Oportunidades de internacionalizaci��n que tiene un hato ganadero productor de carne en el mercado canadiense

El presente trabajo investigativo busca brindar al lector las herramientas necesarias para poder exportar carne fresca al mercado Canadiense mediante la implementaci��n de un plan detallado, que involucrando el proceso de producci��n de animales ��ptimos para la producci��n de carne, pueda cumplir con el objetivo de expandir la disponibilidad de cortes finos de carne en el mercado extranjero. Por una parte, se hace una explicaci��n detallada del producto, del proceso de producci��n y del sector c��rnico en Colombia. Se hace una exposici��n de las condiciones en las cuales debe crecer un animal para llegar a producir carne de la mejor calidad. As�� mismo, se informa sobre la situaci��n actual del sector c��rnico y las debilidades y fortalezas que tiene para poder expandirse al mercado internacional. Posteriormente se hace una investigaci��n de marcados en el pa��s objeto de estudio, para mostrar las oportunidades y posibles obst��culos que se pueden encontrar en Canad��. En segundo lugar, se analiza la competencia a la que se enfrentar��a el producto colombiano, que comprende el an��lisis de las cifras de exportaci��n de los socios comerciales de Canad�� para la venta del producto objeto de an��lisis, para finalmente dise��ar un documento dirigido a emprendedores, empresarios y/o ganaderos que busquen la manera de expandir su negocio a Canad��, con todos los pasos necesarios para poder realizar el proceso de exportaci��n de la manera m��s productiva y eficaz.

Food safety and development of the beef industry in China

Food safety concerns have escalated in China as they have elsewhere, especially in relation to meats. Beef production and consumption has increased proportionately faster than all other meats over the last two decades. Yet the slaughtering, processing and marketing of beef remains, for the most part, extremely primitive when compared with Western beef supply chains. By comparing the economics of household slaughtering with that of various types of abattoirs, this paper explains why household slaughtering and wet markets still dominate beef processing and distribution in China. The negative economic, social and industry development implications of enforcing more stringent food safety regulations are highlighted. The willingness/capacity of consumers to pay the added cost of better inspection and other services to guarantee food safety is investigated. In this context, the paper also evaluates the market opportunities for both domestic and imported Green Beef. The paper questions the merit of policy initiatives aimed at modernising Chinese beef supply chains for the mass market along Western lines. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Creating meanings, changing contexts: contested sustainability in the Brazilian beef industry

O objetivo desta pesquisa �� compreender de que forma as organiza����es moldam seu ambiente, analisando por que algumas pr��ticas tornam-se reconhecidas como ���sustent��veis��� na ind��stria de carne bovina brasileira. O estudo dialoga com a literatura de institucionalismo organizacional ao apontar a necessidade de considerar a pol��tica (i.e. as negocia����es entre atores) e significados, a fim de entender como a estabilidade e a mudan��a institucional ocorrem em um contexto situado (i.e. em um tempo e espa��o espec��ficos). A pesquisa conclui que os entendimentos sobre o que poderia ser reconhecido como ���sustentabilidade��� s��o o resultado de atores moldando o seu ambiente por meio de a����es e intera����es que produzem significados. Seguindo uma abordagem de hegemonia, essas disputas n��o s��o apenas entre os atores que procuram vantagens recursivas, mas tamb��m procuram defender ou atacar as l��gicas sociais que apoiam a posi����o dominante dos atores. Al��m disso, os atores exercem sua ag��ncia sobre as condi����es no presente (i.e. contexto situado), com base em um passado herdado e com o objetivo de produzir um futuro que eles imaginam. Para analisar tais processos uma abordagem de hegemonia entre atores e l��gicas sociais foi desenvolvida para destacar a ordem de negocia����o, uma arena em que os atores lutam pela hegemonia. Como resultado de tais negocia����es, uma quest��o focal emerge, influenciando o discurso e interesses dos atores, bem como justificando as iniciativas, programas e tecnologias sobre tal quest��o; construindo, portanto, o consenso. Baseando-se em Realismo Cr��tico e An��lise Cr��tica do Discurso, a pesquisa desenvolveu um estudo de caso longitudinal suportado por documentos p��blicos e confidenciais e entrevistas com especialistas, para examinar o caminho da sustentabilidade na ind��stria de carne bovina brasileira. Identificou-se tr��s contextos diferentes para ag��ncia em rela����o �� sustentabilidade. Enquanto no primeiro verifica-se um sil��ncio sobre pr��ticas de sustentabilidade, o segundo enfatiza a emerg��ncia do desmatamento da Amaz��nia como uma quest��o focal, devido �� ag��ncia do Greenpeace e MPF que for��a a ind��stria a desenvolver um sistema de monitoramento que rastreie seus fornecedores de gado de modo a evitar compra de suprimentos associadas ao desmatamento da Amaz��nia, dentre outras atividades ilegais. Finalmente, durante o terceiro contexto, o sistema de monitoramento permite que ind��stria de carne bovina se aproprie da sustentabilidade, assim o setor da carne passa a construir a sua legitimidade para influenciar sobre os riscos e oportunidades associadas ao contexto da sustentabilidade. Em termos de l��gicas sociais, o desmatamento na Amaz��nia foi denunciado como um problema ambiental, nesta ind��stria, ancorado em algumas caracter��sticas da l��gica do capitalismo, como a gest��o de riscos, inova����o e aumento da produtividade, cadeia de fornecimento global e governan��a. Embora este ataque questione a racionalidade da maximiza����o racional lucro, impondo restri����es ambientais para o comportamento das empresas, a solu����o desenvolvida �� tamb��m ancorada sobre as mesmas caracter��sticas do capitalismo empregadas para atac��-lo. Como consequ��ncia, uma mudan��a gradual �� ilustrada por uma transforma����o na ���efici��ncia quantitativa��� do capitalismo, o aumento da produtividade devido �� mudan��a da propor����o de recursos consumidos para produ����o e �� preocupa����o em evitar o desmatamento da Amaz��nia. No entanto, a ���efici��ncia qualitativa��� do capitalismo �� preservada uma vez que os grupos dominantes no poder ainda est��o controlando os meios de produ����o e os recursos a eles associados (i.e. dinheiro, poder e legitimidade). Uma vez que estes processos de negocia����es s��o mediados pela racionalidade de se evitar risco aos neg��cios, consequentemente, a maximiza����o do lucro, o n��cleo duro da l��gica do capitalismo �� preservado. Portanto, os grupos dominantes mant��m sua hegemonia.

Export platform foreign direct investment : theory and evidence

This paper proposes a model that accounts for ���export platform��� FDI ��� a form of FDI that is common in the data but rarely discussed in the theoretical literature. Unlike the previous literature, this paper���s theory nests all the typical modes of supply, including exports, horizontal and vertical FDI, horizontal and vertical export platform FDI. The theory yields the testable hypothesis that a decrease in either inter-regional or intra-regional trade costs induces firms to choose export platform FDI. The empirical analysis provides descriptive statistics which point to large proportions of third country exports of US FDI, and an econometric analysis, whose results are in line with the model���s predictions. The last section suggests policy implications for nations seeking to attract FDI.

Memorandums on the proposed importation of foreign beef and live stock : addressed to Alexander Murray, Esq. M.P. /

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 32722.

Impact of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina on the production of beef cattle in Uruguay

Uruguay is situated in a marginal area for the development of Boophilus microplus (30- 35- South Lat.) with important areas of enzootic instability for Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. The livestock products represent 70% of our exports, for wich reason it is fundamental to evaluate the losses in the production that these haemoparasites cause as basic information to take future decisions. In the period 1988-1990, several works were carried out by our laboratory to know the incidence of babesiosis in the reduction of liveweight gains. The results are shown and discussed in the work. Experiment I: the weight increase of the control group (x = 0,248kg/day), was 23% higher than that of the infected group with Babesia spp (from Uruguay), but significant statistical differences were not found (P < 0,05). These animals were kept in boxes and the food was controlled for 76 days. Experiment II: the incidence of Babesis spp (same strain ) was studied for 140 on Hereford heifers (n = 14) on natural pastures. The control group obtained x = 25,29kg of liveweight gain and it was 45% higher than that of the infected group, significant statistical difference were found (P < 0,05). Experiments with attenuated strains III: four studies were carried out inoculating B. bovis and B. bigemina in bovines about one year old, in different growth systems, searching for the limit of application. Significant statistical differences between those groups were found during the experiment (about 180 days) (P < 0,05). Experiment combining and pathogenic strains IV: the liveweight gain, in immune and challanged group (n = 14) was the same than that of the unchallenged group and did not show significant statistical differences (P < 0,05). However the control challenged group had less weight gain and statistical differences were found (P < 0,05). Although this is a preliminary information, it shows that: (a) the incidence of babesiosis on the reduction of weight gains is important; (b) the decrease in weight gain was not observed when attenuated strains were used; when the challenge was done in immunized animals, losses in liveweight gain were not observed. These results are discussed in order to plan future studis in different real systems of production.

The role of public export promotion in Finland Industry view of public export promotion in Southwest Finland

The role of the public export promotion in Finland needed more research. The part of the public sector export promotion in the overall export is significant. In an ever more global world not only the companies but also the counties compete against each other and the governments have an interest to boost their economy as much as they are able to. Every industrialized country has export promotion services in some form or another. In the 21st century the tendency has been the bundling of the services and this has also been done in Finland with Team Finland. The role and the efficiency of the services provided deserve more research. The research question of this study is: What is the role of the public export promotion services in Finland? The question is researched primary by expert interviews conducted for this study. The situation in Southwest Finland is studied from the viewpoint of the companies of the region by conducting a survey aimed to the successfully internationalized companies of the region and asking them on their views on the impact and role of public export services in their internationalization. The theory base is formed out of various export promotion studies, studies monitoring the effects of the promotion and theories of the internationalization process of companies. The primary material for the study are the three expert interviews conducted and the answers to the survey conducted. The research method in the first part is a constructive qualitative research. The research approach in the second part, where the views of the companies in Southwest Finland are studied, is quantitative. The study findings from the expert interviews: the aligning of the public export promotion done in Finland to the previous research and the addition of the role of the public sector in classical frameworks. The study findings from the survey: the utilizing of the public export promotion services is heavily delayed and the internationalizing companies start to utilize the services very late in their internationalization process, the average being 10,3 years from the beginning of the internationalization. Another central finding from the survey is that the successfully internationalized companies see the public export promotion services generally as highly beneficial but in the light of the answers the effect on their own company is not as significant. Concluding can be stated that the public export promotion is seen as beneficial, but the monitoring of the efficiency is complicated in the case of services. Getting the companies to start utilizing the services earlier in their internationalization needs attention from the service providers. By communicating the achieved results and benefits better to the potential users of the services the internationalization process of the companies could be accelerated

Export Competitiveness of Software Industry In India

The study was motivated by the need to understand factors that guide the software exports and competitiveness, both positively and negatively. The influence of one factor or another upon the export competitiveness is to be understood in great depth, which is necessary to find out the industry���s sustainability. India is being emulated as an example for the success strategy in software development and exports. India���s software industry is hailed as one of the globally competitive software industry in the world. The major objectives are to model the growth pattern of exports and domestic sales of software and services of India and to find out the factors influencing the growth pattern of software industry in India. The thesis compare the growth pattern of software industry of India with respect to that of Ireland and Israel and to critically of various problems faced by software industry and export in India and to model the variables of competitiveness of emerging software producing nations

Effects of supplementation frequency on the ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production of beef cattle grazing in tropical pastures

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)