Volume-based garbage collection fees : the Illinois experience /

"Presented at the ASTSWMO 1992 National Solid Waste Forum July 20-22, 1992, Portland, OR."

Garbage collection optimization for non uniform memory access architectures

Cache-coherent non uniform memory access (ccNUMA) architecture is a standard design pattern for contemporary multicore processors, and future generations of architectures are likely to be NUMA. NUMA architectures create new challenges for managed runtime systems. Memory-intensive applications use the system’s distributed memory banks to allocate data, and the automatic memory manager collects garbage left in these memory banks. The garbage collector may need to access remote memory banks, which entails access latency overhead and potential bandwidth saturation for the interconnection between memory banks. This dissertation makes five significant contributions to garbage collection on NUMA systems, with a case study implementation using the Hotspot Java Virtual Machine. It empirically studies data locality for a Stop-The-World garbage collector when tracing connected objects in NUMA heaps. First, it identifies a locality richness which exists naturally in connected objects that contain a root object and its reachable set— ‘rooted sub-graphs’. Second, this dissertation leverages the locality characteristic of rooted sub-graphs to develop a new NUMA-aware garbage collection mechanism. A garbage collector thread processes a local root and its reachable set, which is likely to have a large number of objects in the same NUMA node. Third, a garbage collector thread steals references from sibling threads that run on the same NUMA node to improve data locality. This research evaluates the new NUMA-aware garbage collector using seven benchmarks of an established real-world DaCapo benchmark suite. In addition, evaluation involves a widely used SPECjbb benchmark and Neo4J graph database Java benchmark, as well as an artificial benchmark. The results of the NUMA-aware garbage collector on a multi-hop NUMA architecture show an average of 15% performance improvement. Furthermore, this performance gain is shown to be as a result of an improved NUMA memory access in a ccNUMA system. Fourth, the existing Hotspot JVM adaptive policy for configuring the number of garbage collection threads is shown to be suboptimal for current NUMA machines. The policy uses outdated assumptions and it generates a constant thread count. In fact, the Hotspot JVM still uses this policy in the production version. This research shows that the optimal number of garbage collection threads is application-specific and configuring the optimal number of garbage collection threads yields better collection throughput than the default policy. Fifth, this dissertation designs and implements a runtime technique, which involves heuristics from dynamic collection behavior to calculate an optimal number of garbage collector threads for each collection cycle. The results show an average of 21% improvements to the garbage collection performance for DaCapo benchmarks.

Vulnerabilities in snakebites in Sao Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe elements of vulnerability of victims of snakebite. METHODS This qualitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study had, as theoretical framework, the concept of vulnerability in individual, social, and programmatic dimensions. We interviewed 21 patients admitted into a hospital specialized in the care of accidents caused by venomous animals. The interviews were analyzed according to a discourse analysis technique. RESULTS Patients were mainly young men, living in remote countryside areas, where health services frequently have limited resources. We found social and individual conditions of vulnerability, such as precarious schooling, low professional qualification, housing without access to piped water, no sewage treated, and no regular garbage collection, and lack of knowledge on this health problem. Regarding the programmatic dimension, we found limited accessibility to the health services that could affect the prognosis and the frequency of sequelae and deaths. CONCLUSIONS Considering such vulnerabilities evoke the need to improve the program for control the Accidents by Venomous Animals and the training of health workers, we highlight the potential use of the concept of vulnerability, which may amplify the understanding and the recommendations for the practice and education related to snakebites.

HIGH PREVALENCE OF Blastocystis spp. INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND STAFF MEMBERS ATTENDING PUBLIC URBAN SCHOOLS IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

After a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in the municipality ofSebastião da Grama, SãoPaulo, Brazil, we conducted a parasitological survey to establish the epidemiological profile of enteroparasitosis in children and staff members attending the public urban schools in operation in town. The cross-sectional study evaluated 172 children aged 11 months to 6 years old and 33 staff members aged 19 to 58 years old. Overall, 96 (55.81%) children and 20 (60.61%) staff members were mono-parasitized, while 58 (33.72%) children and 4 (12.12%) workers were poly-parasitized. Protozoa (88.37%; 72.73%) was more prevalent than helminthes (3.48%; 0%) in children and staff members respectively.Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent parasite in children (86.63%) and staff members (66.67%). The age of 1 year old or less was found to be associated with increased prevalence of giardiasis [OR = 13.04; 95%CI 2.89-58.91; p = 0.00] and public garbage collection was identified as a protective factor against intestinal helminth infections [OR = 0.06; 95%CI 0.00-0.79; p = 0.03]. Although most of the children tested positive for Blastocystis spp. and also presented clinical signs/symptoms (62.2%), this association was not statistically significant [OR = 1.35; 95%CI 0.53-3.44; p = 0.51]. Intestinal parasites still represent a public health concern and this study underscores the importance of further investigations to better understand the pathogenic role ofBlastocystis spp.

Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs and the relationship with environmental and sanitary aspects in the municipality of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify the presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs in the City of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil, using the PCR technique to list the hot spots of infected dogs in the city and associate their occurrence to significant environmental changes at capture sites. METHODS: DNA was extracted from blood of dogs, and the PCR were performed with primers RV1/RV2. After screening the population studied, the regions of the city that had the highest occurrence of canine infection were detected. These sites were visited, and ecological parameters denoting anthropogenic disturbance were evaluated. RESULTS: Some important features were listed in the regions visited, such as low urbanization, lack of public collection of sewage, limited garbage collection, vacant lots with tall vegetation, decaying organic matter, and, most importantly, the occurrence of stray dogs and poultry in homes. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology for screening the population was very efficient, especially in evaluating a large number of individuals in a short time, with a high degree of automation. The results indicate an association between the observed parameters and the occurrence of infection in dogs. The model presented in the city is ideal for studies of disease progression and expansion and for the evaluation of control measures adopted for canine VL.

Biojätteen erilliskeräyksen ja sekajätteenkeräyksen kustannusvertailu

Tutkimuksessa selvitetään biojätteen erilliskeräyksen ja sekajätteenkeräyksen kustannusero. Tutkimuksen tarkastelualueena käytetään Etelä-Karjalan Jätehuolto Oy:n toiminta-aluetta. Selvityksessä käytettään alueelle tyypillisiä keräystapoja ja lähtötietoja. Selvityksessä tarkastellaan ainoastaan kotitalouksissa syntyvän jätteen keräyskustannuksia. Ulkopuolelle on jätetty liikekiinteistöt ja liiketiloja sisältävät asuintaloudet sekä aluekeräyspisteet, mutta muuten kustannustekijät on pyritty huomioimaan mahdollisimman laajalti. Tutkimuksen mukaan biojätteen erilliskeräyksen kustannukset ovat selvästi suuremmat kuin sekajätteen keräyksen. Omakotitaloalueilla keräyskustannukset ovat kaksi kertaa suuremmat kuin kerros- ja rivitaloalueella. Sekajätteenkeräyksen kokonaiskustannukset ovat noin 1960 mk/t ja biojätteen erilliskeräyksen noin 2900 mk/t. Muita tutkimuksia suurempi kustannusero selittyy osin sillä, että kustannustekijöitä on huomioitu laajemmin kuin muissa tämäntyyppisissä tutkimuksissa. Jätteenkeräyksen kustannuksia pystytään pienentämään esimerkiksi lisäämällä omatoimista kompostointia, keräysvälineiden teknillisellä kehittämisellä ja pientaloaluilla kiinteistöryhmäkohtaisten keräyspisteiden muodostamisella.

Determinantes sociales de la salud en Bogotá DC: el caso del acceso y calidad de los servicios 2003, 2007 y 2011

Bogotá D.C. es una ciudad de más de siete millones de habitantes en su mayoría de estrato medio, dividida políticamente por veinte localidades. Aquí se generan la mayoría de oportunidades de desarrollo y día a día llega la población fluctuante de otras ciudades de Colombia en busca de un mejor futuro. Las necesidades de la población en una metrópolis como ésta no se hacen esperar y la salud entendida, como un buen estado físico y mental, además de ser una necesidad humana primordial se ha convertido en uno de los temas más agobiantes para los ciudadanos y los creadores de políticas públicas en el Distrito Capital. Alcanzar un adecuado estado de salud no es solo cuestión de asegurar y dar cobertura de servicio, también se requiere que las diferentes políticas públicas que existen estén articuladas para llegar al deseado estado de salud. Estas políticas públicas son los mismos determinantes sociales de salud, por los cuales la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha impartido la instrucción de incrementar esfuerzos con el fin de mejorar el estado de salud de la población mundial. En esta investigación se realiza un análisis del Índice de Condiciones de Vida, calculado por el DANE, en la Encuesta Calidad de Vida para Bogotá en 2003, 2007 y Encuesta Multipropósito 2011, estudiando el primer factor que hace parte de dicho índice, el Acceso y Calidad de los Servicios, el cual se compone por cuatro aspectos: i) Abastecimiento y calidad del agua, ii) Eliminación de excretas; iii) Recolección de basuras y iv) Combustible para cocinar. La revisión teórica que aborda a los determinantes sociales de la salud evidencia que estos cuatro componentes son fundamentales para garantizar el estado de salud de los bogotanos y hacen parte de los objetivos del milenio. Adicionalmente se realizan regresiones lineales para determinar el peso que ha tenido el factor acceso y calidad de los servicios, en el estado de salud de los bogotanos, definiendo el Índice de Condiciones de Vida como variable proxy al estado de salud, para cada uno de los años de estudio. Por último se presentan algunos datos de los resultados de las políticas públicas relacionadas con el acceso y calidad de los servicios de los gobiernos de la ciudad correspondientes a los años de estudio.

Continuidade e descontinuidade administrativa em governos locais: fatores que sustentam a ação pública ao longo dos anos

Esta dissertação estuda a questão da continuidade e descontinuidade de políticas públicas em governos municipais. Apesar do tema ser muito presente na fala e no cotidiano de gestores, pesquisadores, servidores públicos e jornalistas, há poucos estudos que realmente aprofundem como se dão esses fenômenos. Os poucos trabalhos realizados apontam primeiro para o paradoxo democrático da questão ¿ ainda que a descontinuidade seja normalmente considerada indesejável, ela é um dos pressupostos básicos da alternância de poder que a rotina democrática requer. Além disso, há quem aponte que os dois fenômenos possam estar mais ligados do que numa análise superficial. Por último, alguns estudos sugerem que possa haver mais continuidade do que o senso comum levaria a crer, ainda que as explicações para essa realidade ainda estejam pouco elaboradas. É nesta direção que o presente trabalho pretende contribuir. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avançar na compreensão dos fatores que favorecem a continuidade de ações públicas em governos locais no Brasil. Neste sentido, a parte teórica do trabalho incluiu uma revisão de modelos de políticas públicas uitilizados como lente teórica à observação da pesquisa empírica. Também foram revistos alguns textos sobre o local e suas políticas de desenvolvimento, priorizados como objetos de estudo desta dissertação. Foram então realizados três estudos de caso de diferentes políticas de desenvolvimento local. As iniciativas estudadas foram escolhidas a partir do banco de experiências do Programa Gestão Pública e Cidadania, selecionando projetos realizados em cidades com mais de 200 mil habitantes e que já tenham passado por pelo menos três eleições municipais. Os casos estudados foram o Programa de Coleta Seletiva de Lixo de Embu (SP), o Programa de Produção Associada com Garantia de Renda Mínima de Jundiaí (SP) e a Instituição Comunitária de Microcrédito Portosol de Porto Alegre (RS). As análises apontam para a existência de pelo menos quatro fatores que favorecem a continuidade de iniciativas públicas em governos locais. Em primeiro lugar, notou-se a importância de que se desenvolvam ações intencionais para tanto. Além disso, são igualmente importantes fatores técnicos e políticos. Por último, sugere-se que a inserção do projeto ou instituição em coalizões consistentes é benéfico à sua continuidade.

Turismo sustentável e alivio a pobreza: avaliação de impacto

This study evaluates the social impacts of the project PRODETUR in Porto Seguro and Bahia. Among the analyzed channels, we have focused on the impact on variables related to sewering (access to piped water, sewer and garbage collection), besides some socio-economic ones (occupation, contribution to social security, income and poverty). In addition, we analyzed the impact on the distribution of costs and benefits between the immigrant and native population. Using the methodology of differences-in-differences to compare areas affected and non–affected by the program, we measured the “true” impact of the program using the 1991 and 2000 Census. The results suggest a relative advance in Porto Seguro in what concerns employment, formality, income and poverty reduction, with this benefits being uniformly distributed between immigrant and native population. On the other hand, we have observed a relative worsening in the sanitary situation, what will lead to future problems whose cost will be beard mainly by the natives, among which we observe a relative worse access to water, sewer and garbage collection. Therefore, we conclude that, in order to provide tourism in a sustainable way, the municipality of Porto Seguro requires a better preservation of its natural capital.

A utilização de serviços odontológicos entre crianças e fatores associados em Sobral, Ceará, Brasil

NORO, L. R. A. et al. A utilização de serviços odontológicos entre crianças e fatores associados em Sobral, Ceará, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública, v. 24, n. 7, p. 1509-1516. 2008. ISSN 0102-311X.

Habitabilidade na cidade sobre as águas: desafios da implantação de infra-estrutura de saneamento nas palafitas do Igarapé do Quarenta bairro Japiim Manaus/AM

The present research if inserts in the subject of the habitation of social interest and its relation with the sanitation infra-structure questions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). Having as study universe the narrow river of the Forty , situated one in the city of Manaus, capital of Amazon, approaches questions that if present between the necessities of housing and the especificidades of the natural environment, whose characteristics evidence limits for the implantation of adequate habitations. The objective is to analyze the possibilities and the limits of the urbanística regularization in the palafitas of the narrow rivers of Manaus, in view of the factors of habitability and ambient protection, expresses for the sanitation system - sanitary exhaustion, water supply, urban draining and garbage collection. The work approaches initially relative the conceptual aspects to the subject of social habitation in the country and its relation with the habitability factors, also focusing the question of the housing and the processes of urban informality in the city of Manaus. It deals with the process of constitution of the palafitas in the space of the city and its relation with the habitacionais politics, presenting the analysis of the implantation of the palafitas in relation to the sanitation infra-structure conditions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). As conclusion, it identifies to the possibilities and limits of urbanística regularization of the palafitas implanted to the long one of the narrow river of the Forty , taking in consideration the systems of the sanitation infrastructure

Do lixo à solidariedade : avanços e perspectivas na busca de uma nova realidade

The dissertating study about the solidarity economy has the objective to analyze the four unions responsible for the selective municipal garbage collection in Natal. It aims at verifying the consolidation of these unions as solidarity economic undertakings, revealing which progresses they have made, as well as the social and economic insertion of the garbage collectors and their process of conquering citizenship. The referred four unions had been founded and are constituted, in their majority, by collectors coming from the Cidade Nova lixão (big garbage). As it was closed in August 2004, they decided to make a union in order to collecting garbage. As what concerns the methodic and theoretic proceedings, our research has been developed with a critical perspective and a qualitative approach without discarding and quantitative one. The central analytical categories of this paper are: association, work, social exclusion and citizenship. Our research has had three articulated axis which aim was to apprehend the subject, disclosing it. The exposition of the investigative results is subdivided in four chapters. The first one approaches the main aspects of the crisis of the capital and its reflexes in the world of work. Here we deal with the question the structural unemployment coming as a result of the present economic model, the mains changes verified in the Brazilian work market, as well as levels of unemployment affecting the work market in Natal s metropolitan region. The second chapter treats of the origin, concept and revival in Brazil concerning the tradition of thought and cooperative economic organization, which has recovered the central elements of the associative thought and is nowadays studied in Latin America under the name of solidarity economy. The third chapter deals with embodiment of the collectors unions, its history, appearing and development of each union. The fourth chapter presents the relative dimensions of the analysis categories supported in the reports of institutional actors as well as the perception collectors have about the recyclable stuffs, the way they face the daily life and so on, what brings about the contradictions present in their reality. The final comments sum up the main trends and particularities of the unions researched under the light of the solidarity economy and disclose the real perspectives of social and economic insertion of these collectors and the process they follow to conquest social recognition

Análise de desempenho de sistemas distribuídos de grande porte na plataforma Java

The lava Platform is increasing1y being adopted in the development of distributed sys¬tems with higb user demando This kind of application is more complex because it needs beyond attending the functional requirements, to fulfil1 the pre-established performance parameters. This work makes a study on the Java Vutual Machine (JVM), approaching its intemal aspects and exploring the garbage collection strategies existing in the literature and used by the NM. It also presents a set of tools that helps in the job of optimizing applications and others that help in the monitoring of applications in the production envi¬ronment. Doe to the great amount of technologies that aim to solve problems which are common to the application layer, it becomes difficult to choose the one with best time response and less memory usage. This work presents a brief introduction to each one of tbe possible technologies and realize comparative tests through a statistical analysis of the response time and garbage collection activity random variables. The obtained results supply engineers and managers with a subside to decide which technologies to use in large applications through the knowledge of how they behave in their environments and the amount of resources that they consume. The relation between the productivity of the technology and its performance is also considered ao important factor in this choice

Seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs in Bahia, Brazil

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs living in the urban area of the city of Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to investigate 24 serovars. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to dog owners to collect data about demography, husbandry and environmental factors. The prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in the population of 282 dogs was 7.1% (95% confidence interval: 4.4-10.7%). Serovar Copenhageni was the most prevalent, followed by serovars Bratislava, Canicola and Gryppotyphosa. No risk factor was detected with regard to demography (age, gender and breed), husbandry (Leptospira vaccinations, food and water exposure through their environment, hunting habits, contact with other animals and contact with rats) and environmental factors (sewage network, garbage collection, history of flooding, river proximity and wastelands). Despite the low prevalence found in this study, the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in healthy dogs in Ilheus indicates the presence of this agent in the environment, which may be a source of human infection. Knowledge of the serovars present in this environment is important for understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis and establishing public health policies aimed at its control. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da leishmaniose visceral canina em Poxoréo, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brazil

O cão doméstico desempenha importante papel como reservatório na transmissão da leishmaniose visceral ao homem, zoonose de grande importância em saúde pública. Realizou-se avaliação epidemiológica da leishmaniose visceral em 1.112 cães domiciliados no município de Poxoréo, estado do Mato Grosso e observou-se prevalência de 7,8%. Observou-se ainda associação estatisticamente significativa entre a prevalência de leishmaniose visceral canina e as variáveis faixa etária, presença de sinais clínicos e presença de outra espécie animal co-habitando com os cães avaliados, tendo sido as galinhas mais freqüentemente observadas entre os animais soropositivos. O sexo, a coleta de lixo domiciliar bem como a renda familiar não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina. A análise dos resultados sugere que cães com idade superior a sete anos e a , presença de outra espécie animal co-habitando com os cães podem ser fatores de risco para a leishmaniose visceral canina.