Induced fit DNA recognition by a minor groove binding analogue of Hoechst 33258: fluctuations in DNA A tract structure investigated by NMR and molecular dynamics simulations

NMR analysis and molecular dynamics simulations of d(GGTAATTACC)2 and its complex with a tetrahydropyrimidinium analogue of Hoechst 33258 suggest that DNA minor groove recognition in solution involves a combination of conformational selection and induced fit, rather than binding to a preorganised site. Analysis of structural fluctuations in the bound and unbound states suggests that the degree of induced fit observed is primarily a consequence of optimising van der Waals contacts with the walls of the minor groove resulting in groove narrowing through: (i) changes in base step parameters, including increased helical twist and propeller twist; (ii) changes to the sugar–phosphate backbone conformation to engulf the bound ligand; (iii) suppression of bending modes at the TpA steps. In contrast, the geometrical arrangement of hydrogen bond acceptors on the groove floor appears to be relatively insensitive to DNA conformation (helical twist and propeller twist). We suggest that effective recognition of DNA sequences (in this case an A tract structure) appears to depend to a significant extent on the sequence being flexible enough to be able to adopt the geometrically optimal conformation compatible with the various binding interactions, rather than involving ‘lock and key’ recognition.

BrdU-Hoechst-Giemsa方法的进一步改进以及青鱼和草鱼复制带核型的研究

对BrdU-Hoechst-Giemsa方法进行了一定的改进和补充;并将它应用于青鱼和草鱼的核型研究中。实验进一步阐明,BrdU-Hoechst-Giemsa方法的关键性步骤之一是要先测算实验鱼的细胞周期;BrdU、AMD、Hoechst 33258,EB和AO虽都有抑制鱼类染色体浓缩、促进染色体分带的作用,但其中以DNA碱基特异性给合物BrdU、AMD和Hoechst 33258较佳,特别用AMD和Hoechst 33258同时处理活细胞的分带效果最好。

Comparison of the binding stoichiometries of positively charged DNA-binding drugs using positive and negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Positive and negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of complexes of positively charged small molecules (distamycin, Hoechst 33258, [Ru(phen)2dpq]Cl2 and [Ru(phen)2dpqC]Cl2) have been compared. [Ru(phen)2dpq]Cl2 and [Ru(phen)2dpqC]Cl2 bind to DNA by intercalation. Negative ion ESI mass spectra of mixtures of [Ru(phen)2dpq]Cl2 or [Ru(phen)2dpqC]Cl2 with DNA showed ions from DNA-ligand complexes consistent with solution studies. In contrast, only ions from freeDNAwere present in positive ion ESI mass spectra of mixtures of [Ru(phen)2dpq]Cl2 or [Ru(phen)2dpqC]Cl2 with DNA, highlighting the need for obtaining ESI mass spectra of non-covalent complexes under a range of experimental conditions. Negative ion spectra of mixtures of the minor groove binder Hoechst 33258 with DNA containing a known minor groove binding sequence were dominated by ions from a 1:1 complex. In contrast, in positive ion spectra there were also ions present from a 2:1 (Hoechst 33258: DNA) complex, suggesting an alternative binding mode was possible either in solution or in the gas phase. When Hoechst 33258 was mixed with a DNA sequence lacking a high affinity minor groove binding site, the negative ion ESI mass spectra showed that 1:1 and 2:1 complexes were formed, consistent with existence of binding modes other than minor groove binding. The data presented suggest that comparison of positive and negative ion ESI-MS spectra might provide an insight into various binding modes in both solution and the gas phase.

Distamycin A affects the stability of NF-kappaB p50-DNA complexes in a sequence-dependent manner

The effect of two different DNA minor groove binding molecules, Hoechst 33258 and distamycin A, on the binding kinetics of NF-κB p50 to three different specific DNA sequences was studied at various salt concentrations. Distamycin A was shown to significantly increase the dissociation rate constant of p50 from the sequences PRDII (5′-GGGAAATTCC-3′) and Ig-κ B (5′-GGGACTTTCC-3′) but had a negligible effect on the dissociation from the palindromic target-κB binding site (5′-GGGAATTCCC-3′). By comparison, the effect of Hoechst 33258 on binding of p50 to each sequence was found to be minimal. The dissociation rates for the protein–DNA complexes increased at higher potassium chloride concentrations for the PRDII and Ig-κB binding motifs and this effect was magnified by distamycin A. In contrast, p50 bound to the palindromic target-κB site with a much higher intrinsic affinity and exhibited a significantly reduced salt dependence of binding over the ionic strength range studied, retaining a KD of less than 10 pM at 150 mM KCl. Our results demonstrate that the DNA binding kinetics of p50 and their salt dependence is strongly sequence-dependent and, in addition, that the binding of p50 to DNA can be influenced by the addition of minor groove-binding drugs in a sequence-dependent manner.

An Iron Complex of Dipyridophenazine as a Potent Photocytotoxic Agent in Visible Light

Ternary iron(III) complexes (FeL(B)] (1-3) of a trianionic tetradentate phenolate-based ligand (L) and henanthroline base (B), namely, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1), dipyridoquinoxaline (dpq, 2), and dipyridophenazine (dppz, 3), have been prepared and structurally characterized and their DNA binding, cleavage, and photocytotoxic properties studied. The complexes with a FeN3O3 core show the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple near -0.6 V in DMF, a magnetic moment value of similar to 5.9 mu(B), and a binding propensity to both calf thymus DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. They exhibit red-light-induced DNA cleavage activity following a metal-assisted photoredox pathway forming HO center dot radicals but do not show any photocleavage of BSA in UV-A light. Complex 3 displays photocytotoxicity in the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) with respective IC50 values of 3.59 mu M and 6.07 mu M in visible light and 251 nM and 751 nM in UV-A light of 365 nm. No significant cytotoxicity is observed in the dark. The photoexposed HeLa cells, treated prior with complex 3, have shown marked changes in nuclear morphology as demonstrated by Hoechst 33258 nuclear stain. Generation of reactive oxygen species has been evidenced from the fluorescence enhancement of dichlorofluorescein upon treatment with 3 followed by photoexposure. Nuclear chromatin cleavage has been observed in acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining of treated HeLa cells and from alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Caspase 3/7 activity in HeLa cells has been found to be upregulated by only 4 fold after photoirradiation, signifying the fact that cell death through a caspase 3/7 dependent pathway may not be solely operative.

Metal-ion-mediated tuning of duplex DNA binding by bis(2-(2-pyridyl)-1H-benzimidazole)

Studies of double-stranded-DNA binding have been performed with three isomeric bis)2-(n-pyridyl)-1H-benzimidazole)s (n = 2, 3, 4). Like the well-known Hoechst 33258, which is a bisbenzimidazole compound, these three isomers bind to the minor groove of duplex DNA. DNA binding by the three isomers was investigated in the presence of the divalent metal ions Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. Ligand-DNA interactions were probed with fluorscence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. These studies revealed that the binding of the 2-pyridyl derivative to DNA is dramatically reduced in the presence of Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ ions and is abolished completely at a ligand/metal-cation ratio of 1:1. Control experiments done with the isomeric 3- and 4-pyridyl derivatives showed that their binding to DNA is unaffected by the aforementioned transition-metal ions. The ability of 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole changes of the ligand associated with ion chelation probably ledto such unusual binding results for the ortho isomer. The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reversed the effects completely.

Impact of metal binding on the antitumor activity and cellular imaging of a metal chelator cationic imidazopyridine derivative

A new water soluble cationic imidazopyridine species, viz. (1E)-1-((pyridin-2-yl)methyleneamino)-3-(3(pyridin-2-yl) imidazo1,5-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propan-2-ol (1), as a metal chelator is prepared as its PF6 salt and characterized. Compound 1 shows fluorescence at 438 nm on excitation at 342 nm in Tris-HCl buffer giving a fluorescence quantum yield (phi) of 0.105 and a life-time of 5.4 ns. Compound 1, as an avid DNA minor groove binder, shows pUC19 DNA cleavage activity in UV-A light of 365 nm forming singlet oxygen species in a type-II pathway. The photonuclease potential of 1 gets enhanced in the presence of Fe2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+. Compound 1 itself displays anticancer activity in HeLa, HepG2 and Jurkat cells with an enhancement on addition of the metal ions. Photodynamic effect of 1 at 365 nm also gets enhanced in the presence of Fe2+ and Zn2+. Fluorescence-based cell cycle analysis shows a significant dead cell population in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle suggesting apoptosis via ROS generation. A significant change in the nuclear morphology is observed from Hoechst 33258 and an acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual nuclear staining suggesting apoptosis in cells when treated with 1 alone or in the presence of the metal ions. Apoptosis is found to be caspase-dependent. Fluorescence imaging to monitor the distribution of 1 in cells shows that 1 in the presence of metal ions accumulates predominantly in the cytoplasm. Enhanced uptake of 1 into the cells within 12 h is observed in the presence of Fe2+ and Zn2+.

Efeitos de raios-X de baixa energia em células mamárias

Doses de radiação de baixa energia podem induzir quebras de dupla fita no DNA assim como também produzir perfis alterados de expressão de genes relacionados a estas lesões. Os danos não reparados ou mal reparados levam a uma maior suscetibilidade à transformação oncogênica já que os efeitos biológicos mais importantes causados pela radiação ionizante são mutação e carcinogênese. As lesões no DNA provocadas pela radiação podem também ocasionar o surgimento micronúcleos e as células podem ser induzidas à apoptose. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar in vitro a presença de micronúcleos e a apoptose ocasionados por Raios-X de baixa energia. Pretende-se analisar estes efeitos biológicos em relação à energia equivalente à utilizada em exames mamográficos usando duas linhagens estabelecias de células de mama: a MCF-7 (tumoral) e a HB-2 (não-tumoral). As células, em crescimento exponencial, foram irradiadas no equipamento de arranjo experimental de mamografia do LCR/UERJ. A dose de 5Gy na energia de 30 kV foi aplicada com taxa de 0,1 Gy/seg utilizando filtro de 0,03 mm de molibdênio. As irradiações foram realizadas duas vezes, após as irradiações, as células foram incubadas por 4, 24 ou 48 horas e posteriormente coradas com o corante Hoechst33258 para análise em microscopia de fluorescência. Para cada análise, 1000 células foram categorizadas pela morfologia do núcleo. Os resultados mostraram que a HB-2, utilizada neste estudo como célula mamária normal, apresentou maior sensibilidade aos efeitos da radiação, com 37 % das células em apoptose após 4 hs de incubação, enquanto a MCF-7 apresentou 6,5 %. Nas análises após 24 hs foi possível confirmar a radioresistência da MCF-7 tendo sido observadas 11% de células em apoptose no grupo irradiado. Houve um aumento crescente de micronúcleos radioinduzidos nas duas linhagens de acordo com os tempos de incubação. Na análise de 4 hs a HB-2 apresentou 3%, em 24 hs, 8,5% e 48 hs, 11,5 %. Diante destes resultados, foi possível concluir que a energia do feixe de raios-X utilizada na mamografia pode ser capaz de ocasionar aumento de ocorrência de apoptose e geração de micronúcleos nas duas linhagens estudadas

四种渗透性防冻剂在猕猴精子低温冷冻保存中对精子功能状态的影响

以冷冻精子的复苏运动度、荧光染料Hoechst 33258 检测的细胞膜完整率、异硫氰酸荧光素标记的 花生凝集素(FITC2PNA) 检测的顶体完整率作为精子功能状态的指标, 对甘油、二甲亚砜、乙二醇和丙二醇4 种常用渗透性防冻剂在猕猴精子冷冻保存过程中的作用进行了比较。结果表明: 冷冻保存精子的复苏运动度, 甘油(4713 ±517 %) 和乙二醇(4418 ±617 %) > 二甲亚砜(2219 ±019 %) > 丙二醇(0 ±0 %) ; 细胞膜完整 率, 甘油(5418 ±312 %) 和乙二醇(5410 ±617 %) > 二甲亚砜(3715 ±710 %) > 丙二醇(2813 ±615 %) ; 顶 体完整率, 甘油(8212 ±214 %) 和乙二醇(8214 ±214 %) > 二甲亚砜(6817 ±517 %) 和丙二醇(7213 ± 315 %) ( P < 0105) 。结果提示: 二甲亚砜和丙二醇, 尤其是丙二醇并不适合猕猴精子的冷冻保存; 而乙二醇具 有和甘油相似的保护作用, 是一种极具潜力的猕猴精子冷冻保存的渗透性防冻剂。

Infection and propagation of lymphocystis virus isolated from the cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in grass carp cell lines

The causative agent of lymphocystis disease that frequently occurs in cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in China is lymphocystis virus (LV). In this study, 13 fish cell lines were tested for their susceptibility to LV. Of these, 2 cell lines derived from the freshwater grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus proved susceptible to the LV, and 1 cell line, GCO (grass carp ovary), was therefore used to replicate and propagate the virus. An obvious cytopathic effect (CPE) was first observed in cell monolayers at 1 d post-inoculation, and at 3 d this had extended to about 75% of the cell monolayer. However, no further CPE extension was observed after 4 d. Cytopathic characteristics induced by the LV were detected by Giemsa staining and fluorescence microscopic observation with Hoechst 33258 staining. The propagated virus particles were also observed by electron microscopy. Ultrastructure analysis revealed several distinct cellular changes, such as chromatin compaction and margination, vesicle formation, cell-surface convolution, nuclear fragmentation and the occurrence of characteristic 'blebs' and cell fusion. This study provides a detailed report of LV infection and propagation in a freshwater fish cell line, and presents direct electron microscopy evidence for propagation of the virus in infected cells. A possible process by which the CPEs are controlled is suggested.

重离子诱导人舌鳞癌细胞凋亡和Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达的变化

探讨重离子辐照对人舌鳞癌Tb细胞的凋亡及Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。采用0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0Gy重离子束辐照人舌鳞癌Tb细胞,应用MTT法检测细胞存活,流式细胞技术检测细胞周期变化,Hoechst 33258/PI复染法观察Tb细胞凋亡形态,并采用Western-blot法检测Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达情况。结果发现,Tb细胞经12C6+离子束辐照后存活率显著下降,呈剂量依赖性的生长抑制;Tb细胞呈现蓝色荧光浓集成团的凋亡形态,且凋亡比例随辐照剂量增加;G2/M期细胞百分数随照射剂量增加而增加(P<0.05)。Western-blot结果显示Bax蛋白表达水平随辐照剂量逐渐上升,但在4Gy组其表达不再增高,Bcl-2蛋白在1.0、2.0、4.0Gy组随剂量增大呈下降趋势。以上结果提示重离子束辐照对Tb细胞有抑制作用,Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达是重离子治癌的机制之一。

Physical and spectral characterization of the human cyclin A gene and its interactions with anthracycline anticancer drugs

Over expression of cyclin A in human tumors has been linked to cancer by various experimental lines of evidence. However, physical and spectral characterization of the human cyclin A gene and its interactions with anticancer drugs have not been reported. Our gene sequence analysis, singular value decomposition method and melting studies in the presence of antitumor agents, daunomycin, doxorubicin and Hoechst 33258 showed that cyclin A gene had both AT-rich and GC-rich domains. For a ligand with unknown DNA binding specificity, this gene sequence can be used to differentiate its DNA binding preference.

Detection of sandal spike phytoplasma using immunological and molecular techniques

Spike disease in sandal is generally diagnosed by the manifestation of external symptoms. Attempts have been made to detect the diseased plants by determining the length/breadth ratio of leaves (lyengar, 1961) and histochemical tests using Mann's stain (Parthasarathi et al., 1966), Dienes' stain (Ananthapadmanabha et a/., 1973) aniline blue and Hoechst 33258 (Ghosh et a/., 1985, Rangaswamy, 1995). But most of these techniques are insensitive, indirect detection methods leading to misinterpretation of results. Moreover, to identify disease resistant sandal trees, highly sensitive techniques are needed to detect the presence of the pathogen. In sandal forests, several host plants of sandal like Zizyphus oenop/ea (Fig. 1.3) also exhibit the yellows type disease symptoms. Immunological and molecular assays have to be developed to confirm the presence of sandal spike phytoplasma in such hosts. The major objectives of the present work includes:In situ detection of sandal spike phytoplasma by epifluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.,Purification of sandal spike phytoplasma and production of polyclonal antibodies.,Amino acid and total protein estimation of sandal spike phytoplasma.,Immunological detection of sandal spike phytoplasma., Molecular detection of sandal spike phytoplasma.,Screening for phytoplasma in host plants of spike disease affected sandal using immunological and molecular techniques.

Different vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in the human internal mammary artery and the saphenous vein. Implications for bypass graft disease

BACKGROUND: The remarkable patency of internal mammary artery (MA) grafts compared to saphenous vein (SV) grafts has been related to different biological properties of the two blood vessels. We examined whether proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from human coronary artery bypass vessels differ according to patency rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Proliferation rates to serum or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB were lower in VSMC from MA than SV. Surface expression of PDGF beta-receptor was slightly lower, while that of alpha-receptor was slightly higher in MA than SV. Cell cycle distribution, expression of cyclin E, cdk2, p21, p27, p57, and cdk2 kinase activity were identical in PDGF-BB-stimulated cells from MA and SV. However, apoptosis rates were higher in MA than SV determined by lactate dehydrogenase release, DNA fragmentation, and Hoechst 33258 staining. Moreover, caspase inhibitors (Z-VAD-fmk, Boc-D-fmk) abrogated the different proliferation rates of VSMC from MA versus SV. Western blotting and GSK3-beta kinase assay revealed lower Akt activity in VSMC from MA versus SV, while total Akt expression was identical. Adenoviral transduction of a constitutively active Akt mutant abrogated the different proliferation rates of VSMC from MA versus SV. CONCLUSIONS: Higher apoptosis rates due to lower Akt activity rather than different cell cycle regulation account for the lower proliferation of VSMC from MA as compared to SV. VSMC apoptosis may protect MA from bypass graft disease.

Epstein-Barr virus-mediated protection against etoposide-induced apoptosis in BJA-B B cell lymphoma cells: role of Bcl-2 and caspase proteins

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cell lymphomas are resistant to apoptosis during cancer development and treatment with therapies. The molecular controls that determine why EBV infection causes apoptosis resistance need further definition. EBV-positive and EBV-negative BJA-B B cell lymphoma cell lines were used to compare the expression of selected apoptosis-regulating Bcl-2 and caspase proteins in EBV-related apoptosis resistance, after 8 hr or 18-24 hr etoposide treatment (80 muM). Apoptosis was quantified using morphology and verified with Hoechst 33258 nuclear stain and electron microscopy. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to analyse effects on cell cycle of the EBV infection as well as etoposide treatment. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, pro-apoptotic Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression and activation were analysed using Western immunoblots and densitometry. EBV-positive cultures had significantly lower levels of apoptosis in untreated and etoposide-treated cultures in comparison with EBV-negative cultures (p < 0.05). FACS analysis indicated a strong G2/M block in both cell sublines after etoposide treatment. Endogenous Bcl-2 was minimal in the EBV-negative cells in comparison with strong expression in EBV-positive cells. These levels did not alter with etoposide treatment. Bcl-XL was expressed endogenously in both cell lines and had reduced expression in EBV-negative cells after etoposide treatment. Bax showed no etoposide-induced alterations in expression. Pro-caspase-9 and -3 were seen in both EBV-positive and -negative cells. Etoposide induced cleavage of caspase-9 in both cell lines, with the EBV-positive cells having proportionally less cleavage product, in agreement with their lower levels of apoptosis. Caspase-3 cleavage occurred in the EBV-negative etoposide-treated cells but not in the EBV-positive cells. The results indicate that apoptosis resistance in EBV-infected B cell lymphomas is promoted by an inactive caspase-3 pathway and elevated expression of Bcl-2 that is not altered by etoposide drug treatment.