'étude, du concept de terre frontalière (“Borderland Theories”) jusqu'aux récits d'immigration. Je propose un cadre conceptuel que j'appelle « Écrire la frontière à partir de la perspective de la frontière », lequel permet une lecture neuve des récits de frontière, et une redéfinition de la notion elle-même. Prise comme perspective, la frontière est une dynamique vivante, ce qui la rend plurielle et impossible à fixer définitivement; aussi les récits de frontière présentent-ils une grande variété d’expériences, toutes liées à des moments et à des points de vue uniques. Dans le second chapitre, j’analyse la porosité des frontières dans le contexte géopolitique contemporain, en mettant en lumière comment la colonisation, la mondialisation économique et l’immigration sont autant de mécanismes de transgression des frontières qui suivent des orientations transnationales, dénationales et postnationales. Dans le troisième chapitre, j’étudie la résurgence des frontières dans la vie des immigrants qui habitent aux États-Unis. J’identifie l’insécurité capitaliste ainsi que la marchandisation de l’espace et de l’ethnicité comme étant à l'origine du renforcement des frontières délimitant les quartiers ethniques; génératrices de stéréotypes négatifs, ces divisions physiques deviennent une technologie d’exclusion et d’injustice sociale. Le dernier chapitre présente une lecture des aspects esthétiques de la frontière, voyant comment ils peuvent contribuer à écrire la frontière à partir de la perspective de la frontière. Dans les textes à l'étude, j'examine de près la problématisation du concept de représentation, la multiplicité des points de vue narratifs, l’inaccessibilité du réel, et la partialité de la médiation. Mots clés : Théories et écrits sur les frontières, minorités ethniques aux États-Unis, multiculturalisme, culture, immigration, mondialisation, espace, place, territoire, état-nation, nationalisme, histoire, langue et langage, représentation, communauté, justice sociale, citoyenneté

Avaliação de linguagem por ressonância magnética funcional em pacientes com epilepsia associada à esclerose mesial temporal unilateral: correlação com avaliação clínica de linguagem

Introdução: A esclerose mesial temporal (EMT) é a principal causa de epilepsia resistente ao tratamento medicamentoso. Pacientes com EMT apresentam dificuldades no processamento semântico e fonológico de linguagem e maior incidência de reorganização cerebral da linguagem (bilateral ou à direita) em relação à população geral. A ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) permite avaliar a reorganização cerebral das redes de linguagem, comparando padrões de ativação cerebral entre diversas regiões cerebrais. Objetivo: Investigar o desempenho linguístico de pacientes com EMT unilateral esquerda e direita e a ocorrência de reorganização das redes de linguagem com RMf para avaliar se a reorganização foi benéfica para a linguagem nestes pacientes. Métodos: Utilizamos provas clínicas de linguagem e paradigmas de nomeação visual e responsiva para RMf, desenvolvidos para este estudo. Foram avaliados 24 pacientes com EMTe, 22 pacientes com EMTd e 24 controles saudáveis, submetidos a provas de linguagem (fluência semântica e fonológica, nomeação de objetos, verbos, nomes próprios e responsiva, e compreensão de palavras) e a três paradigmas de linguagem por RMf [nomeação por confrontação visual (NCV), nomeação responsiva à leitura (NRL) e geração de palavras (GP)]. Seis regiões cerebrais de interesse (ROI) foram selecionadas (giro frontal inferior, giro frontal médio, giro frontal superior, giro temporal inferior, giro temporal médio e giro temporal superior). Índices de Lateralidade (ILs) foram calculados com dois métodos: bootstrap, do programa LI-Toolbox, independe de limiar, e PSC, que indica a intensidade da ativação cerebral de cada voxel. Cada grupo de pacientes (EMTe e EMTd) foi dividido em dois subgrupos, de acordo com o desempenho em relação aos controles na avaliação clinica de linguagem. O <= -1,5 foi utilizado como nota de corte para dividir os grupos em pacientes com bom e com mau desempenho de linguagem. Em seguida, comparou-se o desempenho linguístico dos subgrupos ao índices IL-boot. Resultados: Pacientes com EMT esquerda e direita mostraram pior desempenho que controles nas provas clínicas de nomeação de verbos, nomeação de nomes próprios, nomeação responsiva e fluência verbal. Os mapas de ativação cerebral por RMf mostraram efeito BOLD em regiões frontais e temporoparietais de linguagem. Os mapas de comparação de ativação cerebral entre os grupos revelaram que pacientes com EMT esquerda e direita apresentam maior ativação em regiões homólogas do hemisfério direito em relação aos controles. Os ILs corroboraram estes resultados, mostrando valores médios menores para os pacientes em relação aos controles e, portanto, maior simetria na representação da linguagem. A comparação entre o IL-boot e o desempenho nas provas clínicas de linguagem indicou que, no paradigma de nomeação responsiva à leitura, a reorganização funcional no giro temporal médio, e possivelmente, nos giros temporal inferior e superior associou-se a desempenho preservado em provas de nomeação. Conclusão: Pacientes com EMT direita e esquerda apresentam comprometimento de nomeação e fluência verbal e reorganização da rede cerebral de linguagem. A reorganização funcional de linguagem em regiões temporais, especialmente o giro temporal médio associou-se a desempenho preservado em provas de nomeação em pacientes com EMT esquerda no paradigma de RMf de nomeação responsiva à leitura

Auditory-visual speech integration by prelinguistic infants: Perception of an emergent consonant in the McGurk effect

The McGurk effect, in which auditory [ba] dubbed onto [go] lip movements is perceived as da or tha, was employed in a real-time task to investigate auditory-visual speech perception in prelingual infants. Experiments 1A and 1B established the validity of real-time dubbing for producing the effect. In Experiment 2, 4(1)/(2)-month-olds were tested in a habituation-test paradigm, in which 2 an auditory-visual stimulus was presented contingent upon visual fixation of a live face. The experimental group was habituated to a McGurk stimulus (auditory [ba] visual [ga]), and the control group to matching auditory-visual [ba]. Each group was then presented with three auditory-only test trials, [ba], [da], and [deltaa] (as in then). Visual-fixation durations in test trials showed that the experimental group treated the emergent percept in the McGurk effect, [da] or [deltaa], as familiar (even though they had not heard these sounds previously) and [ba] as novel. For control group infants [da] and [deltaa] were no more familiar than [ba]. These results are consistent with infants'perception of the McGurk effect, and support the conclusion that prelinguistic infants integrate auditory and visual speech information. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Les représentations sociales de la langue et de l’identité frioulanes : enquête dans le secondaire

Le frioulan est une langue régionale appartenant au groupe linguistique rhéto-roman, diffusée dans la région historique du Frioul. Sa diffusion, le nombre de ses locuteurs, son histoire, le prestige de sa littérature et le statut de région autonome du Frioul-Vénétie julienne font que cette langue est encore pratiquée par de larges pans de la population. Cependant, des études sociolinguistiques entamées dès 1977 estiment à 1 % la perte annuelle en nombre de locuteurs. Pour contribuer à photographier la donne actuelle et éventuellement formuler des propositions pour contrecarrer cette dérive, nous illustrons dans cet article les résultats d’une récente enquête de terrain concernant les représentations sociales de la langue et de l’identité frioulanes auprès d’une population d’étudiants de 14 à 18 ans. Cette enquête a suivi la méthodologie de l’analyse combinée.

ARLO: Another Representation Language Offer

This paper describes ARLO, a representation language loosely modelled after Greiner and Lenant's RLL-1. ARLO is a structure-based representation language for describing structure-based representation languages, including itself. A given representation language is specified in ARLO by a collection of structures describing how its descriptions are interpreted, defaulted, and verified. This high level description is compiles into lisp code and ARLO structures whose interpretation fulfills the specified semantics of the representation. In addition, ARLO itself- as a representation language for expressing and compiling partial and complete language specifications- is described and interpreted in the same manner as the language it describes and implements. This self-description can be extended of modified to expand or alter the expressive power of ARLO's initial configuration. Languages which describe themselves like ARLO- provide powerful mediums for systems which perform automatic self-modification, optimization, debugging, or documentation. AI systems implemented in such a self-descriptive language can reflect on their own capabilities and limitations, applying general learning and problem solving strategies to enlarge or alleviate them.

Program Representation Size in an Intermediate Language with Intersection and Union Types

The CIL compiler for core Standard ML compiles whole programs using a novel typed intermediate language (TIL) with intersection and union types and flow labels on both terms and types. The CIL term representation duplicates portions of the program where intersection types are introduced and union types are eliminated. This duplication makes it easier to represent type information and to introduce customized data representations. However, duplication incurs compile-time space costs that are potentially much greater than are incurred in TILs employing type-level abstraction or quantification. In this paper, we present empirical data on the compile-time space costs of using CIL as an intermediate language. The data shows that these costs can be made tractable by using sufficiently fine-grained flow analyses together with standard hash-consing techniques. The data also suggests that non-duplicating formulations of intersection (and union) types would not achieve significantly better space complexity.

Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language

This paper describes a system for the computer understanding of English. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in normal English dialog. It uses semantic information and context to understand discourse and to disambiguate sentences. It combines a complete syntactic analysis of each sentence with a "heuristic understander" which uses different kinds of information about a sentence, other parts of the discourse, and general information about the world in deciding what the sentence means. It is based on the belief that a computer cannot deal reasonably with language unless it can "understand" the subject it is discussing. The program is given a detailed model of the knowledge needed by a simple robot having only a hand and an eye. We can give it instructions to manipulate toy objects, interrogate it about the scene, and give it information it will use in deduction. In addition to knowing the properties of toy objects, the program has a simple model of its own mentality. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carry them out. It enters into a dialog with a person, responding to English sentences with actions and English replies, and asking for clarification when its heuristic programs cannot understand a sentence through use of context and physical knowledge.

Response to instruction, English language learners and disproportionate representation : The role of assessment

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Conceptual representation in bilinguals: the role of language specificity and conceptual change

Most prominent models of bilingual representation assume a degree of interconnection or shared representation at the conceptual level. However, in the context of linguistic and cultural specificity of human concepts, and given recent findings that reveal a considerable amount of bidirectional conceptual transfer and conceptual change in bilinguals, a particular challenge that bilingual models face is to account for non-equivalence or partial equivalence of L1 and L2 specific concepts in bilingual conceptual store. The aim of the current paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review of the available empirical evidence from the fields of psycholinguistics, cognitive, experimental, and cross-cultural psychology, and discuss how these may inform and develop further traditional and more recent accounts of bilingual conceptual representation. Based on a synthesis of the available evidence against theoretical postulates of existing models, I argue that the most coherent account of bilingual conceptual representation combines three fundamental assumptions. The first one is the distributed, multi-modal nature of representation. The second one concerns cross-linguistic and cross-cultural variation of concepts. The third one makes assumptions about the development of concepts, and the emergent links between those concepts and their linguistic instantiations.

Homonymy in natural language processes: A representation using Pustejovsky's Qualia Structure and ontological information

This paper presents a proposal for the semantic treatment of ambiguous homographic forms in Brazilian Portuguese, and to offer linguistic strategies for its computational implementation in Systems of Natural Language Processing (SNLP). Pustejovsky's Generative Lexicon was used as a theoretical model. From this model, the Qualia Structure - QS (and the Formal, Telic, Agentive and Constitutive roles) was selected as one of the linguistic and semantic expedients for the achievement of disambiguation of homonym forms. So that analyzed and treated data could be manipulated, we elaborated a Lexical Knowledge Base (LKB) where lexical items are correlated and interconnected by different kinds of semantic relations in the QS and ontological information.