Comparison between GdDTPA and two gadolinium polyoxometalates as potential MRI contrast agents

Two gadolinium polyoxometalates, Gd2P2W18O62 and K-15[(GdO)(3)(PW9O34)(2)], have been evaluated by in vivo as well as in vitro experiments as the candidates of tissue-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. T-1-relaxivities of 28.4 mM(-1)-s(-1) for Gd2P2W18O62 and 11.2 mM(-1)-s(-1) for K-15[(GdO)(3)(PW9O34)(2)] (400 MHz, 25 degreesC) were higher than that of the commercial MRI contrast agent (GdDTPA). Their relaxivities in bovine serum albumin and human serum transferrin were also reported. The favorable liver-specific contrast enhancement and renal excretion capability in in vivo MRI with Sprague-Dawley rats after i.v. administration of K-15[(GdO)(3)(PW9O34)(2)] was demonstrated. In vivo and in vitro assay showed that K-15[(GdO)(3)(PW9O34)(2)] is a promising liver-specific MRI contrast agent. However, Gd2P2W18O62 did not show the favorable quality in vivo as expected from its high relaxivity in vitro, which was attributed to low bioavailability, indicating that it is of limited value as tissue-specific MRI contrast agent.

电中性的GdDTPA双酰胺衍生物作为MRI造影剂

1988年德国卫生局批准(NMG)_2[Gd(DTPA)·H_2O]可作为 MRI 造影剂临床应用(商品名为 Magnevist),NMG 为 N-甲基葡萄糖胺根。从药物动力学角度看,Gd(DTPA)具有弛豫性强、毒性小、细胞外分布、不通过正常的血脑屏障、迅速由肾脏排出、在人体内结构稳定、具有高溶解度等特征。Gd(DTPA)对中枢神经系统病变增强效果良好,但是组织分布无特异性,对腹部器官如肝脏、脾脏的成像效果较差。为了改善其器官选择性,而且使生物体更易接受,减少毒副作用,人们在电中性的 GdDTPA 衍生物方面作了许多努力。

NMR relaxation studies of GdDTPA in human serum albumin solution

The water relaxation enhancement behavior of GdDTPA in human serum albumin (HSA) solution has been studied. The results indicate that GdDTPA can integrate noncovalently with HSA, mainly in forms of (GdDTPA)HSA and (GdDTPA),HSA, for which the apparent equilibrium constants are 0.05 mM(-1) and 0.02 mM(-2), respectively. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

现代NMR技术在生物医学中的应用－－稀土对大鼠代谢产物的影响及磁共振造影剂性质的研究

近年来，随着脉冲傅里叶变换核磁共振波谱仪灵敏度的提高及计算机技术的进步，使NMR技术在生物领域的应用有了飞速的发展。论文应用NMR技术研究了稀土化合物（硝酸镧）对大鼠体内代谢产物的影响。对Wistar种大鼠按不同剂量给药（灌胃和腹腔注射两种方式）后的尿液和血清中的代谢物质的~1H NMR谱数据进行研究，并结合血清、尿液中生化指标的检测结果，指出稀土作用后大鼠肾脏的肾小管及肝脏线粒体均受到一定程度的损害，随稀土摄入量的增多，损害程度越严重。并提出代谢物中尿素、Suc、Kg、Cit、DMA、DMG、TMAO和氨基酸等可以作为肾脏受损伤的NMR markers，而乙醇、Lac和Tau可作为肝脏受损伤的NMR markers。实验中最小剂量为0.05 mg La(NO_3)_3/kg体重，仍有机体受损的NMR信号，说明稀土的安全剂量小于这一数值。在临床磁共振成像中，造影剂是医学诊断中的一种重要辅助试剂。本文采用NMR水弛豫分析法研究了GdDTPA及Gd(cycle-DTPA-1,2-PN)、Gd(DTPA－BIN)在水溶液和BSA溶液中的弛豫性质，为研究顺磁性金属配合物与蛋白质间相互作用情况提供了有效方法；对配体cycle-DTPA-1,2-pn、DTPA－BIN做了~1H NMR滴定研究，得出其质子解离过程和解离常数，并采用半经验量化计算方法计算了两种配体的质子化过程，得到了与~1H NMR滴定一致的结果。结果表明将NMR实验和量化计算方法结合，是考察复杂配体热力学稳定性的有效方法。

核磁共振技术在生物医学及临床评价中的应用--磁共振成像造影剂及稀土的生物效应研究

近年来，随着高场傅里叶变换核磁共振波谱仪灵敏度的提高、分辨率的增加、化学位移的扩展、多脉冲实验技术的发展以及计算机技术的不断进步，使NMR技术和MRI技术在生物和医学领域的应用有了飞速的发展。论文工作围绕新型MRI造影剂的研制和稀土对动物体液代谢产物的影响及作用，进行了较系统的研究。合成了四种稀土配合物：K_(11)[Gd(PW_(11)o_(39)]_2]、K_9GdW_(10)O_(36)、Gd_2(P_2W_(18)O_(62)、K_(15)[(GdO)_3(PW_9O_(34)_2]和四种中性的多竣多胺类稀土配合物：Gd(DTPA-BDEA）、Gd(DTPA-BDMA)、Gd(DTPA-BIN)和Gd(cyclic-DTPA-1,2-pn),从对造影剂临床应用的一般要求出发，对其进行了表征和溶解性、稳定性及体外的弛豫实验，指出它们是潜在的较好的MRI造影剂。在此基础上，通过大鼠体内的MRI实验考察了／又种造影剂侯选化合物的体内弛豫效率、选择性及体内滞留时间和代谢情况，并与目前临床普遍运用的造影剂GdDTPA进行了比较。并结合动物急性毒性实验(LD_(50)测定）对其进行综合评价，且对其应用于临床的可能性进行了探讨。结果表明，K_(11)[Gd(PW_(11)O_(39)_2]、K_9GdW_(10)O_(36)、K_(15)[GdO)_3(PW_9O_(34)_2]和Gd(DTPA-BDMA), Gd(DTPA-BIN), Gd(cyclic-DTPA-1,2-pn)是良好的具有肝脏选择性的MRI造影剂，K_(15)[(GdO_3(PW_9O_(34)_2]、Gd(cyclic-DTPA-1,2-pn)Gd(DTPA-BDMA)具有良好的肾脏代谢性能，另外KgGdW10036有可能对病理状态的诊断有一定的作用。首次运用高分辨'H NMR技术，检测了大鼠长期服用不同剂量硝酸斓(0,0.05, 0.2, 2.0, 10, 20 mg/kg体重）和农用稀土微肥常乐(La203: 30.48%, Ce02: 54.67,Pr6011: 6.05%, Nd203: 8.8%) (0, 0.1, 0.2, 2.0, 10, 20 mg/kg体重）后血清及尿液中的代谢物如柠檬酸、酮体、肌酸酚、二甲胺、二甲基甘氨酸、TMAO、氨基酸和乳酸、唬拍酸、牛磺酸等的浓度、物种的变化，并用ICP-MS法测定了长期口服常乐后大鼠各组织及脏器中的稀土含量，并结合一些生化指标的测试，对稀土在体内与细胞、组织和器官的作用机理及在动物体内的积累、排泄和远期毒性进行了有意义的探讨。结果表明，高剂量稀土在体内长期作用，可能导致动物肝脏和肾脏特定部位（如肾小管、'肾乳头、肝脏线粒体）受到选择性的损伤，且损害程度与剂量成正比关系。并发现，不同的稀土离子在体内有不同的作用方式，不同的稀土离子在体内有不同的代谢和累积速率，而且动物对稀土的毒性可能有一个适应过程。低剂量稀土对代谢没有明显影响，并建议了一个较安全剂量，但仍需对稀土的农用安全性进行进一步研究。

新型选择性磁共振成像造影剂的设计、合成及性质

近年来，随着磁共振血管造影（magnetic resonance angiography，MRA）、功能磁共振成像（fuectional MRI）、灌注磁共振成像中erfusion MRI）、扩散加权磁共振成像（diffusion weigllted MRI）等新M班技术的发展和在临床诊断应用中的普及，磁共振成像造影剂的研究和开发已经成为一个日益重要的研究领域。其中大分子造影剂由于具有弛豫效率高、在血池中停留时间长及可能的组织、器官选择性等特点更是受到MRI造影剂研究者的广泛关注。论文工作围绕新型MRI造影剂的研制进行了较系统的研究，主要实验结果归纳如下：（1）以天然多糖为载体的M斑造影剂设计合成了四种天然多糖修饰的Gd-DTPA配合物：AG-（Gd-DTPA）n、PQPS-（Gd-DTPA）n、GAPS-（Gd-DTPA）n和EAPS-（Gd-DTPA）。通过体外弛豫时间测试和体内磁共振成像实验研究其弛豫性能、器官选择性、体内滞留时间和代谢情况，结合体外稳定性和溶血性综合评价了其应用于临床的可能性。研究结果表明，不同类型多糖Gd-DTPA配合物在水溶液中弛豫性能相近，为Gd-DTPA的1.5-2.0倍，对肝脏信号的增强效果是Gd-DTPA的3.0倍左右，并且能在较长时间内产生稳定良好的增强效果。肝脏信号的增强效果随多糖Gd-DTPA配合物分子量的增加基本呈现出升高趋势，表明分子量影响其肝脏分布，分子量越大越易于在肝脏积累。其中，AG-（GdDTPA）n表现出了良好的肝脏选择性和肾脏代谢性能，有望成为有前景的肝脏选择性造影剂。而EAPS-（Gd-DTPA）n在肾脏中的代谢速率较慢，这一特性在磁共振血管造影及灌注磁共振成像的研究中极有帮助。（2）稀土杂多配合物M班造影剂设计合成了三种夹心型稀土杂多配合物：K13［Gd（Siw11O39）］、K11H6［Gd3O3（SiWgO34）2］及K17［Gd（PZW17O61）2］，通过体外弛豫性能、稳定性、溶血性及体内急性毒性、磁共振成像实验，对其体外体内的增强效果和安全性进行了较全面的评价。K13［Gd（SIWllO39）2］和K17〔Gd（PZwl7o61）2］在水溶液中的弛豫效率略高于Gd-DTPA，而K11H6［Gd3O3（SiW9O34）2］在水溶液中的弛豫效率是Gd-DTPA的3.5倍左右。磁共振成像实验表明：K13［Gd（SIWll。动2］、K11H6［Gd3O3（siwgo34）2」和K17［Gd（P ZwI7o61）2］对肝脏产生的增强效果分别为Gd-DTPA的1.5、2.5和3.5倍左右，对肾脏的增强效果不及Gd-DTPA。通过与磷钨杂多配合物的比较发现，具有相同构型的稀土杂多配合物对肝脏和肾脏产生的增强效果相近，肝脏信号增强的顺序为Gd（凡wl7）2＞Gd3（XW9）2＞Gd（XW11）2，肾脏信号增强的顺序为Gd3（XW9）2≈Gd（XW11）2＞Gd（X2W17）2。总体来说，稀土杂多配合物在体内的分布和代谢是由其构型、离子大小、所带负电荷等因素决定的，受结构中的杂原子影响不大。

Mn(II)-monosubstituted polyoxometalates as candidates for contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging

Two mono-substituted manganese polyoxometalates, K6MnSiW11O39 (MnSiW11) and K8MnP2W17O61 (MnP2W17), have been evaluated by in vivo and in vitro experiments as the candidates of potential tissue-specific contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T-1-relaxivities of 12.1 mM(-1) s(-1) for MnSiW11 and 4.7 mM(-1) s(-1) for MnP2W17 (400 MHz, 25 degrees C) were higher than or similar to that of the commercial MRI contrast agent (GdDTPA). Their relaxivities in BSA and hTf solutions were also reported. After administration of MnSiW11 and MnP2W17 to Wistar rats, MR imaging showed longer and remarkable enhancement in rat liver and favorable renal excretion capability. The signal intensity increased by 74.0 +/- 4.9% for the liver during the whole imaging period (90 min) and by 67.2 +/- 5.3% for kidney within 20-70 min after injection at 40 +/- 3 mu mol kg(-1) dose for MnSiW11. MnP2W17 induced 71.5 +/- 15.1%. enhancement for the liver in 10-45 min range and 73.1 +/- 3.2% enhancement for kidney within 5-40 min after injection at 39 +/- 3 mu mol kg(-1) dose. In vitro and in vivo study showed MnSiW11 and MnP2W17 being favorable candidates as the tissue-specific contrast agents for MRI.

The gadolinium complexes with polyoxometalates as potential MRI contrast agents

The two gadolinium (Gd) polyoxometalates, K-15[Gd(BW11O39)(2)] [Gd(BW11)(2)] and K-17[Gd(CuW11O39)(2)] [Gd(CuW11)(2)] have been evaluated by in vivo and in vitro experiments as the candidates of potential tissue-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. T-1 relaxivities of 17.12 mM(-1) . s(-1) for Gd(BW11)(2) and 19.95 mM(-1) . s(-1) for Gd(CuW11)(2) (400MHz, 25 degrees C) were much higher than that of the commercial MRI contrast agent (GdDTPA). Their relaxivities in bovine serum albumin and human serum transferrin solutions were also reported. After administration of Gd(BW11)(2) and Gd(CuW11)(2) to Wistar rats, MRI showed longer and remarkable enhancement in rat liver and favorable renal excretion capability. The signal intensity increased by 37.63 +/- 3.45% for the liver during the whole imaging period (100 min) and by 61.47 +/- 10.03% for kidney within 5-40 min after injection at 40 +/- 1-mu mol . kg(-1) dose for Gd(CuW11)(2), and Gd(BW11)(2) induced 50.44 +/- 3.51% enhancement in the liver in 5-50-min range and 61.47 +/- 10.03% enhancement for kidney within 5-40 min after injection at 39 +/- 4 mu mol . kg(-1) dose. In vitro and in vivo study showed that Gd(BW11)(2) and Gd(CuW11)(2) are favorable candidates as tissue-specific contrast agents for MRI.

Investigation of sandwiched gadolinium(III) complexes with tungstosilicates as potential MRI contrast agents

Two gadolinium-sandwiched complexes with tungstosilicates, K-13[Gd(SiW11O39)(2)] (Gd(SiW11)(2)) and K11H6[Gd2O3(SiW9O34)(2)] (Gd-3(SiW9)(2)), have been investigated by in vitro and in vivo experiments as potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T-1-relaxivity of Gd(SiW11)(2)was 6.59 mM(-1) . s(-1) in aqueous solution and 6.85 mM(-1) . s(-1) in 0.725 mmol . L-1 bovine serum albumin solution at 25degreesC and 9.39 T, respectively. The corresponding T-1-relaxivity of Gd-3(SiW9)(2) was 12.6 and 19.3 mM(-1) . s(-1) per Gd, respectively. MRI for Sprague-Dawley rats showed longer and more remarkable enhancement in rat liver after i.v. injection of these two complexes: 39.4 +/- 3.9% and 57.4 +/- 11.6% within the first 30 min after injection, 31.2 +/- 2.6% and 39.9 +/- 7.6% in the next 60 min for Gd(SiW11)(2) and Gd-3(SiW9)(2) at doses of 0.081 and 0.084 mmol Gd/kg, respectively. Our preliminary in vitro and in vivo study indicates that Gd(SiW11)(2) and Gd-3(SiW9)(2) are favorable candidates for hepatic contrast agents for MRI. However, the two complexes exhibit higher acute toxicity and need to be modified and studied further before clinical use.

Gadolinium heteropoly complex K-17[Gd(P2W17O61)(2)] as a potential MRI contrast agent

Gadolinium heteropoly complex K-17[Gd(P2W17O61)(2)] has been evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments as a potential contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The thermal analysis and conductivity study indicate that this complex has good thermal stability and wide pH stability range. The T-1 relaxivity is 7.59 mM(-1) s(-1) in aqueous solution and 7.97 mM(-1) s(-1) in 0.725 mmol l(-1) bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution at 25degreesC and 9.39 T, respectively. MR imaging of three male Sprague-Dawley rats showed remarkable enhancement in rat liver after intravenous injection, which persisted longer than with Gd-DTPA. The signal intensity increased by 57.1 +/- 16.9% during the whole imaging period at 0.082 mmol kg(-1) dose. Our preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that K-17[Gd(P2W17O61)(2)] is a potential liver-specific MRI contrast agent.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel polysaccharide-Gd-DTPA compounds as contrast agent for MRI

Macromolecular conjugates of two kinds of natural polysaccharides, that from Panax quinquefolium linn (PQPS) and Ganoderma applanatum pat (GAPS), with gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) have been synthesized and characterized by means of FTIR, elementary analysis and ICP-AES. Their stability was investigated by competition study with Ca2+, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and DTPA. Polysaccharide-bound complexes exhibit T-1 relaxivities of 1.5-1.7 times that of Gd-DTPA in D2O at 25degreesC and 9.4T. MR imaging of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed remarkable enhancement in rat liver and kidney after i.v. injection of these two complexes: liver parenchyma 60.9+/-5.6%, 57.8+/-7.4% at 65-85 min; kidney 144.9+/-14.5%, 199.9+/-25.4% at 10-30 min for PQPS-GdDTPA, GAPS-Gd-DTPA at gadolinium dose of 0.083 and 0.082 mmol/kg, respectively. Our preliminary in vivo and in vitro study indicates that the two kinds of polysaccharide-bound complexes are potential tissue-specific contrast agents for MRI.

Comparison between Gd-DTPA and several bisamide derivatives as potential MRI contrast agents

Four neutral gadolinium complexes of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-bisamide derivatives have been synthesized and characterized. Their potential application as tissue-specific and low-osmolarity MRI contrast agents has been evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Their measured relaxivities in D2O, bovine serum albumin and human serum transferrin solutions showed favorable relaxation ability. In vivo studies have proven that Gd(DTPA-BDMA), Gd(DTPA-BIN), and Gd(cyclic-DTPA-1,2-pn) could be promising liver-specific MRI contrast agents and Gd(DTPA-BDMA), and Gd(cyclic-DTPA-1,2-pn) have favorable renal excretion capability. Among them, Gd(cyclic-DTPA-1,2-pn) is a more powerful hepatic contrast agent and Gd(DTPA-BIN) provides the stable imaging contrast for several hours. They also show a lower toxicity.

2D NMR and FT-Raman spectroscopic studies on the interaction of lanthanide ions and Ln-DTPA with phospholipid bilayers

The interactions of lanthanide ions and the Ln-DTPA (DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetate) complex with di palmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) bilayers are studied by 2D NOESY and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Proton NMR spectroscopic results show that lanthanide ions combine with phosphate groups in the polar region of the outer layer of DPPC liposomes, leading to the separation in chemical shift of the proton signal of N(CH3)(3) The conformational change of the O-C-C-N+ backbone from the gauche conformer to the trans one is not found; i.e., the orientation of the polar headgroup is still parallel to the surface of the bilayers. The Ln-DTPA complex at low concentration in a pH 7.4 solution localizes far away from bilayers and thereby has little effect on the structure of bilayers. The FT-Raman spectroscopic results indicate that lanthanide ions affect strongly the fluidity of acyl chains of DPPE bilayers while the Ln-DTPA complex affects it slightly.

LANTHANIDE-INDUCED SHIFT AND RELAXATION RATE STUDIES OF THE AQUEOUS COMPLEXATION OF CITRATE

The aqueous complexation of lanthanide ions with citrate in pH 7.4 solution has been investigated with use of the lanthanide-induced shift and paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancement methods. The results show that citrate coordinates via hydroxyl and central carboxylate groups with lanthanide ions and forms 1:2 (Ln/cit) isostructural complexes through the lanthanide series. A new possible coordination geometry deduced from our experimental data is suggested and discussed.