979 resultados para Escoamento em meio poroso


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The complexity of the Phenomenon of fluid flow in porous way causes a difficulty in its explicit description. Different in the cases where the flow is given through a pipe, where it is possible to measure the length and diameter of the pipe and to determine their ability to flow as a function of pressure, which is a complicated task in porous way. However, we try to approach clearly the equations used to conjecture the behavior of fluid flow in porous way. We made use of the Gambit to create a fractal geometry with the fluent we give the contour´s conditions we would want to analyze the data. The triangular mesh was created; it makes interactions with the discs of different rays, as barriers putted in the geometry. This work presents the results of a simulation with a flow of viscous fluids (oilliquid). The oil flows in a porous way constructed in 2D. The behavior evaluation of the fluid flow inside the porous way was realized with graphics, images and numerical results used for different datas analysis. The study was aimed in relation at the behavior of permeability (k) for different fractal dimensions. Taking into account the preservation of porosity and increasing the fractal distribution of the discs. The results showed that k decreases when we increase the numbers of discs, although the porosity is the same for all generations of the first simulation, in other words, the permeability decreases when we increase the fractality. Well, there are strong turbulence in the flow each time we increase the number of discs and this hinders the passage of the same to the exit. These results permitted to put in evidence how the permeability (k) is affected in a porous way with obstacles distributed in a diversified form. We also note that k decreases when we increase the pressure variation (P) within geometry. So, in front of the results and the absence of bibliographic subsidies about other theories, the work realized here can possibly by considered the unpublished form to explain and reflect on how the permeability is changed when increasing the fractal dimension in a porous way

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In this work is presented mixed convection heat transfer inside a lid-driven cavity heated from below and filled with heterogeneous and homogeneous porous medium. In the heterogeneous approach, the solid domain is represented by heat conductive equally spaced blocks; the fluid phase surrounds the blocks being limited by the cavity walls. The homogeneous or pore-continuum approach is characterized by the cavity porosity and permeability. Generalized mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are obtained in dimensionless form to represent both the continuum and the pore-continuum models. The numerical solution is obtained via the finite volume method. QUICK interpolation scheme is set for numerical treatment of the advection terms and SIMPLE algorithm is applied for pressure-velocity coupling. Aiming the laminar regime, the flow parameters are kept in the range of 102≤Re≤103 and 103≤Ra≤106 for both the heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. In the tested configurations for the continuous model, 9, 16, 36, and 64 blocks are considered for each combination of Re and Ra being the microscopic porosity set as constant φ=0,64 . For the pore-continuum model the Darcy number (Da) is set according to the number of blocks in the heterogeneous cavity and the φ. Numerical results of the comparative study between the microscopic and macroscopic approaches are presented. As a result, average Nusselt number equations for the continuum and the pore continuum models as a function of Ra and Re are obtained.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the displacement of petroleum/diesel solutions, at different concentrations, observing the effect of ultrasonic vibrations in fluids present in porous media to obtain an increase in oil production. The bubbles produced by ultrasound implode asymmetrically in the rock, generating liquid jets with high speed, displacing the oil present in porous media. The oil/diesel solutions were prepared with concentrations ranging from 20 g/L to 720 g/L in oil in relation to diesel and its viscosities were obtained in a Brookfield Rheometer RS2000, with temperature ranging from 25 to 55 °C. After, calculations were performed to obtain the activation energy data for oil/diesel solutions. For oil recovery experiments, cylindrical samples of porous rock (core samples), with resin around the perimeter and its two circular bases free to allow the passage of fluids, were first saturated with 2% KCl solution and after with oil solutions. The results of oil extraction were satisfactory for all studied solutions, being obtained up to 68% partial displacement with saline solution injection. The ultrasound system was used after saline injection, increasing oil displacement, with oil extractions ranging from 63% to 79%. During the experiments, it was observed the warming of core samples, helping to reduce the viscosity of more concentrated systems, and consequently enhancing the percentage of advanced recovery for all studied solutions

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The development of products whose purpose is to promote blockages in high permeability zones as well as to control the hydrate or scale formation also needs some tests in porous media before using the product in the field, where attempts and unavoidable operational errors costs would able to derail any projects. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the Botucatu and Berea sandstones properties, involving problems related to loss permeability. It was observed that even cores of Berea, without expansible clays in their composition had their permeability reduced, as soon as the salinity of brine reached a lower limit. As expected, the same happened with the Botucatu sandstone samples, however, in this case, the sensitivity to low salinity was more pronounced. In a second phase, the research was focused on the Botucatu Sandstone behavior front of dilute polymer solutions injection, checking the main relationships between the Rock / Fluid interactions, considering the Mobility Reduction, Resistance and Residual Resistance Factors, as well as adsorption/desorption processes of these polymers, and the polymer molecules average size and porous sandstone average size ratio. The results for both phases showed a real feasibility of using the Botucatu sandstone in laboratory tests whose objective is the displacement of fluids through porous media

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The development of home refrigerators generally are compact and economic reasons for using simplified configuration. The thermodynamic coefficient of performance ( COP ) is limited mainly in the condenser design for reasons of size and arrangement ( layout ) of the project ( design ) and climatic characteristics of the region where it will operate. It is noteworthy that this latter limitation is very significant when it comes to a country of continental size like Brazil with diverse climatic conditions. The COP of the cycle depends crucially on the ability of heat dissipated in the condenser. So in hot climates like the northeast, north, and west-central dispel ability is highly attenuated compared to the south and southeast regions with tropical or subtropical climates when compared with other regions. The dissipation in compact capacitors for applications in domestic refrigeration has been the focus of several studies, that due to its impact on reducing costs and power consumption, and better use of the space occupied by the components of refrigeration systems. This space should be kept to a minimum to allow an increase in the useful storage volume of refrigerator without changing the external dimensions of the product. Due to its low cost manufacturing, wire on tube condensers continue to be the most advantageous option for domestic refrigeration. Traditionally, these heat exchangers are designed to operate under natural convection. Not always, the benefits of greater compactness of capacitors for forced outweigh the burden of pumping air through the external heat exchanger. In this work we propose an improvement in convective condenser changing it to a transfer mechanism combined in series with conductive pipes and wire to a moist convective porous medium and the porous medium to the environment. The porous media used in the coating was composed of a gypsum plaster impregnated fiber about a mesh of natural cellulosic molded tubular wire mesh about the original structure of the condenser , and then dried and calcined to greater adherence and increased porosity. The proposed configuration was installed in domestic refrigeration system ( trough ) and tested under the same conditions of the original configuration . Was also evaluated in the dry condition and humidified drip water under natural and forced with an electro - fan ( fan coil ) convection. Assays were performed for the same 134- refrigerant charge e under the same thermal cooling load. The performance was evaluated in various configurations, showing an improvement of about 72 % compared with the original configuration proposed in humidification and natural convection.

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In this work we have investigated some aspects of the two-dimensional flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid through a disordered porous medium modeled by a random fractal system similar to the Sierpinski carpet. This fractal is formed by obstacles of various sizes, whose distribution function follows a power law. They are randomly disposed in a rectangular channel. The velocity field and other details of fluid dynamics are obtained by solving numerically of the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations at the pore level, where occurs actually the flow of fluids in porous media. The results of numerical simulations allowed us to analyze the distribution of shear stresses developed in the solid-fluid interfaces, and find algebraic relations between the viscous forces or of friction with the geometric parameters of the model, including its fractal dimension. Based on the numerical results, we proposed scaling relations involving the relevant parameters of the phenomenon, allowing quantifying the fractions of these forces with respect to size classes of obstacles. Finally, it was also possible to make inferences about the fluctuations in the form of the distribution of viscous stresses developed on the surface of obstacles.

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Neste trabalho é apresentada uma nova modelagem matemática para a descrição do escoamento de um líquido incompressível através de um meio poroso rígido homogêneo e isotrópico, a partir do ponto de vista da Teoria Contínua de Misturas. O fenômeno é tratado como o movimento de uma mistura composta por três constituintes contínuos: o primeiro representando a matriz porosa, o segundo representando o líquido e o terceiro representando um gás de baixíssima densidade. O modelo proposto possibilita uma descrição matemática realista do fenômeno de transição insaturado/saturado a partir de uma combinação entre um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais e uma desigualdade. A desigualdade representa uma limitação geométrica oriunda da incompressibilidade do líquido e da rigidez do meio poroso. Alguns casos particulares são simulados e os resultados comparados com resultados clássicos, mostrando as consequências de não levar em conta as restrições inerentes ao problema.

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O presente trabalho trata do escoamento bifásico em meios porosos heterogêneos de natureza fractal, onde os fluidos são considerados imiscíveis. Os meios porosos são modelados pela equação de Kozeny-Carman Generalizada (KCG), a qual relaciona a porosidade com a permeabilidade do meio através de uma nova lei de potência. Esta equação proposta por nós é capaz de generalizar diferentes modelos existentes na literatura e, portanto, é de uso mais geral. O simulador numérico desenvolvido aqui emprega métodos de diferenças finitas. A evolução temporal é baseada em um esquema de separação de operadores que segue a estratégia clássica chamada de IMPES. Assim, o campo de pressão é calculado implicitamente, enquanto que a equação da saturação da fase molhante é resolvida explicitamente em cada nível de tempo. O método de otimização denominado de DFSANE é utilizado para resolver a equação da pressão. Enfatizamos que o DFSANE nunca foi usado antes no contexto de simulação de reservatórios. Portanto, o seu uso aqui é sem precedentes. Para minimizar difusões numéricas, a equação da saturação é discretizada por um esquema do tipo "upwind", comumente empregado em simuladores numéricos para a recuperação de petróleo, o qual é resolvido explicitamente pelo método Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. Os resultados das simulações são bastante satisfatórios. De fato, tais resultados mostram que o modelo KCG é capaz de gerar meios porosos heterogêneos, cujas características permitem a captura de fenômenos físicos que, geralmente, são de difícil acesso para muitos simuladores em diferenças finitas clássicas, como o chamado fenômeno de dedilhamento, que ocorre quando a razão de mobilidade (entre as fases fluidas) assume valores adversos. Em todas as simulações apresentadas aqui, consideramos que o problema imiscível é bidimensional, sendo, portanto, o meio poroso caracterizado por campos de permeabilidade e de porosidade definidos em regiões Euclideanas. No entanto, a teoria abordada neste trabalho não impõe restrições para sua aplicação aos problemas tridimensionais.

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As técnicas de injeção de traçadores têm sido amplamente utilizadas na investigação de escoamentos em meios porosos, principalmente em problemas envolvendo a simulação numérica de escoamentos miscíveis em reservatórios de petróleo e o transporte de contaminantes em aquíferos. Reservatórios subterrâneos são em geral heterogêneos e podem apresentar variações significativas das suas propriedades em várias escalas de comprimento. Estas variações espaciais são incorporadas às equações que governam o escoamento no interior do meio poroso por meio de campos aleatórios. Estes campos podem prover uma descrição das heterogeneidades da formação subterrânea nos casos onde o conhecimento geológico não fornece o detalhamento necessário para a predição determinística do escoamento através do meio poroso. Nesta tese é empregado um modelo lognormal para o campo de permeabilidades a fim de reproduzir-se a distribuição de permeabilidades do meio real, e a geração numérica destes campos aleatórios é feita pelo método da Soma Sucessiva de Campos Gaussianos Independentes (SSCGI). O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o estudo da quantificação de incertezas para o problema inverso do transporte de um traçador em um meio poroso heterogêneo empregando uma abordagem Bayesiana para a atualização dos campos de permeabilidades, baseada na medição dos valores da concentração espacial do traçador em tempos específicos. Um método do tipo Markov Chain Monte Carlo a dois estágios é utilizado na amostragem da distribuição de probabilidade a posteriori e a cadeia de Markov é construída a partir da reconstrução aleatória dos campos de permeabilidades. Na resolução do problema de pressão-velocidade que governa o escoamento empregase um método do tipo Elementos Finitos Mistos adequado para o cálculo acurado dos fluxos em campos de permeabilidades heterogêneos e uma abordagem Lagrangiana, o método Forward Integral Tracking (FIT), é utilizada na simulação numérica do problema do transporte do traçador. Resultados numéricos são obtidos e apresentados para um conjunto de realizações amostrais dos campos de permeabilidades.

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Esse texto trata do problema de um fluido contaminado escoando por um meio poroso, tratando os componentes na mistura como meios contínuos. Na primeira parte, desenvolvemos a teoria de misturas de meios contínuos e discutimos equações da continuidade, momento linear e momento angular. A seguir, descrevemos o problema em detalhe e fazemos hipóteses para simplificar o escoamento. Aplicamos as equações encontradas anteriormente para encontrarmos um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais. Desse ponto em diante, o problema se torna quase puramente matemático. Discutimos o caso insaturado, e depois a saturação do meio poroso. Finalmente, adicionamos um contaminante à mistura e, em seguida, N contaminantes.

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Sucessivos barramentos ao longo de um rio impedem a migração, fenômeno característico de algumas espécies de peixes. Essa interrupção pode provocar a extinção local de espécies migratórias de peixes e acentuada queda da produção pesqueira. Mecanismos de Transposição para Peixes (MTP) são estruturas capazes de mitigar os efeitos negativos desses barramentos, possibilitando a transposição segura dessas espécies através dos barramentos. Esta pesquisa visou a compreensão do funcionamento de um MTP conhecido como escada para peixes do tipo ranhura vertical. Para tanto, foram realizados experimentos em uma estrutura de laboratório, geometricamente semelhante à Escada de Peixes do tipo Ranhura Vertical do reservatório da UHE de Igarapava/MG. Foram realizados experimentos em diversas vazões para a verificação do regime de escoamento ao longo da estrutura e para a determinação dos parâmetros hidráulicos de vazão adimensional, de coeficiente de descarga e de coeficiente de cisalhamento, que foram comparados aos encontrados na bibliografia. Por meio desses ensaios foi possível sugerir equações simplificadas para esses parâmetros Também foram executados ensaios a vazão constante para gerar mapas de distribuição de velocidades médias e de pressões dentro de um tanque da estrutura. A vazão constante também foram medidos valores de altura de lâmina d’água ao longo de dois eixos de um tanque e realizadas visualizações do escoamento por meio do uso de traçadores. Os resultados puderam demonstrar a existência de um jato e de duas zonas de recirculação de água, à esquerda e à direita do tanque, assim como a alta variação de valores de pressões no jato e a existência de velocidades no sentido vertical, principalmente na zona de recirculação à esquerda do tanque.

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The present study provides a methodology that gives a predictive character the computer simulations based on detailed models of the geometry of a porous medium. We using the software FLUENT to investigate the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid through a random fractal medium which simplifies a two-dimensional disordered porous medium representing a petroleum reservoir. This fractal model is formed by obstacles of various sizes, whose size distribution function follows a power law where exponent is defined as the fractal dimension of fractionation Dff of the model characterizing the process of fragmentation these obstacles. They are randomly disposed in a rectangular channel. The modeling process incorporates modern concepts, scaling laws, to analyze the influence of heterogeneity found in the fields of the porosity and of the permeability in such a way as to characterize the medium in terms of their fractal properties. This procedure allows numerically analyze the measurements of permeability k and the drag coefficient Cd proposed relationships, like power law, for these properties on various modeling schemes. The purpose of this research is to study the variability provided by these heterogeneities where the velocity field and other details of viscous fluid dynamics are obtained by solving numerically the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations at pore level and observe how the fractal dimension of fractionation of the model can affect their hydrodynamic properties. This study were considered two classes of models, models with constant porosity, MPC, and models with varying porosity, MPV. The results have allowed us to find numerical relationship between the permeability, drag coefficient and the fractal dimension of fractionation of the medium. Based on these numerical results we have proposed scaling relations and algebraic expressions involving the relevant parameters of the phenomenon. In this study analytical equations were determined for Dff depending on the geometrical parameters of the models. We also found a relation between the permeability and the drag coefficient which is inversely proportional to one another. As for the difference in behavior it is most striking in the classes of models MPV. That is, the fact that the porosity vary in these models is an additional factor that plays a significant role in flow analysis. Finally, the results proved satisfactory and consistent, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the referred methodology for all applications analyzed in this study.

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Steam injection is a method usually applied to very viscous oils and consists of injecting heat to reduce the viscosity and, therefore, increase the oil mobility, improving the oil production. For designing a steam injection project it is necessary to have a reservoir simulation in order to define the various parameters necessary for an efficient heat reservoir management, and with this, improve the recovery factor of the reservoir. The purpose of this work is to show the influence of the coupled wellbore/reservoir on the thermal simulation of reservoirs under cyclic steam stimulation. In this study, the methodology used in the solution of the problem involved the development of a wellbore model for the integration of steam flow model in injection wellbores, VapMec, and a blackoil reservoir model for the injection of cyclic steam in oil reservoirs. Thus, case studies were developed for shallow and deep reservoirs, whereas the usual configurations of injector well existing in the oil industry, i.e., conventional tubing without packer, conventional tubing with packer and insulated tubing with packer. A comparative study of the injection and production parameters was performed, always considering the same operational conditions, for the two simulation models, non-coupled and a coupled model. It was observed that the results are very similar for the specified well injection rate, whereas significant differences for the specified well pressure. Finally, on the basis of computational experiments, it was concluded that the influence of the coupled wellbore/reservoir in thermal simulations using cyclic steam injection as an enhanced oil recovery method is greater for the specified well pressure, while for the specified well injection rate, the steam flow model for the injector well and the reservoir may be simulated in a non- coupled way

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)