In vitro activity of fosfomycin against extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: comparison of susceptibility testing procedures

The agar dilution, broth microdilution, and disk diffusion methods were compared to determine the in vitro susceptibility of 428 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to fosfomycin. Fosfomycin showed very high activity against all ESBL-producing strains. Excellent agreement between the three susceptibility methods was found for E. coli, whereas marked discrepancies were observed for K. pneumoniae.

Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Spain: microbiological and clinical features.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) of the CTX-M, SHV, and TEM families were recognized in 76 (67%), 31 (27%), and 6 (5%) isolates, respectively, among 162 ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) strains obtained in a multicenter study in Spain. Predisposing factors for ESBL-Kp acquisition included invasive procedures, mechanical ventilation, and previous antimicrobial use.

Factores de riesgo para bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de blee en una unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal en Bogotá 2004-2005

El incremento en la prevalencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias causadas por especies de Klebsiella spp. productora de ß-lactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE) se ha incrementado en la población hospitalizada constituyendo un problema de salud pública, aunque datos locales en infantes y neonatos es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir los factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE en neonatos que ingresan a la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en una UCIN de Bogotá (Colombia) de Enero de 2004 a Diciembre de 2005. Fueron definidos como caso los neonatos con diagnóstico de bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEE nosocomial, y como controles a los neonatos admitidos en el mismo periodo de tiempo sin bacteremia por éste microorganismo. Un total de 72 neonatos fueron analizados (24 casos y 48 controles) encontrando en el análisis multivariado una asociación significativa con la exposición previa a antibióticos (OR: 12.85; IC 95%: 1.08–91.6; p<0.001) y con el uso de ventilación mecánica (OR: 40.2; IC 95%: 5.67–285.94; p<0.001). Resultados que presentan concordancia con otros estudios publicados. En conclusión la ventilación mecánica y el uso previo de de antibióticos se relacionan con la presencia de bacteremia nosocomial por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEE en neonatos. Esta relación debe ser confirmada con estudios de mayor nivel de evidencia.

Factores de riesgo para infecciòn o colonizacion por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenemicos en un Hospital Universitario de Tercer Nivel en Bogota. 2009-2010

Introducción: La prevalencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos, se ha incrementado en la población hospitalizada constituyendo un problema de gran magnitud por su alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos en pacientes hospitalizados. Metodología: Estudio de casos y controles pareado por tipo de muestra microbiológica de enero 2009 a Abril 2011. Casos: pacientes con diagnóstico de infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos. Controles: pacientes hospitalizados en el mismo periodo de los casos con infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae sensible a carbapenémicos. Muestra 99 pacientes. 33 casos y 66 controles. Resultados: Se confirmó la presencia de un brote de infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos tipo KPC3, el análisis bivariado demostró factores de riesgo asociados: El uso previo de antibióticos (p 0.004), particularmente cefepime (p 0.021) y carbapenem (p 0.019) , los dìas de ventilación mecánica (p 0.003), los días de uso de catéter central (p 0.016), los días de estancia en UCI antes del aislamiento (p 0.003) y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria total antes del aislamiento (p 0.001), el análisis multivariado se encontró una asociación significativa en el número de días de uso previo de carbapenémicos OR de 2.08 (IC 1.03 – 4.17) (p 0.04) . La mortalidad atribuible fue del 25%. Conclusión: Los días de uso previo de carbapenémicos se relacionan con la infección o colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos.

Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistente: un problema de salud pública. Estudio de su presencia en el Hospital General Universitario de Alicante

Enterobacterias como Klebsiella pneumoniae y E.coli, junto con otros microorganismos no fermentadores como P. aeruginosa o A. baumanii son de gran importancia a nivel clínico, debido a la reciente aparición de cepas productoras de BLEE y carbapenemasas. Klebsiella es una bacteria Gram negativa capaz de provocar infecciones en el ser humano, de echo aparece en pacientes que estén en estado de cuidados intensivos con mayor frecuencia que en pacientes sanos. La producción de BLEE por parte de muchas cepas de Klebsiella ha provocado que éstas sean mucho más resistentes a gran cantidad de antibióticos y sean más difíciles de eliminar en el paciente. Klebsiella pneumoniae tiene mecanismos de resistencia naturales y resistencias adquiridas, éstas últimas dependen de la cepa de Klebsiella. Un ejemplo de resistencia adquirida es la producción de BLEE que se encargan de romper el anillo betalactámico de gran cantidad de antibióticos inactivándolos, como por ejemplo penicilinas, cefalosporinas y monobactámicos.

Identificacción de infecciones de vías urinarias, agente etiológico, sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos y factores asociados en los habitantes de la Comunidad de San Francisco de Cuchocorral. El Tambo-Cañar 2015

ANTECEDENTES.- Las infecciones urinarias representan un grave problema de salud que afecta a la población en general. En El Tambo representan una de las principales causas de consulta externa y hospitalización. OBJETIVO.- Identificar la prevalencia de infecciones de vías urinarias, agente etiológico, sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos y factores asociados en los habitantes de la comunidad de San Francisco de Cuchocorral, El Tambo 2015. METODOLOGÍA.- El estudio fue descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo fue de 208 habitantes y la muestra de 160 personas de la comunidad. Se realizó el examen elemental y microscópico de orina, el urocultivo y el antibiograma. Previo a la recolección de las muestras, los participantes firmaron el consentimiento o asentimiento informado y llenaron una encuesta. Se analizaron las muestras en el laboratorio de Microbiología de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Para relacionar los resultados obtenidos y las variables de estudio se utilizó el programa SPSS V22 y Excel para la estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS.- La prevalencia de infección urinaria fue del 10%, siendo el 100% de personas con infección del sexo femenino y de ellas el 44% mujeres de 19 – 45 años. Escherichia coli fue el microorganismo más frecuente con el 87,5% y mostró resistencia para Trimetoprim sulfametoxazol y Gentamicina en un 28,6%. Proteus y Klebsiella presentaron resistencia para Ampicilina sulbactam y Fosfomicina en un 100%. CONCLUSIÓN.- Contribuimos con datos epidemiológicos sobre prevalencia de infecciones de vías urinarias, agente etiológico y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos en los habitantes de la comunidad de San Francisco de Cuchocorral

Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying the novel extended-spectrum 'beta'-lactamase gene variants 'bla IND. SHV-40', 'bla IND. TEM-116' and the class I integron-associated 'bla IND. GES-7' in Brazil

A clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate carrying the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene variants bla(SHV-40), bla(TEM-116) and bla(GES-7) was recovered. Cefoxitin and ceftazidime activity was most affected by the presence of these genes and an additional resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was observed. The bla(GES-7) gene was found to be inserted into a class 1 integron. These results show the emergence of novel bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes in Brazil. Moreover, the presence of class 1 integrons suggests a great potential for dissemination of bla(GES) genes into diverse nosocomial pathogens. Indeed, the bla(GES-7) gene was originally discovered in Enterobacter cloacae in Greece and, to our knowledge, has not been reported elsewhere

High Prevalence of bla(CTX-M) Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital: First report of bla(SHV-12), bla(SHV-31), bla(SHV-38), and bla(CTX-M-15) in Brazil

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M) and bla(GES)-like genes, responsible for extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) production in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from a Brazilian tertiary care hospital. Sixty-five ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates, collected between 2005 and 2007, were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of bla genes was achieved by sequencing. Genotyping of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae was performed by the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR with cluster analysis by the Dice coefficient. The presence of genes encoding ESBLs was confirmed in 59/65 (90.8%) isolates, comprising 20 bla(CTX-M-2), 14 bla(CTX-M-59), 12 bla(CTX-M-15), 9 bla(SHV-12), 1 bla(SHV-2), 1 bla(SHV-2a), 1 bla(SHV-5), and 1 bla(SHV-31) genes. The ESBL genes bla(SHV-12), bla(SHV-31), and bla(CTX-M-15), and the chromosome-encoded SHV-type beta-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing imipenem were detected in Brazil for the first time. The analysis of the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR band patterns revealed a high rate of multiclonal bla(CTX-M) carrying K. pneumoniae isolates (70.8%), suggesting that dissemination of encoding plasmids is likely to be the major cause of the high prevalence of these genes among the K. pneumoniae isolates considered in this study.

Dissemination of bla(IMP-1)-carrying integron In86 among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates harboring a new trimethoprim resistance gene dfr23

The genetic context of the bla(IMP-1) gene was evaluated in 9 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered from 2 hospitals in Sao Paulo, Brazil. All isolates harbored a copy of In86 carrying bla(Imp-1), aac(6`)-31, and aadAl. Eight strains from the same hospital also carried another class I integron harboring a new trimethoprim resistance gene (dfr23) that was chromosomally embedded. In86 was likely to be in a 30-kb nontransferable plasmid and was flanked upstream by a sequence identical to one identified in an IMP-1-producing Pseudomonas putida isolate. The bla(IMP-1)-carrying integron In86 was recently reported from nonfermentative bacilli isolated in Sao Paulo. These isolates appear to be the Source of this integron now acquired by K. pneumoniae strains from different hospitals in the same city. Metallo-beta-lactamase production is still rare among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Brazil, but the acquisition of genetic structures carrying these mobile resistance determinants is worrisome and could lead to an increase in the prevalence of these phenotypes of resistance. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clonal transmission of ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. at a university hospital in Brazil

The present study was designed to determine the prevalence and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) types in clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp. at a university hospital located in the Brazilian southern region (Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo) as well as their antibiotic susceptibility and genetic profiles. This study included 147 non-repeat Klebsiella spp. isolates collected from January to June 2000, of which 23 K. pneumoniae and 8 K. oxytoca were selected as ESBL producers by using the Oxoid combination disk method and Etest ESBL strip. beta-lactamases were characterized by IEF, PCR and sequencing assays using primers for ESBL genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by MicroScan system. Dissemination of two major clones of ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. occurred in the hospital. According to the results obtained in this study there was a clonal spread of CTX-M-producing K. oxytoca in five clinics and dissemination of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in the nursery and pediatrics wards.

CTX-M-producing Klebsiella spp. in a Brazilian hospital: what has changed in 6 years?

CTX-M-encoding genes from Klebsiella spp. strains isolated in 2000 and 2006 were characterized as well as their genetic environment. CTX-M-2 variants were predominant in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, which showed a greater variability in bla(CTX-M) genes, integrons, and plasmids in 2006 when compared to strains collected in 2000. CTX-M-9-producing Klebsiella oxytoca was identified in 2000 as clonal dissemination. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High affinity binding of albicidin phytotoxins by the AlbA protein from Klebsiella oxytoca

Albicidins are a family of phytotoxins and antibiotics which play an important role in the pathogenesis of sugarcane leaf scald disease. The albA gene from Klebsiella oxytoca encodes a protein which inactivates albicidin by heat-reversible binding. Albicidin ligand binding to a recombinant AlbA protein, purified by means of a glutathione S-transferase gene fusion system, is an almost instant and saturable reaction. Kinetic and stoichiometric analysis of the binding reaction indicated the presence of a single high affinity binding site with a dissociation constant of 6.4 x 10(-8) M. The AlbA-albicidin complex is stable from 4 to 40 degrees C, from ph 5 to 9 and in high salt solutions. Treatment with protein denaturants released all bound albicidin. These properties indicate that AlbA may be a useful affinity matrix for selective purification of albicidin antibiotics. AlbA does not bind to p-nitrophenyl butyrate or alpha-naphthyl butyrate, the substrates of the albicidin detoxification enzyme AlbD from Pantoea dispersa. The potential exists to pyramid genes for different mechanisms in transgenic plants to protect plastid DNA replication from inhibition by albicidins.

Preterm and term neonates transplacentally acquire IgG antibodies specific to LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

High incidences of Gram-negative bacteria are found in neonatal nosocomial infections. Our aim was to investigate placental transmission of immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactive with lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia colt O111, O6 and O26. The total and lipopolysaccharide-specific IgM and IgG were determined in 11 maternal/umbilical-cord sera aged <= 33 weeks (GI); 21 aged > 33 and < 37 weeks (GII); and 32 term newborns (GIII). The total and lipopolysaccharide-specific IgM concentrations were equivalent in maternal sera. The total IgG concentrations were equivalent in maternal and newborn sera, with the exception of GIII newborns as compared with their mothers (P < 0.0001) and with neonates from GI and GII (P < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide-specific IgG concentrations were lower in GI neonates than in their mothers (P < 0.01) and lower in GII (P < 0.05). Lower lipopolysaccharide-specific IgG levels were observed among neonates only for O111 in GI (P < 0.05) and for 026 and Pseudomonas in GII, both as compared with GIII (P < 0.05). The anti-lipopolysaccharide IgG transfer ratios were lower in GI (except for 026) and in GII (except for Klebsiella and O111) as compared with GIII (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the greater susceptibility to infections in preterm infants is influenced (besides the humoral response) by factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the condition of prematurity.

Dissemination of bla(KPC-2) by the Spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clonal Complex 258 Clones (ST258, ST11, ST437) and Plasmids (IncFII, IncN, IncL/M) among Enterobacteriaceae Species in Brazil

This article reports the spread of bla(KPC-2) in the Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states, facilitated by globally spread K. pneumoniae clonal complex 258 (CC258) clones (ST258, ST11, and ST437) and a diversity of plasmids (IncFII, IncN, and IncL/M, two untypeable plasmids carrying Tn4401a or Tn4401b) successfully disseminated among species of the Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Citrobacter freundii). It also constitutes the first description of sequence type 258 (ST258) in Brazil, which was associated with a nosocomial hospital outbreak in Ribeirao Preto city.

The characteristics of NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Canada

After recent hospitalization in India (New Delhi and Mumbai), 2 patients, on their return to Canada, presented with lower urinary tract infections due to multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae that produced New Delhi metall-beta-lactamase and CTX-M-15. The organisms belonged to clones ST147 and ST340, and were positive for aac(6`)-Ib-cr, as well as for the ccdAB and vagCD addiction systems. The bla(NDM) plasmid was located on the IncFIIA and IncA/C replicon groups of plasmids. Clones ST147 and ST340 are also responsible for harbouring bla(KPC), and it is possible that they played an important role in the intercontinental spread of antimicrobial resistance. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.