Wenn individuelle Zweisprachigkeit kollektive Sprachkonflikte löst Sprachgrenze und Identitätsdiskurse in Fribourg/Freiburg (CH) : die Sicht junger bilingualer Erwachsener

Quand le bilinguisme individuel résout les conflits linguistiques collectifs Frontière linguistique et discours identitaires à Fribourg/Freiburg : la perspective des jeunes adultes bilingues Cette thèse aborde la question linguistique fribourgeoise et l’importance de la langue à Fribourg / Freiburg (Suisse) dans la cohabitation de ses habitants. Elle porte également sur les points de discorde des groupes linguistiques, l’influence de la langue sur la construction des identités (collectives) et son rôle comme marqueur de différenciation entre les Fribourgeois alémaniques et romands. À cette fin, une analyse de discours portant sur un débat mené dans les quotidiens fribourgeois La Liberté et les Freiburger Nachrichten a été réalisée pour établir le contexte du travail. Ce débat, d’une durée de quatre ans, portait sur la nouvelle constitution cantonale. De plus, 17 entrevues furent menées auprès de 18 jeunes adultes bilingues (français et allemand) fribourgeois, afin d’aborder la question linguistique depuis une nouvelle perspective. L’analyse de discours a démontré l’existence de différentes perceptions de l’identité collective fribourgeoise, perceptions souvent liées à l’appartenance à un groupe linguistique : d’une part, la perception d’une ville francophone comptant une minorité germanophone prédomine chez les Fribourgeois romands, alors que, d’autre part, la perception d’une ville traditionnellement bilingue caractérise davantage les Fribourgeois alémaniques, divisant ainsi les Fribourgeois en deux camps. Les uns aspirent à une identité collective (bilingue) qui inclue l’altérité respective, tandis que les autres tentent de renforcer leur propre identité en soulignant l’altérité et en négligeant plutôt les points communs. Les entrevues réalisées ont démontré que la langue est le principal marqueur de différenciation des Fribourgeois alémaniques et romands – bien avant certains paramètres tels que les normes et valeurs, la mentalité, la religion, les habitudes de vie ou la culture. Les informateurs bilingues et la plupart du temps biculturels montrent des attitudes et perceptions particulières : se distinguant de plusieurs argumentaires présents dans l’analyse de discours, ceux-ci s’approprient les deux camps et montrent un sentiment d’appartenance avec le Fribourg romand et alémanique. Ce faisant, ils dénouent la majorité des sources de conflit et des contradictions de la question linguistique fribourgeoise. Leurs attitudes et perceptions spécifiques en font les médiateurs des groupes linguistiques dans le canton-pont et posent des questions potentiellement désagréables aux acteurs sociaux impliqués dans le débat linguistique fribourgeois.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 (LST) come anodo innovativo per celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC)

Le celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC) sono reattori elettrochimici che convertono l’energia chimica di un gas combustibile direttamente in energia elettrica con un’alta efficienza e con basse emissioni. Il materiale più comunemente usato come anodo, il Ni/YSZ cermet, mostra però numerosi svantaggi nell’applicazione quali la suscettibilità all’avvelenamento da zolfo e la deposizione di coke per cracking degli idrocarburi usati come combustibile. E’ perciò necessario sviluppare materiali alternativi che sopperiscano a questi problemi. Il titanato di stronzio drogato con lantanio con stechiometria La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 (LST) è stato scelto come anodo alternativo per le ottime proprietà possedute. Lo scopo del lavoro di tesi è stato quindi lo studio dell’influenza della natura dei precursori, delle condizioni di sintesi e dell’aggiunta di agenti porizzanti necessari per l’ottenimento della fase perovskitica pura e con porosità controllata. In un primo tempo è stata verificata la possibilità di ottenere la fase La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 pura mediante sintesi allo stato solido, trattando termicamente miscele di precursori diversi. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che l’utilizzo di nitrati metallici porta a risultati migliori rispetto all’utilizzo di carbonati ed ossidi poiché permette la formazione della fase perovskite a temperature inferiori e con una purezza maggiore. Poiché l’analisi elementare sui materiali preparati in questa prima fase ha evidenziato un problema sulla stechiometria, il metodo di sintesi è stato ottimizzato solubilizzando preventivamente i precursori di lantanio e stronzio e determinandone il titolo mediante ICP. Inoltre, sono state effettuate delle sintesi utilizzando TiO2 a diversa area superficiale, per verificare l’effetto sulle fasi formate di una maggior reattività di questo componente. Per completezza la perovskite è stata sintetizzata anche tramite sintesi sol-gel, utilizzando il metodo Pechini, ottenendo a 700°C la fase pura. L’analisi morfologica ha evidenziato che le polveri con caratteristiche migliori per la formatura sono quelle ottenute tramite sintesi allo stato solido. Le pastiglie prodotte, miscelando tali polveri e agenti porizzanti opportuni, hanno evidenziato la stabilità della fase perovskitica voluta ma anche la necessità di ottimizzare l’aggiunta del porizzante per avere una porosità adeguata all’applicazione del sistema quale anodo SOFC.

Wie der Pumpianer Rebbe die soziale Frage löst

Theodor Zlocisti

Étude sur les oeuvres hospitalières à Narbonne, à Florence, à Milan, dans cinq départements de la France et dans le nord, le nord-est et lèst de l'Autriche-Hongrie.

Mode of access: Internet.

Slave trade (East India) Slavery in Ceylon. : Copies or abstracts of all correspondence between the directors of the East India Company and the Company's government in India, since the lst day of June 1827, on the subject of slavery in the territories under the Company's rule ; Also communications relating to the subject of slavery in the island of Ceylon.

Mode of access: Internet.

From the St. Lawrence to the Yser : with the lst Canadian Brigade /

Mode of access: Internet.

Att vara kommunikativt låst : Professionellas berättande om (vanskliga) vårdrelationer

The aim of the article is to shed light on the social dynamic that characterizes communicative breakdowns. As a first stage, this has been explored through individual and group interviews with 34 healthcare professionals about situations where they claim there has been a communication breakdown. Based on the professionals’ testimonies, the research question was: how do professionals illustrate their experiences of communicative breakdowns? In terms of theory, the study draws upon an integrated approach to language and social interaction dynamics – for example how actors mediate positions and roles, but also present, negotiate and determine the course of action in patient cases. Findings show: (1) different degrees of severity in communicative breakdowns, and (2) that the professionals have developed and use both explicit and implicit strategies to handle ”delicate relationships” in this kind of interactions.

A longitudinal study on the transmission dynamics of human Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi infection in Amazonian Brazil, with special reference to its prevalence and incidence

This was a longitudinal study carried out during a period over 2 years with a cohort of 946 individuals of both sexes, aged 1 year and older, from an endemic area of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Para State, Brazil. The object was to analyze the transmission dynamics of human Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi infection based principally on the prevalence and incidence. For diagnosis of the infection, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and leishmanin skin test (LST) were performed with amastigote and promastigote antigens of the parasite, respectively. The prevalence by LST (11.2%) was higher (p < 0.0001) than that (3.4%) by IFAT, and the combined prevalence by both tests was 12.6%. The incidences by LST were also higher (p < 0.05) than those by IFAT at 6 (4.7% A- 0.6%), 12 (4.7% A- 2.7%), and 24 months (2.9% A- 0.3%). Moreover, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between the combined incidences by both tests on the same point surveys, 5.2%, 6.3%, and 3.6%. During the study, 12 infected persons showed high IFAT IgG titers with no LST reactions: five children and two adults developed AVL (2,560-10,120), and two children and three adults developed subclinical oligosymptomatic infection (1,280-2,560). The combined tests diagnosed a total of 231 cases of infection leading to an accumulated prevalence of 24.4%.

A cross-sectional study on the clinical and immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in the Brazilian Amazon region

The objectives of this study were to identify individuals with symptomatic and/or asymptomatic infection due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi; to study the two types of infection, both clinically and immunologically, and to determine the prevalence rate of infection at the beginning of the study. This was a cross-sectional study with a cohort of 946 individuals, of both genders, from the age of 1 year, living in the municipality of Barcarena, PA, Brazil, an area endemic for American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). The leishmanin skin test (LST) and the indirect fluorescent test (IFAT), were used for the diagnosis of infection. One hundred and twenty cases of infection were diagnosed, with a prevalence rate of 12.6%; eight cases showed high seroreactivity (1280-10240, IgG) in IFAT and no LST reaction; four of these cases were typical AVL and four had subclinical oligosymptomatic infection. Using two immunological methods with a clinical examination of the infected individuals enabled the identification of five clinical-immunological profiles which may promote a better understanding of the interaction between L. (L.) i. chagasi and the human immune response: asymptomatic infection (AI) 73.4%; subclinical resistant infection (SRI) 15%; subclinicat oligosymptomatic infection (SOI) 3%; symptomatic infection (AVL) 3% and indeterminate initial infection (III) 5%. (C) 2009 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.