Mehiläisten (Apis mellifera) kukkavierailut mansikalla (Fragaria x ananassa) ja vadelmalla (Rubus idaeus) sekä kukkavierailuihin vaikuttavat tekijät

Hyönteispölytys lisää monien ristipölytteisten viljelykasvien siemensatoa sekä parantaa sadon laatua. Marjakasveilla, kuten mansikalla ja vadelmalla marjojen koko suurenee sekä niiden laatu paranee onnistuneen pölytyksen seurauksena. Aiempien havaintojen mukaan mansikan kukat eivät pääsääntöisesti houkuttele mehiläisiä, kun taas vadelma on yksi mehiläisten pääsatokasveista. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten tehokkaasti mehiläiset vierailevat mansikalla sekä vadelmalla, keskittyen kukkakohtaisiin käynteihin tuntia kohti. Mehiläisiä voidaan käyttää Gliocladium catenulatum-vektoreina torjuttaessa mansikan ja vadelman harmaahometta (Botrytis cinerea). Kukkavierailujen perusteella arvioidaan, onko vektorilevitys riittävän tehokas torjumaan harmaahometta ja miten hyvin mehiläisiä voidaan käyttää pölytyspalveluihin, etenkin mansikalla. Havainnot kerättiin kuudelta eri tilalta Sisä-Savosta kesällä 2007. Kukkavierailuja laskettiin mansikan ja vadelman kukinnan aikana erilaisissa sääolosuhteissa, eri kellonaikoina ja eri etäisyyksillä mehiläispesistä. Kukat valittiin satunnaisesti, ja valintaperusteena oli kukan avonaisuus. Tarkkailuaika riippui mehiläisten lentoaktiivisuudesta. Mansikan koko havaintojakson keskiarvoksi tuli 1,75 käyntiä kukkaa kohti tunnissa. Vadelmalla vastaava luku oli 4,27, joten keskiarvojen perusteella vadelma oli houkuttelevampi kuin mansikka. Kasvukauden vaiheella ei ollut eroja vierailuihin kummallakaan kasvilla, mutta vuorokaudenajan suhteen vierailuja oli enemmän aamupäivällä kuin iltapäivällä. Lämpötila korreloi positiivisesti vierailutiheyden kanssa kummallakin kasvilla. Sääolosuhteet rajoittivat havaintojen keräämistä ja kesä oli erittäin sateinen. Mehiläiset vierailivat kukissa riittävästi haastavissakin sääolosuhteissa niin, että harmaahometorjunta onnistui. Vektorilevitystä suunnitellessa, etenkin mansikalla, tulee ottaa huomioon pesien sijoittelu sekä riittävä lukumäärä. Pesien ravinnontarpeen tulee olla suuri, jotta mehiläiset keräisivät ravintoa kukista mahdollisimman tehokkaasti. Pesiin voidaan lisätä tarvittaessa avosikiöitä tai poistaa siitepölyvarastoja ravinnonkeruuaktiivisuuden lisäämiseksi. Lisätutkimusta tarvitaan pesien sijoittelun, kilpailevien kasvien sekä mansikkalajikkeiden houkuttelevuuden vaikutuksesta vierailutiheyteen. Suomalaisten mansikkalajikkeiden meden sekä siitepölyneritystä olisi myös hyvä selvittää.

Influencia de distintas citocininas en el cultivo in vitro de apices caulinares de Fragaria x ananassa y F. virginiana

p.65-70

Estudo da recuperação da deficiência de ferro em plantas de morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) numa perspectiva sustentável

Consulta interdita até nova indicação

Histone H4 gene expression and morphological changes on shoot apices of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) during floral induction

To investigate flower induction in June-bearing strawberry plants, morphological changes in shoot apices and Historic H4 expression in the central zone during flower initiation were observed. Strawberry plants were placed under flower inducible, short-day conditions (23 degrees C/17 degrees C, 10 h day length) for differing number of days (8, 16, 20, 24 or 32 days) and then these plants were transferred to non-inducible, long-day conditions (25 degrees C/20 degrees C, 14 h day length). The shoot apices of plants placed under short-day conditions for 8 days were flat, similar to shoot apices of plants in the vegetative phase of development, and Histone H4 was not expressed in the central zone during the experimental period. On the other hand, the shoot apices of plants placed under short-day conditions for 16 days remained flat, similar to shoot apices of plants placed under short-day conditions for 8 days, but Histone H4 was expressed in the central zone at the end of the short-day treatment. Morphological changes in the shoot apices of these plants were observed 8 days after the change in day-length. These plants developed differentiated flower organs after they were grown for another 30 days under long-day conditions. These results indicate that changes in the expression pattern of the Histone H4 gene occur before morphological changes during flower induction and that the expression of the gene in the central zone can be used as one of the indicators of the flowering process in strawberries. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A SEPALLATA gene is involved in the development and ripening of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) fruit, a non-climacteric tissue

Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits have traditionally been viewed as representing two distinct programmes of ripening associated with differential respiration and ethylene hormone effects. In climacteric fruits, such as tomato and banana, the ripening process is marked by increased respiration and is induced and co-ordinated by ethylene, while in non-climacteric fruits, such as strawberry and grape, it is controlled by an ethylene-independent process with little change in respiration rate. The two contrasting mechanisms, however, both lead to texture, colour, and flavour changes that probably reflect some common programmes of regulatory control. It has been shown that a SEPALLATA(SEP)4-like gene is necessary for normal ripening in tomato. It has been demonstrated here that silencing a fruit-related SEP1/2-like (FaMADS9) gene in strawberry leads to the inhibition of normal development and ripening in the petal, achene, and receptacle tissues. In addition, analysis of transcriptome profiles reveals pleiotropic effects of FaMADS9 on fruit development and ripening-related gene expression. It is concluded that SEP genes play a central role in the developmental regulation of ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. These findings provide important information to extend the molecular control of ripening in a non-climacteric fruit beyond the limited genetic and cultural options currently available.

Análise do comportamento da cultura do morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) em condições de cultivo hidropônico

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Qualita di nuove accessioni di fragola (fragaria x ananassa) in funzione del tipo di materiale di propagazione: Aspetti analitici e sensoriali

La ricerca è stata svolta presso il Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura di Forlì (CRA-FRF) ed ha riguardato lo studio delle caratteristiche qualitative e di alcuni composti bioattivi dei frutti di 10 diverse accessioni varietali di fragola (6 varietà: Alba, Nora, Garda, Jonica, Brilla, Pircinque; 4 selezioni in avanzata fase di studio ottenute nell’ambito dei programmi di breeding pubblico-privati condotti e coordinati dal CRA-FRF: CE 51, CE 56, VR 177.2, VR 4) coltivate per un biennio nello stesso ambiente (cesenate). Sono state considerate due differenti tipologie di piante: frigoconservata (tipologia tradizionale) e fresca “cima radicata” (tipologia innovativa che si sta sempre più affermando presso i produttori). L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è finalizzato alla caratterizzazione qualitativa e nutrizionale dei frutti raccolti dalle due tipologie di pianta. L’interesse di monitorare l’effetto di questa innovativa tecnica di coltivazione deriva dalla sua sempre maggiore affermazione in quanto consente una significativa riduzione dei costi di produzione. Lo studio delle 10 accessioni di fragola (tra cui quelle che attualmente stanno dominando lo standard varietale del Nord Italia) può permettere di aggiungere informazioni importanti sulla loro caratterizzazione qualitativa, in particolare sulle caratteristiche sensoriali mediante un approccio quantitativo descrittivo. Infine, la ripetizione dello studio per due annate differenti può consentire di valutare l’influenza del fattore “anno” sui caratteri studiati.

QTLs mapping for primary metabolites responsible of the organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is the berry fruit most consumed worldwide and is well-known for its delicate flavour and nutritional properties. However, fruit quality attributes have been lost or reduced after years of traditional breeding focusing mainly on agronomical traits. To face the obstacles encountered in the improvement of cultivated crops, new technological tools, such as genomics and high throughput metabolomics, are becoming essential for the identification of genetic factors responsible of organoleptic and nutritive traits. Integration of “omics” data will allow a better understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the accumulation of metabolites involved in the flavour and nutritional value of the fruit. To identify genetic components affecting/controlling? fruit metabolic composition, here we present a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using a 95 F1 segregating population derived from genotypes ‘1392’, selected for its superior flavour, and ‘232’ selected based in high yield (Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2011; Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2012). Metabolite profiling was performed on red stage strawberry fruits using gas chromatography hyphenated to time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which is a rapid and highly sensitive approach, allowing a good coverage of the central pathways of primary metabolism. Around 50 primary metabolites, including sugars, sugars derivatives, amino and organic acids, were detected and quantified after analysis in each individual of the population. QTL mapping was performed on the ‘232’ x ‘1392’ population separately over two successive years, based on the integrated linkage map (Sánchez-Sevilla et al., 2015). First, significant associations between metabolite content and molecular markers were identified by the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis. Then, interval mapping (IM), as well as the multiple QTL method (MQM) allowed the identification of QTLs in octoploid strawberry. A permutation test established LOD thresholds for each metabolite and year. A total of 132 QTLs were detected in all the linkage groups over the two years for 42 metabolites out of 50. Among them, 4 (9.8%) QTLs for sugars, 9 (25%) for acids and 7 (12.7%) for amino acids were stable and detected in the two successive years. We are now studying the QTLs regions in order to find candidate genes to explain differences in metabolite content in the different individuals of the population, and we expect to identify associations between genes and metabolites which will help us to understand their role in quality traits of strawberry fruit.

The performance of strawberry plugs in Queensland

Plugs or containerized plants can offer several advantages over traditional bare-rooted runner plants for strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) production. Some of these benefits include easier planting, better establishment, fewer pests and diseases, and lower water use during plant establishment resulting in less leaching of applied fertilizers. Plugs also offer the potential for mechanical planting. In some areas of Europe and North America, plugs provide earlier production, greater productivity and larger fruit than runners. Research has also shown that the plants can be grown under short days and low temperatures to manipulate flower initiation and fruiting. Plugs are more expensive to buy compared with runner plants, and will only be adopted by industry if the extra costs are matched by convenience, resource conservation, increased fruiting and returns to producers. We investigated the productivity of 'Festival' and 'Sugarbaby' propagated as plugs (75 cm3 containers) and runners from Stanthorpe in southern Queensland (elevation of 872 m), and grown at Nambour on the Sunshine Coast (elevation 29 m). At planting, the plug plants weighed 0.8 ± 0.1 g DW compared with 53 ± 0.5 g DW for the runner plants. 'Sugarbaby' plugs were larger than 'Festival' plugs (33 ± 0.6 g versus 2.9 ± 0.6 g). The differences in growth at planting were maintained until the third week of July (day 94), with the plug plants weighing 17.8 ± 2.2 g, and the runner plants 21.4 ± 23 g. The proportion of plant dry matter allocated to the leaves increased over time from 59 to 70%, while the proportion allocated to the roots decreased from 21 to 10%. Harvest commenced after 60 days, with the plug plants yielding only 60% of the yields of the runner plants up until 8 August or day 109 (14.2 ± 1.4 g plant -1 week-1 versus 23.6 ± 1.9 g plant-1 week-1). 'Festival' (22.2 ± 2.0 g plant-1 week -1) had higher yields than 'Sugarbaby' (15.5 ± 1.5 g plant-1 week-1), even though plants of the latter were larger. Average fruit weight was 15.6 ± 0.3 g, with no effect of cultivar, plant type or harvest time. In other words, the differences in yield between the various treatments were due to differences in fruit set The lower yields of the plug plants probably reflect their small size at planting. Future research should determine whether plugs grown in larger cells (150 to 300 cm3 as in the USA and Europe) are more productive. Tips to be grown in larger containers should be harvested earlier than those for small cells to maximize root growth of the plug plant. This will probably extend the time required from harvest of the tips and potting them from the current four to five weeks, to eight to ten weeks.

Outbreak of angular leaf spot, caused by Xanthomonas fragariae, in a Queensland strawberry germplasm collection.

Strawberry (Fragaria (x) ananassa) plants exhibiting leaf lesions consistent with angular leaf spot (ALS, caused by Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy and King 1962) were identified in the Queensland strawberry germplasm at Bundeberg in May 2010. Water suspensions of bacterial ooze tested positive using a previously described primer set. However, the slow growth rate of X. fragariae and the presence of a fast-growing, non-pathogenic, undescribed Xanthomonas species presented problems that were overcome by dilution plating and DNA sequence analysis. Sequencing of the gyrB locus of putative colonies of X. fragariae indicated 100% sequence similarity to other X. fragariae isolates. A new set of diagnostic primers for X. fragariae based on the gyrB locus is presented.

Manejo de pragas em hortaliças durante a transição agroecológica.

2013

Teores de licopeno e ácido ascórbico em morangos cv. Vila Nova produzidos em sistemas de cultivo orgânico e convencional

Na passagem para o século XX, a agricultura sofreu transformações no modelo de produção. Atualmente, a maior parte dos alimentos são produzidos no modelo da agricultura convencional baseada na utilização intensiva de insumos químicos e alta produtividade, em contraponto, a agricultura orgânica está alicerçada na independência de insumos externos e na qualidade dos alimentos. O morango (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch), reconhecido por suas vitaminas e compostos quimioprotetores, tais como o ácido ascórbico e licopeno, é uma cultura produzida tanto no sistema orgânico, quanto no convencional. Entretanto, não existem informações sobre os tipos de sistemas existentes dentro destas duas formas de fazer agricultura e nem dados sobre os conteúdos de ácido ascórbico e de licopeno. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: tipificar os sistemas de cultivo praticados e identificar as características básicas da produção de morango em Porto Alegre; quantificar os indicadores nutricionais licopeno e ácido ascórbico em morangos cv. Vila Nova, oriundos de diferentes sistemas de cultivo e avaliar a possibilidade dessas substâncias servirem como descritores da qualidade biológica dos frutos produzidos nestas diferentes formas de fazer agricultura. Foram escolhidos cinco sistemas de produção de morangos no bairro Lami, Porto Alegre/RS, sendo duas propriedades orgânicas (OJ, OS) e três convencionais (CN, CP, CB) Para a tipificação foi usada à observação participativa com registro dos dados sobre a intensidade dos componentes de cultivo (manejos, adubação, controle fitossanitário, técnicas de irrigação) e sócio-econômicos. Para medir os teores de licopeno e ácido ascórbico foram cultivados morangos cv. Vila Nova, os quais foram colhidos maduros e analisados. Dentro do sistema convencional existe uma intensidade variada na utilização de insumos. No sistema orgânico um foi tipificado como agroecológico e outro como em final de transição para o orgânico. Os sistemas convencionais têm alta demanda por produtos externos, principalmente em relação à adubação (adubos minerais de alta solubilidade), irrigação (mangueiras, etc) e controle fitossanitário (produtos químicos de síntese) e os sistemas orgânicos apresentam uma baixa dependência externa em relação ao controle fitossanitários, irrigação e manejo. Eles apresentaram dependência de adubos orgânico de origem animal. Os resultados demonstraram que o conteúdo de licopeno variou de 0,033 a 0,063 mg/100g de peso fresco e que ele não foi eficiente como descritor da qualidade hortícola de morangos cultivados em sistemas orgânicos e convencionais. O conteúdo de ácido ascórbico foi de 30,05 a 69,39 mg/100g de peso fresco. Esta vitamina não discrimina diferenças entre os sistemas, e não pode ser considerada como um descritor de qualidade biológica de morangos cultivados em sistemas orgânicos e convencionais.

Análise do resfriamento da solução nutritiva para cultivo hidropônico do morangueiro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Armazenamento refrigerado de morango submetido a altas concentrações de CO2

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)