Projeto, construção e análise de desempenho de um forno solar alternativo tipo caixa a baixo custo

An alternative box-type solar oven constructed from the scrap iron of a gas conventional cook is presented, which functions principles are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The oven of the conventional cook is the baking enclosure where the absorber (pot) of the solar oven is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parabola was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation in the interior of the oven. The oven is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove in study will be demonstrate The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 150°C and the internal temperature around 120°C. Will demonstrate that its low cost and good thermal performance represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world

Construção e análise de desempenho de um forno/fogão solar tipo caixa construído a partir de uma sucata de pneu

An alternative box-type solar cooker built starting from the scrap of a tire and a scrap of old office chair is presented, which principles functions are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The tire served as structure for making of is the baking enclosure where the absorber (roasting pan 20x30cm) of the solar is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven/cook for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parable was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation inside of the oven/cook. The oven/cook is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove/cook in study will be demonstrate. The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 152,3°C and the internal temperature around 110°C. Will demonstrate that toits low cost and good thermal performance, represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world

Construção e avaliação térmica de um fogão solar tipo caixa

The present work presents a contribution in the study of modelings of transference of heat for foods submitted to the experimental tests in the considered solar oven, where the best modeling for the beefburger of chicken in study was evaluated, comparing the results, considering this food as a half-infinite(1er object considered model) and,after that, considered the chicken beefburger as a plain plate in transient regimen in two distinct conditions: not considering and another model considering the contribution of the generation term, through the Criterion of Pomerantsev. The Sun, beyond life source, is the origin of all the energy forms that the man comes using during its history and can be the reply for the question of the energy supplying in the future, a time that learns to use to advantage in rational way the light that this star constantly special tax on our planet. Shining more than the 5 billion years, it is calculated that the Sun still in them will privilege for others 6 billion years, or either, it is only in the half of its existence and will launch on the Earth, only in this year, 4000 times more energy that we will consume. Front to this reality, would be irrational not to search, by all means technical possible, to use to advantage this clean, ecological and gratuitous power plant. In this dissertation evaluate the performance of solar cooker of the type box. Laboratory of Solar Energy of the Federal University of the Great River of North - UFRN was constructed by the group (LES) a model of solar stove of the type box and was tested its viability technique, considering modeling foods submitted when baking in the solar oven, the cooker has main characteristic the easiness of manufacture and assembly, the low cost (was used material accessible composition to the low income communities) and simplicity in the mechanism of movement of the archetype for incidence of the direct solar light. They had been proposals modeling for calculations of food the minimum baking time, considering the following models of transference of heat in the transient state: object the halfinfinite, plain plate and the model of the sphere to study the necessary temperature for the it bakes of bread (considering spherical geometry). After evaluate the models of transmission of heat will be foods submitted you the processes of to it bakes of, the times gotten for the modeling with the experimental times of it bakes in the solar oven had been compared, demonstrating the modeling that more good that it portraies the accuracies of the results of the model

Colchões do tipo caixa de ovo: um reservatório de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina?

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições microbiológicas de colchões caixa de ovo em uso hospitalar com a finalidade de identificar a presença de Staphylococcus aureus e seu fenótipo de resistência à meticilina (MRSA). Coletaram-se as amostras microbiológicas nos colchões por meio de placas de contato PetrifilmTM em posições pré-estabelecidas. Totalizou-se 180 placas coletadas em 15 colchões, das quais 139 (72,2%) foram positivas para Staphylococcus aureus. Desse total, 77 (55,4%) e 62 (44,6%) corresponderam respectivamente à coleta antes e após a lavagem dos colchões. Evidenciou-se redução significante (p=0,023) das Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC), entretanto com relação ao perfil de resistência foi identificado 8 (53,3%) colchões com MRSA. Diante dos resultados, pode-se inferir sobre o risco destes colchões atuarem como reservatórios secundários na cadeia de infecção, especialmente no que se refere à presença de MRSA.

Estudo comparativo da capacidade de assamento de dois fornos solares com diferentes configurações

This research is presented as a comparative study about the baking capacity of two box type ovens, produced from a packing case used to equipment transportation. The two ovens have different internal settings, with the greenhouse effect and the concentration of incident solar radiation as the main parameters of differentiation. The main features of the ovens are the low cost, the reuse of materials, the manufacturing and assembly processes simplified, the easy management and the ability of baking a variety of foods simultaneously. The manufacturing and operation of the ovens can be handled by any social and intellectual level of people. The feasibility of the ovens to bake the tested foods was proved with success, ensuring the supremacy of the mirrored oven. The results obtained for both ovens were competitive even with the conventional gas oven, producing the baking of three cakes with 750g in just 80 minutes.

Viabilidade térmica de um forno solar fabricado com sucatas de pneus

The proposed design provides a solar furnace alternative, box-like, low-cost operation to be used in cooking, comprising three scrap tires to make the recycling thereof. The tires were coupled to each other, forming an enclosure, which stood on its bottom covered by a parable multiple mirrors made from a urupema (sieve indigenous) and the inner sides of the oven aluminum sheet painted black, obtained from beer cans, thus being made to obtain the increase in the concentration of solar radiation incident on the inside of the prototype studied. Two tires were attached, leaving an air layer between them, with the function of thermal insulation. The third tire aimed to support the other two and thermally insulate the bottom of the oven. Externally was placed a metal frame with flat mirrors to reflect the incident rays into the oven, having a mobility to correct the apparent motion of the sun. Its primary feature is the viability of clean, renewable energy to society by tackling the ecological damage caused by the large-scale use of wood for cooking food. The tests show that the furnace reached the maximum temperature of 123.8 °C and baking various foods such as pizza, bun, and other lasagne in an average time 50 minutes. Proves the feasibility of using the oven. Presenting still able to improve their performance with the addition of new materials, equipment and techniques

Fabricação e estudo de um forno solar com dispositivo de transporte

It presents a solar oven manufactured from MDF boards intended for the baking of foods such as pizza, cakes, breads, hamburgers and the like. They will be given the manufacturing processes and assembly of such an oven which has features of low cost manufacturing. The main feature of the proposed furnace and can be transported to any locations because it is seated on a device for carrying case / backpack. Tests will be conducted for the baking of various foods and their results will be compared with the various types of existing solar ovens shown by the literature. They will analyze the thermal and economic feasibility of such an oven that can provide socialization of the use of solar energy for poor communities and can become a source of generation of employment and income. The proposed solar oven baking has capacity for two foods and can be manufactured to allow multiple simultaneous baking of food.

Síntese e caracterização estrutural do niobato de potássio e estrôncio com estrutura tipo Tetragonal Tungstênio Bronze TTB

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Impiego di ingredienti funzionali nel rallentamento del raffermamento in prodotti da forno

ALMA MASTER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA CAMPUS DI CESENA SCUOLA DI AGRARIA E MEDICINA VETERINARIA CORSO DI LAUREA IN SCIENZE E TECNOLOGIE ALIMENTARI Impiego di ingredienti funzionali nel rallentamento del raffermamento in prodotti da forno Relazione finale in Tecnologia dei Cereali e Derivati Relatore Dr. Giangaetano Pinnavaia Correlatrice Dr.ssa Federica Balestra Presentato da Caterina Azzarone Sessione II° Anno Accademico 2014/2015 Introduzione La focaccia è un prodotto lievitato da forno molto diffuso e consumato in tutta Italia. Essendo un prodotto fresco è soggetta al raffermamento. Lo scopo della sperimentazione è stato quello di valutare l’influenza di un amido waxy e di un enzima sulle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche e sensoriali di un prodotto da forno tipo focaccia durante lo stoccaggio. Materiali e metodi Le focacce sono state realizzate addizionando alla formulazione degli ingredienti in grado di contrastare il fenomeno del raffermamento: il Panenzyme AM 100 allo 0,005% (E5)e 0,01%(E10); e il Novation TM 2700 (amido di mais waxy) al 2.5%(N2.5) e 5%(N5). I campioni sono stati posti a confronto con un campione di controllo (C) I campioni sono stati stoccati in cella termostatata a 5C° e 50% UR. Le analisi sono state effettuate rispettivamente dopo 1,2,3,7 e 10 giorni dalla preparazione. Sull’impasto è stato valutato lo sviluppo in volume ogni 30 minuti durante la lievitazione (2h) a 36C° e 86% UR. Sulle focacce sono state effettuate le seguenti determinazioni analitiche: • Analisi dei gas nello spazio di testa delle confezioni. • La determinazione dell’umidità • Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) test • Test di rilassamento (Hold until Time test) • L’analisi sensoriale effettuata sia dopo 1 giorno (T1) sia dopo 10 giorni di conservazione (T10). Conclusioni In particolare, il campione addizionato con enzima in percentuale dello 0,005% (E5) mostra le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche migliori al termine del periodo di conservazione, presentando il valore più elevato di umidità, il valore inferiore di durezza e maggiore di elasticità valutati strumentalmente. Anche a livello sensoriale il campione E5 presenta punteggi molto elevati. Sono state trovate, inoltre, interessanti correlazioni tra i dati dell’analisi sensoriale e quelli ottenuti dai test strumentali. Il campione realizzato con il 2.5% di amido di mais waxy (N2.5) nonostante abbia presentato a fine conservazione valori di umidità e di elasticità inferiori e risultasse più duro rispetto al campione di controllo (C), ha ottenuto i punteggi più elevati nel test sensoriale, mentre nei confronti del campione con una percentuale maggiore di amido di mais waxy (N5) è risultato migliore per tutti i parametri valutati. Si deduce che l’utilizzo di NOVATION 2007 al 2.5% e PANEENZYME AM100 allo 0,005% sono stati in grado di migliorare le caratteristiche strutturali e sensoriali del prodotto durante la conservazione, risultando il secondo il migliore in assoluto

Avaliação de danos mecânicos causados em banana Nanicão durante as etapas de beneficiamento, transporte e embalagem

This study had as objective the evaluation of mechanical damages occurred in banana Nanicão during the improvement process, packing and distribution, identifying the probable critical points. The mechanical damages caused by transport, first cleaning; cleanness and sorting; preservation in the packing, transport, and mature were evaluated. The studied packing had been: torito wooden packing (18 kg), wood type ½ box, (13 kg) and cardboard (18 kg). The stage of preservation and transport of the fruits to the distribution center duplicated the light defects and quintupled the serious defects, causing rottenness after the acclimatization. The cardboard packing did not support the piling up and presented deformations, that resulted in the kneading the fruits of the inferior packing, causing a significant increase of the serious defects. The fruits conditioned in the involved packing of plastic bubble had presented an inferior number of serious damages when compared with the others packing, without the plastic.

Qualidade pós-colheita de banana Prata Anã armazenada sob diferentes condições

O manuseio inadequado na pós-colheita tem sido responsável pela desvalorização da banana no mercado interno e pela perda de oportunidade de exportação. Outro aspecto observado é que o comércio de banana é fortemente afetado pela má apresentação dos frutos e embalagens. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita de frutos da bananeira Prata-Anã, por análises físico-químicas e sensoriais, comparando o armazenamento refrigerado (13ºC) e o realizado em temperatura ambiente, empregando-se diferentes tipos de embalagens (caixa de madeira tipo torito, com capacidade para 18kg, com revestimento de papelão para os frutos, caixa de madeira tipo ½ caixa, com capacidade para 13kg, com revestimento de papelão para os frutos e caixa de papelão com capacidade para 18kg). Também, foram avaliados os danos físicos que ocorrem na banana durante transporte até o centro de distribuição e após a climatização. A conservação em ambiente refrigerado aumentou sua vida útil. Não houve diferença significativa entre as embalagens quanto à conservação das frutas, tanto nos atributos indicativos de maturação, quanto no aumento dos danos físicos. Sendo assim, essas embalagens podem ser utilizadas como alternativa de proteção ao fruto.

Avaliação de danos mecânicos causados em banana "Nanicão" durante as etapas de beneficiamento, transporte e embalagem"

Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação de danos mecânicos ocorridos na banana "Nanicão" durante o processo de beneficiamento, transporte, embalagem e distribuição, identificando os prováveis pontos críticos. Avaliaram-se os danos mecânicos causados após o transporte, despistilagem e primeira despenca; limpeza e classificação; acondicionamento nas embalagens e transporte, e amadurecimento. As embalagens estudadas foram: embalagem de madeira torito (18 kg), madeira tipo ½ caixa (13 kg) e papelão (18 kg). Verificou-se que, na etapa de acondicionamento e transporte das frutas até o centro de distribuição, duplicaram os defeitos leves e os defeitos graves quintuplicaram, causando podridões após a climatização. A embalagem de papelão não suportou o empilhamento e apresentou deformações, que resultaram no amassamento das frutas que estavam nas embalagens inferiores e no aumento significativo dos defeitos graves. As frutas acondicionadas nas embalagens envolvidas pelo plástico bolha apresentaram menos danos graves quando comparadas às demais embalagens, sem o plástico.

Resfriamento rápido de fornos de carbonização

A importância dos recursos naturais renováveis no mundo é crescente. No processo produtivo do carvão vegetal, é possível aumentar a eficiência global de transformação da lenha de eucalipto em carvão vegetal. Em processos industriais, o tempo de resfriamento da massa de carvão varia de 6 a 8 dias, com a utilização do resfriamento natural da massa de carvão, sendo que a temperatura para a abertura dos fornos de carbonização é de cerca de 60 ºC, e a temperatura inicial da massa de carvão em torno de 480 ºC. Sendo assim, foi estudado um sistema de resfriamento de fornos de carbonização utilizando injeção de vapor de água, com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo de resfriamento do carvão. Foram construídos um forno tipo contêiner em escala de laboratório, de dimensões iguais a 3,0 x 2,0 x 1,6 m e um sistema de queima dos gases provenientes da carbonização da lenha, instrumentado com termopares tipo K e um sistema de aquisição de dados, nos Laboratórios de Energia na Agricultura e de Pré-Processamento de Produtos Agrícolas do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foi utilizada também uma caldeira para geração de vapor para o resfriamento rápido do forno. O tempo de resfriamento da massa de carvão foi reduzido em cerca de dois dias pela injeção de vapor de água, quando comparado com o processo de resfriamento natural.

Otimização Topológica com Termo-elasticidade Utilizando Elementos Tri3

This work proposes a formulation for optimization of 2D-structure layouts submitted to mechanic and thermal shipments and applied an h-adaptive filter process which conduced to computational low spend and high definition structural layouts. The main goal of the formulation is to minimize the structure mass submitted to an effective state of stress of von Mises, with stability and lateral restriction variants. A criterion of global measurement was used for intents a parametric condition of stress fields. To avoid singularity problems was considerate a release on the stress restriction. On the optimization was used a material approach where the homogenized constructive equation was function of the material relative density. The intermediary density effective properties were represented for a SIMP-type artificial model. The problem was simplified by use of the method of finite elements of Galerkin using triangles with linear Lagrangian basis. On the solution of the optimization problem, was applied the augmented Lagrangian Method, that consists on minimum problem sequence solution with box-type restrictions, resolved by a 2nd orderprojection method which uses the method of the quasi-Newton without memory, during the problem process solution. This process reduces computational expends showing be more effective and solid. The results materialize more refined layouts with accurate topologic and shape of structure definitions. On the other hand formulation of mass minimization with global stress criterion provides to modeling ready structural layouts, with violation of the criterion of homogeneous distributed stress

Otimização de forma aplicando B-splines sob critério integral de tensões

This work proposes a computational methodology to solve problems of optimization in structural design. The application develops, implements and integrates methods for structural analysis, geometric modeling, design sensitivity analysis and optimization. So, the optimum design problem is particularized for plane stress case, with the objective to minimize the structural mass subject to a stress criterion. Notice that, these constraints must be evaluated at a series of discrete points, whose distribution should be dense enough in order to minimize the chance of any significant constraint violation between specified points. Therefore, the local stress constraints are transformed into a global stress measure reducing the computational cost in deriving the optimal shape design. The problem is approximated by Finite Element Method using Lagrangian triangular elements with six nodes, and use a automatic mesh generation with a mesh quality criterion of geometric element. The geometric modeling, i.e., the contour is defined by parametric curves of type B-splines, these curves hold suitable characteristics to implement the Shape Optimization Method, that uses the key points like design variables to determine the solution of minimum problem. A reliable tool for design sensitivity analysis is a prerequisite for performing interactive structural design, synthesis and optimization. General expressions for design sensitivity analysis are derived with respect to key points of B-splines. The method of design sensitivity analysis used is the adjoin approach and the analytical method. The formulation of the optimization problem applies the Augmented Lagrangian Method, which convert an optimization problem constrained problem in an unconstrained. The solution of the Augmented Lagrangian function is achieved by determining the analysis of sensitivity. Therefore, the optimization problem reduces to the solution of a sequence of problems with lateral limits constraints, which is solved by the Memoryless Quasi-Newton Method It is demonstrated by several examples that this new approach of analytical design sensitivity analysis of integrated shape design optimization with a global stress criterion purpose is computationally efficient