Marco regulatório e desenvolvimento da indústria de gás natural no Brasil

A partir da década de 90, a participação do gás natural na matriz energética da América Latina passou a crescer significativamente e a região emergiu como o mercado de mais alto crescimento no mundo. Esse desenvolvimento foi um reflexo da recuperação econômica que impulsionou a demanda por energia. Além disso, a descoberta de novas reservas e a liberalização do mercado nesta região foram responsáveis por este crescimento. O mercado brasileiro de gás natural é incipiente e de história recente, quando comparado a outros países, sendo necessário construir mecanismos para atrair investimentos e melhorar eficiência deste mercado. O desenvolvimento do setor de gás natural exige grandes investimentos em infra-estrutura. Dado o elevado grau de incerteza no retorno dos investimentos no início da sua fase de desenvolvimento, a indústria é normalmente caracterizada pelo monopólio estatal e por um alto grau de verticalização. Com o objetivo de atrair investimentos estrangeiros e da iniciativa privada os governos de alguns países promoveram reformas regulatórias visando aumentar a garantia de direitos e atrair investimentos para a expansão da infra-estrutura. A abertura do setor de gás natural criou novos mercados mudando a forma da indústria operar. À medida que os países liberam os preços e baixa as barreiras de entrada, surgem novos participantes promovendo a competição. O aumento da competitividade beneficia a todos dado que os preços são mais competitivos e há uma maior oferta de contratos. Modelos distintos surgem neste processo de liberalização da indústria que refletem o quão avançadas estão as reformas. Qualquer que seja o modelo existente, a regulação tem como objetivo proteger os consumidores finais e os demais agentes do poder de mercado das empresas monopolistas. Dado esse contexto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a evolução das reformas regulatórias no Brasil no sentido de promover a competição e atrair investimento privado e assim propor subsídios para a regulação atual. Para tal partimos da análise da estrutura da indústria avaliando o grau de competição em cada elo da cadeia, a regulamentação de preços e o grau de poder de mercado da Petrobras. O suporte teórico da tese é baseado no estudo da teoria dos custos de transação e seu impacto no desenho da regulação. Por fim complementa-se o arcabouço teórico com a análise das diversas estruturas de indústria de gás natural existentes. Cada estrutura de mercado reflete diferentes graus de competição e de interação entre os agentes.

Fusões e aquisições da indústria de petróleo e gás natural na América do Sul: um estudo qualitativo de 5 eventos

Este trabalho tem como objetivo contextualizar as Fusões e Aquisições realizadas, na América do Sul, na indústria de petróleo, pela análise qualitativa de cinco eventos, utilizando a metodologia de estudo de eventos e a influência nas cotações das ações. A partir dessa análise, foi possível associar os períodos de aumento das atividades de F&A com a evolução da indústria mundial de petróleo, e mostrar que os processos de F&A possuem um caráter estratégico frente à economia mundial. Os resultados, todavia, apresentam indícios de não geração de valor. Dentre os cinco eventos, quatro apresentaram retornos anormais acumulados negativos. Um único evento obteve retorno positivo e foi somente para a empresa adquirida. Quanto ao método de integração, a amostra de cinco eventos apresentou evidências de destruição de valor para as firmas em todas as três formas estudadas. O retorno médio na janela pós-evento – 180 dias após o anúncio – divergiu do retorno anormal acumulado na janela de evento. As influências de um determinado evento podem ser negligenciadas devido a limitações, tanto operacionais quanto metodológicas.

Desenhos de mercado de gás natural e o caso brasileiro

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os principais fatores envolvidos no desenvolvi- mento e funcionamento da indústria de gás natural, para então detectar e diagnosticar as principais falhas existentes no mercado brasileiro de gás. A análise é realizada a partir da caracterização dos diversos desenhos de mercado da indústria de gás natural presentes no mundo (desde a estrutura totalmente verticalizada até a mais competitiva, com a presença de mercados de atacado e varejo). Pontos importantes são ressaltados tais como os princípios de precificação do gás em cada modelo, as práticas regulatórias empregadas e as principais estruturas surgidas. Destas, destacam-se as relações entre os agentes nos mercados de varejo competitivos, o livre acesso, o bypass físico e comercial e o surgimento do mercado spot. Essa linha de trabalho culmina com a análise da atual estrutura do mercado de gás natural no Brasil, assim como possíveis desenhos que essa indústria poderá atingir a médio e longo prazos dependendo dos mecanismos regulatórios utilizados. Para isso, são apresentados os modelos de gás existentes e a interação entre eles. Ressalta-se, também, a importância do livre acesso para o desenvolvimento do setor no Brasil.

O princípio constitucional da redução das desigualdades regionais e o transporte de gás natural

In a country of continental dimensions as Brazil, one of the top challenges to its economic growth is the logistic related to energetical demand supply. We live now in the era of environmental protection and, in this new context of priorizations, it passes trough the search for alternative energies for the energetic matrix, due the petroleum elevated costs in the global market (and its finitude), but also due its pollution over the environment. This attempt of substitution needs solutions related to the national reality, into a national long term developing plan and based at a juridical-economic analysis of its realization. This study will look for, also based in an economical analysis, the juridical legitimity of choosing natural gas as the new protagonist of national economic growth (as a substitute of petroleum) and the necessary boost that must be done by law, based on an economic policy focused strictly for that fact, as a modifying agent of this reality. This study, therefore, will always be turned to a constitutional aspect, respecting the principles of economic order and the goal of reducing regional inequalities, which must influence the making off of a developing plan. At the end, it will try to demonstrate the juridical viability of such undertaking, tuned in jus-economical criteria. Another goal is related to the analysis of the natural gas industry, due the regulation of its transport has a major importance for national energetic integration, not only because this activity be characterized as a net industry, still under control of a natural monopoly, but also because the competitive or cooperative profile that should be priorized at the beginning of the economic planning for this activity (such as investment policies and its own rules that will submit private agents)

Regulação do livre acesso no transporte de gás natural à luz da ordem econômica da Constituição de 1988

In the middle of modern social changes produced by globalization and capitalism, several markets have changed. States have left the direct coordination of these markets (chiefly public utility sector in the form of monopolies), introducing regulation in order to promote competition. These changes have affected natural gas industry by promoting competition as a key factor to the development and the increase of firms in this market. The regulatory reform of natural gas industry ocurred in EUA and Europe Union and it has produced its first results. In Brazilian context, Constitutional Amendment nbr. 09 and Federal Law nbr. 9.478/97 ( Petroleum Law ) opened the natural gas market to a broad range of private economic agents and they finished the monopoly over the industry before managed by Petrobras. The new regulatory framework of Brazilian natural gas industry has designed competition as a central element to the new form of managment of business and contractual relationships of this industry. Among the regulatory instruments, open access regulation in natural gas pipelines is directed to promote competition. The questions arised about its implementation in Brazilian context are studied in the present work, in which it is discussed the constitutional rules and principles are to be applied to the open access regulation within the theme of statal regulation of economy present in constitutional economic order

Fatores de sucesso no desenvolvimento de novos produtos em pequenas empresas: um estudo de caso em um fabricante de equipamentos para gás natural veicular

This study presents itself as a contribution to the solidification of the Natural Gas industry, within the scope of the development of new products. The goal of this paper is to analyze the factors that lead to the success of new products through the evaluation of the activities done during the process of development of these products in the Natural Gas sector. To achieve this goal a case study was done in a small company of this segment. At first, as a basis for the study, a bibliographical research was done with books, theses, dissertations, monographies, publications in national and international periodicals, congress annals and publications in the internet related to the subject. Afterwards, a case study was done, aiming at the acquisition of further knowledge about the real process of development of products in a small company of the Natural Gas sector, allowing for the performance of the evaluation. The case study was done at Gas Project and Systems do Brasil, a company that works with the development of electronic equipment to the conversion of car engines to natural gas, through direct observations and interviews with the person responsible for the development and management of products. Through the evaluation of the process it was observed that the activities related to it are done in an informal way and some activities are considered unnecessary for their success. The results also suggest an emphasis in the technological activities, something that was not observed in the activities related to the market. The instruments used in this evaluation prove to be efficient to evaluate the process of development of new products in other companies, including those of different areas. Taking into account the relevance of the studied theme to the strengthening of the Natural Gas industry, it is necessary to do further complementary studies

Um estudo algorítmico de problemas logísticos na indústria de petróleo e gás natural

This work consists on the study of two important problems arising from the operations of petroleum and natural gas industries. The first problem the pipe dimensioning problem on constrained gas distribution networks consists in finding the least cost combination of diameters from a discrete set of commercially available ones for the pipes of a given gas network, such that it respects minimum pressure requirements at each demand node and upstream pipe conditions. On its turn, the second problem the piston pump unit routing problem comes from the need of defining the piston pump unit routes for visiting a number of non-emergent wells in on-shore fields, i.e., wells which don t have enough pressure to make the oil emerge to surface. The periodic version of this problem takes into account the wells re-filling equation to provide a more accurate planning in the long term. Besides the mathematical formulation of both problems, an exact algorithm and a taboo search were developed for the solution of the first problem and a theoretical limit and a ProtoGene transgenetic algorithm were developed for the solution of the second problem. The main concepts of the metaheuristics are presented along with the details of their application to the cited problems. The obtained results for both applications are promising when compared to theoretical limits and alternate solutions, either relative to the quality of the solutions or to associated running time

Os limites constitucionais ao exercício de direito de patente e seus reflexos na indústria do petróleo, gás natural e biocombustíveis

This dissertation deals with the constitutional limits on the exercise of patent rights and its effects on the oil, natural gas and biofuels. Held with the support of ANP / PETROBRAS, It seeks to show how the law will limit the exercise of industrial property, based on a reinterpretation of private law by the constitutional development perspective . Today it is a fact that Petrobras, a Brazilian joint venture, has the latest technology in various sectors of the oil industry, and is one of the highest investments in developing new technologies. The overall objective of this thesis is to establish the relationship between the public interest of the Petroleum Industry, Natural Gas and Biofuels and constitutional limits to the free exercise of patent rights, then confirm or refute our hypothesis that Article 71 on Industrial Property Law is contrary to the existing objectives in Article 3 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The research aims to examine the relevant aspects of the legal nature attributed to IPGN constitutionally confronting the constitutional limits on the free exercise of patent rights, with the purpose to outline the state of the performance limits in the regulation of the economy, in particular the application of feasibility limitations on the right of property in favor of national interest on the strategic energy industry. The aim is to confront the fundamental rights to property and economic development, against the public interest, limiting these first. As to the objectives, the research will be theoretical and descriptive and harvest of industrial property, respect the possible impact of regulatory standards and limiting the right of ownership in the oil industry. To establish how the state will mitigate the intellectual property right, we discuss, at first, a definition of public interest from the general theory of state and sovereign character in order to establish a new concept of national interest and popular interest, which will in turn the definition of our concept of public interest. In the second phase, will be addressed the issue of industrial property rights and how to will be free exercise thereof, in the constitutional sphere, infra, and demonstrating the use of industrial property rights with examples of market and IPGN . After situating the industrial property rights in the constitution and national legislation, establish their relationship with the national and regional development, will be addressed in this chapter in particular the patent law, as most usual form of intellectual property protection in IPGN. Used a study highlighting the number of patents in the area of the analyzed industry, demonstrating with hard data the importance of a sector for industrial development. The relationship between the social function of intellectual property and the constitutional objective of development was characterized to demonstrate the strategic nature of oil to Brazil in the national and international scene, and put into question the hypothesis of the research which provides that even with large investments the lack of legal certainty in the sector turns out not to have a considerable volume of investment as it could.

Estudo da distribuição de gás natural na área de concessão da Comgás : descrição do setor e análise de obstáculos ao crescimento

Trata do crescimento do setor de gás natural na área da Comgás, através de estudo de caso. Descreve e analisa as principais variáveis mercadológicas e características específicas do setor. Apresenta propostas para aumentar a flexibilidade do fornecimento.

Desafios para a regulação de um mercado competitivo de gás natural no estado de São Paulo

O trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar os principais desafios e algumas propostas para a formação e regulação de um mercado de gás natural mais competitivo no Estado de São Paulo. São descritos, caracterizados e analisados os principais pontos do estudo: a estrutura da indústria, aspectos econômicos, a regulação do setor, e aprendizados de algumas experiências internacionais. Posteriormente, são oferecidas alternativas que poderiam servir como possibilidades para o desenvolvimento de um mercado de livre concorrência mais amplo.

Leilões de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil

O primeiro Caderno FGV Energia reúne análises e estudos de especialistas da Fundação Getulio Vargas e da indústria sobre os leilões de exploração e produção (E&P) de petróleo e gás no Brasil. Os capítulos apresentam as análises e os pontos de vista de seus respectivos autores sobre assuntos específicos relacionados ao tema principal.

Remoção de hidrocarbonetos do gás natural visando o ajuste do índice de metano

The use of the natural gas is growing year after year in the whole world and also in Brazil. It is verified that in the last five years the profile of natural gas consumption reached a great advance and investments had been carried through in this area. In the oil industry, the use of the natural gas for fuel in the drive of engines is usual for a long date. It is also used to put into motion equipment, or still, to generate electric power. Such engines are based on the motor cycle of combustion Otto, who requires a natural gas with well definite specification, conferring characteristic anti-detonating necessary to the equipment performance for projects based on this cycle. In this work, process routes and thermodynamic conditions had been selected and evaluated. Based on simulation assays carried out in commercial simulators the content of the methane index of the effluent gas were evaluated at various ranges of pressure, temperature, flowrate, molecular weight and chemical nature and composition of the absorbent. As final result, it was established a route based on process efficiency, optimized consumption of energy and absorbent. Thereby, it serves as base for the compact equipment conception to be used in locu into the industry for the removal of hydrocarbon from the natural gas produced

Avaliação da remoção de sulfeto de hidrogênio do gás natural em uma coluna de absorção

Natural gas, although basically composed by light hydrocarbons, also presents in its composition gaseous contaminants such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2S (hydrogen sulfide). Hydrogen sulfide, which commonly occurs in oil and gas exploration and production activities, besides being among the gases that are responsible by the acid rain and greenhouse effect, can also cause serious harm to health, leading even to death, and damages to oil and natural gas pipelines. Therefore, the removal of hydrogen sulfide will significantly reduce operational costs and will result in oil with best quality to be sent to refinery, thereby resulting in economical, environmental, and social benefits. These factors highlight the need for the development and improvement of hydrogen sulfide sequestrating agents to be used in the oil industry. Nowadays there are several procedures for hydrogen sulfide removal from natural gas used by the petroleum industry. However, they produce derivatives of amines that are harmful to the distillation towers, form insoluble precipitates that cause pipe clogging and produce wastes of high environmental impact. Therefore, the obtaining of a stable system, in inorganic or organic reaction media, that is able to remove hydrogen sulfide without forming by-products that affect the quality and costs of natural gas processing, transport and distribution is of great importance. In this context, the evaluation of the kinetics of H2S removal is a valuable procedure for the treatment of natural gas and disposal of the byproducts generated by the process. This evaluation was made in an absorption column packed with Raschig ring, where natural gas with H2S passes through a stagnant solution, being the contaminant absorbed by it. The content of H2S in natural gas in column output was monitored by an H2S analyzer. The comparison between the obtained curves and the study of the involved reactions have not only allowed to determine the efficiency and mass transfer controlling step of the involved processes but also make possible to effect a more detailed kinetic study and evaluate the commercial potential of each reagent

Balanço energético de um forno túnel de cerâmica estrutural convertido de lenha para gás natural

In energy systems, the balance of entrances, exits and losses are fundamental to rationalize the energy consumption, independently of the source (sun, natural gas, wind, water, firewood or oil). This estimate is important so much in the phase of project of the facilities, as in the exploration or operation. In the project phase it indicates the energy needs of the process and the contribution of the energy in the cost of the product and the capacity of storage of the fuel and in the operation phase it allows to evaluate the use of the energy in the process of it burns, showing the weak points that should suffer intervention to improve the efficiency. With this tool, it can be implemented routines of calculation of thermal balances in ovens of it burns of structural ceramic, in way to generate an optimized mathematical model for application in the current and promising structural ceramic brazilian industry. The ceramic oven in study is located in the metropolitan area of Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) and it is a continuous oven of the type wagons tunnel, converted of firewood for natural gas and it produces blocks of red ceramic. The energy balance was applied in the oven tunnel before and after the conversion and made the comparisons of the energy efficiencies (it burns to the firewood and it burns to natural gas), what showed that the gaseous fuel is more efficient when we burn structural ceramic in ovens tunnels. When we burn natural gas, the requested energy is smaller and better used. Tests were accomplished in the burned product that showed the best quality of the burned brick with natural gas. That quality improvement makes possible to accomplish new interventions for the most rational use of the energy in the oven tunnel of the Ceramic in study and in the industries of structural ceramic of the whole Brazil, that need control tools of burning and of quality

Avaliação e modelagem da absorção de H2S do gás natural em coluna de leito estagnado

Natural gas, although basically composed by light hydrocarbons, also presents contaminant gases in its composition, such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2S (hydrogen sulfide). The H2S, which commonly occurs in oil and gas exploration and production activities, causes damages in oil and natural gas pipelines. Consequently, the removal of hydrogen sulfide gas will result in an important reduction in operating costs. Also, it is essential to consider the better quality of the oil to be processed in the refinery, thus resulting in benefits in economic, environmental and social areas. All this facts demonstrate the need for the development and improvement in hydrogen sulfide scavengers. Currently, the oil industry uses several processes for hydrogen sulfide removal from natural gas. However, these processes produce amine derivatives which can cause damage in distillation towers, can cause clogging of pipelines by formation of insoluble precipitates, and also produce residues with great environmental impact. Therefore, it is of great importance the obtaining of a stable system, in inorganic or organic reaction media, able to remove hydrogen sulfide without formation of by-products that can affect the quality and cost of natural gas processing, transport, and distribution steps. Seeking the study, evaluation and modeling of mass transfer and kinetics of hydrogen removal, in this study it was used an absorption column packed with Raschig rings, where the natural gas, with H2S as contaminant, passed through an aqueous solution of inorganic compounds as stagnant liquid, being this contaminant gas absorbed by the liquid phase. This absorption column was coupled with a H2S detection system, with interface with a computer. The data and the model equations were solved by the least squares method, modified by Levemberg-Marquardt. In this study, in addition to the water, it were used the following solutions: sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, ferric chloride, copper sulfate, zinc chloride, potassium chromate, and manganese sulfate, all at low concentrations (»10 ppm). These solutions were used looking for the evaluation of the interference between absorption physical and chemical parameters, or even to get a better mass transfer coefficient, as in mixing reactors and absorption columns operating in counterflow. In this context, the evaluation of H2S removal arises as a valuable procedure for the treatment of natural gas and destination of process by-products. The study of the obtained absorption curves makes possible to determine the mass transfer predominant stage in the involved processes, the mass transfer volumetric coefficients, and the equilibrium concentrations. It was also performed a kinetic study. The obtained results showed that the H2S removal kinetics is greater for NaOH. Considering that the study was performed at low concentrations of chemical reagents, it was possible to check the effect of secondary reactions in the other chemicals, especially in the case of KMnO4, which shows that your by-product, MnO2, acts in H2S absorption process. In addition, CuSO4 and FeCl3 also demonstrated to have good efficiency in H2S removal