Respecting and fulfilling the right of post-primary pupils to consent to participate in trials and evaluative research: A discussion paper

This paper provides an introduction to issues surrounding the participation rights of young people in research and the implications of their growing involvement in research as well as providing a discourse on the ethical implications related to consent. The unique contribution of this paper is that it considers children’s rights in respect to the increasing opportunities for young people to take part in evaluation research. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to acknowledge the growing involvement for young people in research and the implications of ensuring that their rights of participation are respected. Secondly we will consider the children’s rights legislation and our obligations as researchers to implement this. Finally we will explore consent as an issue in its own right as well as the practicalities of accessing participants. This paper will postulate that any research about young people should involve and prioritise at all stages of the research process; including participation in decision-making. We conclude by identifying five key principles, which we believe can help to facilitate the fulfilment of post-primary pupils’ ability to consent to participate in trials and evaluative research.

Com ha de ser una activitat científica efectiva basada en l'experimentació i l'estudi de l'entorn proper? Estudi de casos i proposta de criteris a tenir en compte en el disseny d’activitats científiques escolars en l’entorn

Actualment moltes fonts d'informació ens descriuen i argumenten com han de ser les activitats científiques a l'escola per garantir l'aprenentatge significatiu de l'alumnat, i d'altres estudis ens mostren com han de ser les activitats escolars en l'entorn; però no hi ha estudis que ens descriguin i argumentin com han de ser les activitats científiques escolars basades en l'experimentació i l'estudi de l'entorn proper. Així doncs, aquesta investigació s'endinsa per solucionar un problema actual que és: com ha de ser una bona activitat científica escolar basada en l'experimentació i l'estudi de l'entorn proper? En resposta a això, aquest treball es basa en una investigació avaluativa que analitza diversos projectes de ciències basats en l'entorn a partir de l'observació d'uns criteris específics elaborats, per una banda a partir de les idees d'experts sobre com ha de ser una bona activitat científica i com ha de ser una activitat escolar d'entorn efectiva; i per altra banda a partir de les idees extretes de les entrevistes fetes a mestres promotores de projectes científics escolars innovadors centrats i duts a terme en l'entorn proper.

Pràctiques educatives inclusives per a la millora de la relació de grup

Introducció: El propòsit d’aquesta recerca, és fer un estudi de les relacions que hi ha entre els alumnes de P5 mitjançant la realització d’un sociograma i un anàlisi d’observació per comprovar si l’aplicació d’una unitat didàctica formada per activitats que afavoreixen la cohesió de grup, pot resultar canvis en les relacions entre els alumnes, de caire positiu. Mètodes: Durant la intervenció, s’utilitza una investigació avaluativa en la qual s’utilitzen diferents instruments per avaluar les relacions que hi ha dins del grup classe, que són els següents: el sociograma i una pauta d’observació. A partir d’aquests instruments, es poden analitzar els diferents vincles socials i el clima d'aula que es genera en el grup d'alumnes abans i després de proposar les activitats inclusives, fomentades per cohesionar el grup d’aula. El total de participants per fer aquesta investigació era de 25 alumnes. Resultats: Abans de la unitat didàctica, dels 25 alumnes que hi havien a l’aula, 5 eren força exclosos per la resta, en canvi després de la unitat didàctica, els resultats extrets del sociograma eren extraordinàriament diferents i satisfactoris, ja que les relacions entre els nens havia millorat i el grup classe es mostrava molt més cohesionat, encara que no obstant així, encara hi havia algun alumne menys inclòs que la resta. Conclusions: Considero que les activitats que ajuden a millorar la cohesió de grup i a incloure a tots els infants a l’aula, són essencials per tal d’oferir una educació de qualitat, inclusiva i digna. Per tant, si es dediqués més temps per aquest tipus d’activitats, segurament s’aconseguirien resultats encara més positius.

Performance measurement model for projects from a strategic management perspective

This research studied the project performance measurement from the perspective of strategic management. The objective was to find a generic model for project performance measurement that emphasizes strategy and decision making. Research followed the guidelines of a constructive research methodology. As a result, the study suggests a model that measures projects with multiple meters during and after projects. Measurement after the project is suggested to be linked to the strategic performance measures of a company. The measurement should be conducted with centralized project portfolio management e.g. using the project management office in the organization. Metrics, after the project, measure the project’s actual benefit realization. During the project, the metrics are universal and they measure the accomplished objectives relation to costs, schedule and internal resource usage. Outcomes of these measures should be forecasted by using qualitative or stochastic methods. Solid theoretical background for the model was found from the literature that covers the subjects of performance measurement, projects and uncertainty. The study states that the model can be implemented in companies. This statement is supported by empirical evidence from a single case study. The gathering of empiric evidence about the actual usefulness of the model in companies is left to be done by the evaluative research in the future.

Analyse d’implantation du programme de prévention de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant au Bénin

Problématique : Implanté en 2004 au Bénin, le programme national de prévention de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant (PTME) semble globalement bien implanté. Toutefois une enquête, en 2005, révèle certaines difficultés, particulièrement au niveau de la couverture du programme: seulement 70 à 75 % des femmes enceintes vues en consultations prénatales ont été dépistées et 33 % des 1150 femmes dépistées séropositives ont accouché suivant le protocole de PTME. En outre, d’un site à un autre, on relève une grande variation dans la couverture en termes de dépistage et de suivi des femmes enceintes infectées. Cette faiblesse dans la couverture nous a amené à questionner le contexte organisationnel dans lequel le programme est implanté. Objectif : L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’analyser l'implantation de la PTME au Bénin. Le premier objectif spécifique consiste à identifier et comprendre les enjeux reliés à la façon de rejoindre les femmes enceintes dans le cadre du dépistage. Le second consiste à comprendre le contexte d’implantation et son influence sur la mise en œuvre de la PTME. Méthodologie : Cette recherche évaluative s’appuie sur une étude de cas. Six maternités ont été sélectionnées avec le souhait de représenter les différents contextes d’organisation des services. Les données ont été collectées par observation non participante, entrevues semi-dirigées (n=41) réalisées avec des prestataires de services, analyse documentaire des rapports d’activités des maternités et par questionnaires administrés aux femmes enceintes en consultations prénatales (n=371). Résultats : Le premier article a permis d'apprécier le caractère libre et éclairé du consentement au dépistage. Une majorité des femmes enceintes, suivies dans les centres privés, ont été dépistées sans être effectivement informées de la PTME alors que les femmes fréquentant les autres maternités connaissent mieux les composantes de la PTME. Le caractère volontaire du consentement des femmes est généralement respecté sur tous les sites. Le deuxième article porte sur l'analyse de la qualité du conseil pré-test. Seulement 54% des femmes enceintes ont participé à un conseil en groupe et 80% à un conseil individuel. Dans les centres où sont dispensées des séances d'information de groupe, la qualité est meilleure que dans les centres qui dispensent un conseil individuel exclusif. Le troisième article analyse l'influence du contexte d'implantation sur la mise en œuvre du programme. Parmi les facteurs qui contribuent favorablement à la mise en œuvre on relève la proximité d’un centre de référence et la coordination des activités de PTME dans une zone géographique, la responsabilisation du prestataire dédié à la PTME, la supervision formative régulière accompagnée de séances de discussion collective et l’implication des médiatrices dans la recherche active des perdues de vues. A l’opposé, la responsabilisation des médiatrices pour la réalisation du conseil individuel et du dépistage ne favorise pas une bonne mise en œuvre de la PTME. Conclusion : Nos résultats montrent qu'il est possible de jouer sur l'organisation des services de santé dans le cadre du programme du PTME pour améliorer la façon dont le programme est implanté tant dans les centres privés que publics, sans que cela ne représente un ajout net de ressources. C'est le cas de l’amélioration de la qualité du conseil et du dépistage, de l’implantation du processus interne d’apprentissage organisationnel et de la coordination des services.

Éléments nécessaires à une recherche évaluative de programmes de formation et de soutien aux préceptrices en sciences infirmières

Travail dirigé présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences infirmières option formation

Plan exportador de la empresa Quesos El Nevado Ltda.

Dado el clima de incertidumbre y los constantes cambios en el entorno económico, es inminente la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas que le permitan a la empresa diversificar su mercado y ganar un mayor posicionamiento. En este sentido, la presente investigación se realizó, con el propósito de analizar la estructura organizacional de la empresa, generando un diagnóstico de la situación de la gestión empresarial y su estructura financiera, para posteriormente identificar las amenazas y oportunidades que tiene la Fábrica Quesos El Nevado Ltda., para la exportación de quesos madurados, y asimismo diseñar un plan exportador que permita dirigirse hacia nuevos mercados. Es una investigación de tipo evaluativo, que pretende hacer un análisis estratégico para establecer el país con mayor probabilidad dentro de los países que ofrecen una mayor oportunidad de exportar esta clase de productos; de tal manera que este documento busca brindarle a la empresa las herramientas necesarias para poder ingresar al mercado de Chile, de una manera eficaz, cumpliendo con los requisitos de acceso al mercado y dando a conocer las variables claves de éxito para llegar a ser competitivo en el sector y en el mercado chileno. Además busca incentivar al empresario colombiano a conquistar nuevos mercados que le permita obtener estabilidad económica y crecimiento.

Análisis ecocardiográfico de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo por médicos no cardiólogos con un dispositivo de bolsillo

Se realizó un estudio transversal, se incluyeron 3 residentes no cardiólogos y se les dio formación básica en ecocardiografía (horas teóricas 22, horas prácticas 65), con recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Ecocardiografia y aportes del aprendizaje basado en problemas, con el desarrollo de competencia técnicas y diagnósticas necesarias, se realizó el análisis de concordancia entre residentes y ecocardiografistas expertos, se recolectaron 122 pacientes hospitalizados que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se les realizo un ecocardiograma convencional por el experto y una valoración ecocardiográfica por el residente, se evaluó la ventana acústica, contractilidad, función del ventrículo izquierdo y derrame pericárdico. La hipótesis planteada fue obtener una concordancia moderada. Resultados: Se analizó la concordancia entre observadores para la contractilidad miocárdica (Kappa: 0,57 p=0,000), función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (Kappa 0,54 p=0.000) siendo esta moderada por estar entre 0,40 – 0,60 y con una alta significancia estadística, para la calidad de la ventana acústica (Kappa: 0,22 p= 0.000) y presencia de derrame pericárdico (Kappa: 0,26 p= 0.000) se encontró una escasa concordancia ubicándose entre 0,20 – 0,40. Se estableció una sensibilidad de 90%, especificidad de 67%, un valor predictivo positivo de 80% y un valor predictivo negativo de 85% para el diagnóstico de disfunción sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo realizado por los residentes.

Programa de aquisição de alimentos (2003-2010): avaliação da implementação pela CONAB no Rio Grande do Norte

This thesis aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Food Acquisition Program(PAA) through CONAB RN in the period of 2003-2010 with the perception of all agents involved in the implementation of the government program.For the methodological trajectory it was adopted a descriptive bibliographical and documentary approach with triangular qualitative and quantitative, also called evaluative research.The theoretical model was supported by the authors Draibe (2001), Aguilar and Ander-Egg (1994) and Silva(2001), among others, that focused on family farming and evaluation of implementation of public policy having as a category of analysis the size implementation of policy and the latter divided into 10 theoretical dimensions.The universe consisted of three groups: the first were the managers and technicians from CONAB(RN and Brasilia), totaling 15 subjects. The second group was of associations/cooperatives that participated in the programin 2010, totaling a sample in each access of 15 representatives. The third group of subjects totaled with 309 representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations that received donations of food for the same period. Semi-structured interviews and forms were adopted as instruments of data collection.The data were processed qualitatively by the analysis of content (interviews and documents) and quantitatively by means of statistical tests that allowed inferences and adoption of frequencies. Among the key find ingests that the program is not standing as a structure supported by planning. The interests of the performers do not necessarily converge with the objectives of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). A shockof goals was identified (within the same program) when comparingthe financial agent (Ministry of Rural Development and of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger Ministry r) and the executor, CONAB/RN. Within the assessed dimensions, the most fragileis the sub-managerial decision-making and Organizational Environment and internal assessment, still deserves attention the sizeof logistical and operational Subsystem, as this also proved weak.The focusin the quest toexpand thequantificationof the resultsof theFood Acquisition Program (PAA)by CONAB/RN does forget a quality management focused on what really should be:the compliance with the institutional objectives of the government program.Finally, the perspective for the traded implementation should be re-examined because excessive discretion by managers along with technical staff has characterized there al role of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) as public policy. We conclude that the implementation model, which apparently aggregates values to the benefitted citizens, has weakened the context of work on family farms having the management model of the implementation process be reviewed by the Federal Government and point too ther paths, which have as a guide line the emancipation and developmentof the field or in the field andat the same time enables the reduction of nutritional deficiency of beneficiaries in a balanced and coherent way

Fatores associados à efetividade da doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes

The transplantation of organs and tissues presents itself as an important therapeutic option, both from a medical standpoint, the social or economic. Thus, the identification of variables that can interfere in the effectiveness of organs and tissues donation for transplantation needs to be investigated adequately, because it stands before increasing index of chronic and degenerative diseases in the population, what makes the waiting list for transplantation grow disproportionately and patients come to death without the opportunity of realization the treatment due to a lack of donors. In this context, has defined as objective of this study evaluate the factors associated with the effectiveness of organs and tissues donation for transplantation. It is a evaluative research, quantitative, prospective, with longitudinal design, developed at Central of Catchment, Notification and organ donation for transplant, Organ Procurement Organization and in six accredited hospitals to collect and transplantation of organs and tissues, in Natal/RN, between august 2010 and february 2011, after the approval of the Research Ethics Committee, under No. 414/10 and CAAE 007.0.294.000-10. The probabilistic sample without replacement was composed of 65 potential donors. It was used as an instrument of data collection a structured script non-participant observation of checklist type. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables, charts, graphs and figures. For this, was used Microsoft Excel 2007 and statistical program SPSS version 20.0. To check the level of significance was chosen by applying the chi-square test (χ2) and Mann Whitney and caselas for less than five, it is considered the Fisher exact test. It was adopted as the significance level p-value <0.05. Among the surveyed it was observed that most of the individuals were male (50,8%), in the age group 45 years (53,8%), mean age of 42,3 years, minimum 5 and maximum 73 years (± 17,32 years). Single / widowers / divorced (56,9%), with up to completed elementary school (60,0%) in the exercise of professional activity (86,2%), catholic (83,1%) and residents in metropolitan region of Natal (52,3%). Was obtained donation effectiveness of 27,7%. There was no statistical significance between structure and effectiveness of the donation, but were observed inadequacies in physical resources (36,9%), materials (30,8%), organizational structure (29,2%) and human resources (18,5%). In the process, the maintenance phase (p= 0.004), diagnosis of brain death (p= 0.032), family interview (p≤ 0.001) and documentation (p= 0.001) presented statistical significance with effectiveness. Thus, it is accepts the alternative hypothesis of the study, in which is evidenced that the adequacy of the factors related to structure and process is associated to effectiveness of organs and tissues donation for transplantation. In this way, the effectiveness of organ and tissue donation ends in an essential way the rapidity and accuracy with which the donation process is conducted, requiring appropriate structure, with appropriate physical and material resources and skilled human resources to optimize the reduction of time and the suffering of those waiting for an organ or tissue transplant queued in Brazil

Avaliação longitudinal do impacto da saúde bucal na estratégia saúde da família em Natal

As a result of the financial incentive provided by the GM / MS 1.444, since 2000, Brazil has experienced a substantial increase in the number of oral health services at the Family Health Strategy. There is, however, evidence that these teams have produced qualitatively different experiences which do not translate necessarily into improved quality of life and health. Thus, evaluative research of great importance. This study aims to assess the impact of the Family Health Strategy in oral health in a longitudinal perspective natalense the years 2006 and 2009. This is an intervention study whose design is a community trial in parallel, nearly randomized. The sample consisted of census tracts covered by oral health teams in the Family Health and the Traditional Model (Basic Health Units and non-FHS Program of Community Health Agents and areas not covered.) The sample was determined by drawing ten census tracts to form the experimental group and ten other sectors for the control group by pairing intentional based on socio-economic and geographic. To check the net effect of the intervention was performed multivariate analysis by Poisson regression. As a result of cross-sectional analysis of year 2009, it was found that the effects of the ESF in Natal were satisfactory only for the variables of injuries and for other purposes without and with negative impact on stock coverage reclaimers. However, the longitudinal analysis revealed that the ESB / ESF improved their performance in dealing with grievances, access and coverage of the type of actions and this fact is independent of age, sex and social and economic conditions. In other employees' words are related to the presence of the Family Health Strategy in the region. However it does not say that both models under study (the Family Health Strategy Model and Traditional) are different in terms of performance and it is pertinent to reflect on the need for further development of evaluation studies that use other approaches able to clarify the dynamics of the process whose results can come to the knowledge of the actors responsible for leading the ESF and encourage them to incorporate the assessment in their routine

Avaliação da satisfação das usuárias sobre a atenção à saúde da mulher no Rio Grande do Norte

This work discusses the evaluation of the satisfaction of the users on the women health care focusing on the quality of the primary care in the State of Rio Grande do Norte-BR. The main objective of this research is evaluate the satisfaction of the users about the actions applied to women health in the primary health care in Rio Grande do Norte, observing the information available through the Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). The specific objectives are: the evaluation of aspects related to women health; the evaluation of the specific actions related to welcoming the pregnant and; the evaluation of the information related to the postpartum. This dissertation is characterized as an evaluative research made through a multicentric transversal study, using a quantitative approach, which is part of the External Evaluation of the PMAQ-AB in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, made by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Some secondary data of the interviews with the users who were in the Basic Health Units were used during the External Evaluation of the PMAQ-AB in Rio Grande do Norte. The sample was collected following these criteria: the users that were in the Basic Health Units to attend to any procedure; they must had used the services for at least one year; and they must had agreed to participate the research. The ones that were attending to the services for the first time and the ones that did not use the services for at least 12 months were excluded from the sample. To the data collection it was used a chart of variables/indicators with the following information to the analysis: Women Health Care, Specific Care of the Pregnant and Information about he postpartum. The descriptive analysis of the data were made through absolute and relative frequencies of the variables using the software Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 22.0.0. The results show a positive picture of the satisfaction of the users about the actions of the primary healthcare in women health in the State of the Rio Grande do Norte. Another important analysis is the integration of the primary health care with other points of the Healthcare System aiming to reorient the Model of Healthcare as a starter of the access and quality of the services given to the users. Therefore, the evaluation of the satisfaction of the users in health care is essential among all the agents involved in the process of consolidation of the Unified Health System SUS. Also having the need of rethinking the professional practice, reorganizing the processes of work of the multiprofessional teams in health care, enabling financial resources, inputs and materials, planning and systematizing new actions of healthcare aiming to ensure a perfect health care to the people

Avaliação da qualidade da atenção primária à saúde da criança no Rio Grande do Norte: visão das usuárias

The study aims to evaluate the quality of the work processes of the teams from the Family Health Strategy regarding the comprehensive health care for children, in the view of users in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. This is a cross-sectional observational evaluative research with quantitative approach. The primary data are part of the External Review from the Program of Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ) in 2012. 190 women were interviewed. The inclusion criteria was the presence in the clinic at the time of the survey, have attended the service in the last 12 months and be a mother or companion of a child up to two years old. A research protocol was developed in the dimensions of Growth and Development, Breastfeeding and nutrition, and health problems and its variables. The results revealed that mothers / companions who responded to the questionnaire 71% were aged between 18 and 35 years, 92.1% were literate, 96.3% had a monthly income and 62.6% received financial assistance from the government. As for the children, 39.4% were aged between 13 to 24 months. In promotion and prevention actions for children, 64.2% had consultation up to the 7th day of life, 91.1% underwent the screening test, 95.3% had a health handbook, 98.9% had a vaccine, 17.9% breastfed or breastfeed from 6 to 24 months. As for link and continuity of care, 86.8% of the children were accompanied by the same professional staff and 59.5% left with next consultation scheduled. In acute situations 42.4% of the children went to the health unit and 64% of these were attended. It is concluded that the actions involving prevention and health promotion of children in RN, are evaluated positively by the service users and meet the requirements of MS, as well as link and continuity of care. The weakness in access and reception of users is evident, indicating the need to adapt the service to the demand of health and planning actions to welcome all who seeks basic health unit-UBS

Análise e implementação da nova proposta pedagógica estadual para o ensino de língua inglesa no ensino fundamental

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da qualidade da atenção básica no município de Bauru: desafios para um processo de mudança

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)