Versi??n reducida del cuestionario revisado de personalidad de Eysenck (EPQ-RA)

Resumen tomado de la revista

Heritability and nineteen-year stability of long and short EPQ-R Neuroticism scales

The heritability and stability over a 19 year period of long (23-item) and short (12-item) versions of Eysenck's Neuroticism scale were compared in a large Australian twin-family sample. Stability over 19 years of the 23-item Neuroticism scale was 0.62 and for the 12-item scale 0.59. Correlations between scores obtained by mailed questionnaire and telephone interview a few weeks apart were 0.87 for the long scale and 0.85 for the short scale; scores obtained by mail were slightly higher, particularly for females. The 12-item scale had slightly reduced power to discriminate both high and low scoring individuals on the full 23-item scale. Mean Neuroticism score for the 12-item scale was atypically low when compared to the distribution of the complete set of scores for all possible combinations (> 1 million) of 12-items drawn from the full 23-item EPQ-R. Mean heritabilities for the lowest and highest 300,000 of these combinations were 43.2% and 42.7%, respectively, somewhat higher than the 41.0% for the actual EPQ-R-S 12-item scale. Heritability for the 23-item scale was 46.5%. We conclude that there is little loss of either stability or heritability in using the short EPQ-R scale, but the choice of which 12-items could have been better. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EPQ Model with Imperfect Quality Raw Material

MSC 2010: 26A33, 33E12, 33C60, 44A20

Dimensions of neuroticism : relationships with gender and personality traits

Reports results of 2 studies into sex-related neuroticism. Measures included sex-free and sex-related neuroticism scales (L. Francis, see record 1994-00056-001), the Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Lie scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory. In Study 1 with 69 male and 75 female undergraduates, no support for the validity of sex-free and sex-related measures of neuroticism was found. Although scores on both neuroticism measures were significantly related to depression scores, sex-free neuroticism was also associated with extraversion, psychoticism, and social desirability but only among males. Women tended to have significantly higher neuroticism scores than did men. In Study 2 involving 56 male and 129 female undergraduates, no significant differences in total scale scores were observed between the sexes when a natural language measure of neuroticism was used.

Getting mad may not mean getting even: The influence of drivers' ethical ideologies on driving anger and related behaviour

The current study explored the influence of moral values (measured by ethical ideology) on self-reported driving anger and aggressive driving responses. A convenience sample of drivers aged 17-73 years (n = 280) in Queensland, Australia, completed a self-report survey. Measures included sensation seeking, trait aggression, driving anger, endorsement of aggressive driving responses and ethical ideology (Ethical Position Questionnaire, EPQ). Scores on the two underlying dimensions of the EPQ idealism (highI/lowI) and relativism (highR/lowR) were used to categorise drivers into four ideological groups: Situationists (highI/highR); Absolutists (highI/lowR); Subjectivists (lowI/highR); and Exceptionists (lowI/lowR). Mean aggressive driving scores suggested that exceptionists were significantly more likely to endorse aggressive responses. After accounting for demographic variables, sensation seeking and driving anger, ethical ideological category added significantly, though modestly to the prediction of aggressive driving responses. Patterns in results suggest that those drivers in ideological groups characterised by greater concern to avoid affecting others negatively (i.e. highI, Situationists, Absolutists) may be less likely to endorse aggressive driving responses, even when angry. In contrast, Subjectivists (lowI, HighR), reported the lowest levels of driving anger yet were significantly more likely to endorse aggressive responses. This provides further insight into why high levels of driving anger may not always translate into more aggressive driving.

空难发生地高中生焦虑性心理应激的影响因素

目的：探究空难发生地不同人格特征和不同职业期望值高中生在空难发生后心理应激的差异。方法：采用《艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）成人式》、《空难发生地高中生心理应激问卷I》、《空难发生地高中生心理应激问卷II》和自编的《职业期望问卷》,分别在空难发生后一周内对非空难发生地（呼和浩特）某重点中学396名高中生、空难发生地（包头）某重点中学390名高中生和空难发生一年后包头387名高中生进行问卷调查。全部数据使用SPSS11.5 for Windows进行统计、分析处理。结果：在空难发生后一周内，两地高中生焦虑性心理应激水平有显著性差异，P<0.05，而人格特征和职业期望值没有显著性差异。空难发生地重点班学生与非重点班学生焦虑性心理应激水平有显著性差异，P<0.05；焦虑性心理应激水平与神经质分数和职业期望值呈正相关，相关系数分别为:r=0.42和r=0.37, P<0.01和P<0.05。而在空难发生一年后空难发生地重点班学生与非重点班学生的焦虑性心理应激水平没有显著性差异,P>0.05；重点班学生与非重点班学生的职业期望值有显著性差异,P<0.05；空难发生一年后重点班学生的心理应激水平与神经质分数和职业期望值均呈零相关。结论：职业期望和神经质是空难发生地高中生焦虑性心理应激水平的影响因素。对于空难发生地重点班特别是高神经质和高职业期望值的学生在空难发生后，应及时给予心理干预，使其尽快从负面情绪中摆脱出来，以免其学习和生活受到影响。

心理咨询师的心理需要及相关因素的研究

The aim of this research is to explore the tendency of needs and its influential factors in counselors at present time．Three studies were carried out: study 1 was to find out the tendency of needs and the structure of needs in counselors. Study 2 was to compare the needs between counselors and non-counselors, in which 64 subjects were students majored in psychology but they don’t want to counsel.Study 3 was to initially explore the relationships between the tendency of needs and its influential factors. Studies of the 1 and 3 selected 123 counselors. It was found that: 1. The results of EPPS in counselors: according to comparison between original marks, the number of subjects who range first from high to low was: introspection，change，dominance，nurse，order，succor，affinity=autonomy，achievement，endurance，heterosexuality，deference，aggression=exhibition=abasement ; according to means of original marks, the tendency of needs from high to low was: introspection，achievement，nurse，autonomy，change，succor，endurance，dominance，order，affinity，aggression，exhibition，deference，abasement，heterosexuality. The lower one of the counselors were needs of aggression, exhibition，deference，abasement and heterosexuality，the high one are introspection，nurse and change．The most difference was achievement need. 2. Dilemmas had no significantly different effect on the needs of counselors, but sexuality and age affect them in some factors. There were significant differences in the factors of deference, exhibition and nurse among different ages. Counselors married had higher tendency of obedience, autonomy, introspection, nurse and endurance than those unmarried. 3. The results of EPPS in non-counselors: according to comparison between original marks, the number of subjects who range first from high to low was: endurance，order，change=dominance，autonomy= introspection=nurse，affinity，succor，aggression，achievement，heterosexuality，exhibition=abasement，deference; according to original marks’means, the tendency of needs from high to low was: nurse，endurance，achievement，order，introspection，change，autonomy，dominance，affinity，succor，aggression，exhibition，abasement，deference，heterosexuality. The lower one of the counselors were needs of aggression, exhibition，deference，abasement and heterosexuality，the high one were introspection，nurse and change．The most difference was achievement need. 4. There were significant differences in the needs of abasement and introspection between counselors and non-counselors. Male counselors and non-counselors had significant differences in the factor of abasement. Female counselors had higher tendency of succor needs. 5. The differences of childhood traumas and positive life events were not significant. The positive and negative life events themselves had no significant differences, but negative life events had marginal significant difference between the two groups. 6. The marks of counselors were lower than non-counselors in the factors of neuroticism. 7. Counselors and trainees had no significant differences among other needs、childhood traumas、life events、personality and coping styles except in the deference need. 8. The result of multiple estimation of EPQ , CTQ and EPPS were related．Many specific life events were related with the tendency of many needs. As shown in the research, children’s traumas, characteristic and life events may affect needs chiefly. 9. There were close relation between characteristic and childhood traumas in counselors. Especially the subjects with more childhood traumas had higher tendency of psychoticism, neuroticism and introvision. There were few persons with much high scores on the Childhood traumas in the subjects．Their personality characteristics indicate high extrovision and low psychoticism．Their childhood traumas may affect the shape of sound personality． Conclusion: 1. The most important tendency of needs were introspection，nurse and change． 2. The differences of childhood traumas and life events were not significant between counselors and non-counselors. The marks of counselors were higher than non-counselors in the factors of introspection, but lower in the factor of neuroticism． 3. The main influential factors in counselors of needs were childhood traumas、characteristic and life events.

网络成瘾者心率变异性频谱特征及人格相关因素的研究

The aim of this research is to explore heart rate variability frequency field characteristics and personality influential factors of internet addicts by experimentation and questionnaire. Two studies were carried out: study 1 was to explore the pathological and mental mechanism of internet addicts by heart rate variability physiological index and EPQ and internet addiction scale. Study 2 was to compare the personality and mental characteristics between internet addicts and Non-addicts. The testees were 30 internet addict schoolboys who were in-patient and 43 schoolboys who accorded with qualification from grade 2 in senior high school and sophomore. It is found that: 1、 Internet addicts have obviously lower HFNU than Non-addicts， but have obviously higher LFNU and LF/HF ratio than Non-addicts. Internet addicts have dysfunction in their sympathetic and parasympathetic system; 2、 Internet addicts and Non-addicts have no significant difference in their EPQ except their lying point, but the nervous characteristics of EPQ of internet addicts have influence on their equipoise of parasympathetic system, that is to say when the score of nervous characteristics of EPQ become higher, equipoise of parasympathetic system become worse and worse. However the EPQ personality characteristics of non-addicts have no influence on their sympathetic and parasympathetic system. 3、 The extent of internet addiction of the internet addicts is independent of their equipoise of parasympathetic system, but non-addicts use internet more time, their equipoise of parasympathetic system become lower, there is the significant difference in the neurophysiology between internet addicts and non-addicts. That is to say internet environment is safe to most adolescent, they can make use of internet environment accurately, but internet addicts, their physiological and psychological level has changed to a certain, need to be treated.； 4、 Serious internet game addicts have the metal characteristics of low social support, low purpose in life and low adventure; 5、 The objective support、support utilization of social support questionnaire and sensation seeking characteristics have prognosticative function for internet addiction degree; 6、 Serious internet game addicts have the metal characteristics of low social support, low lying particularity, they are inclined to self abandonment. Serious internet game addicts of low N characteristic have high sensation seeking characteristic, and at the same E personality foundation, they also seek new stimulus with higher intension. There is a prompt that we should pay attention to internet addicts’ personality so that obtain better curative effect for internet addiction therapy.

心理行为因素、免疫功能与乳腺癌的相关性研究

Present study consists of two experiments. In the first experiment, the relationship between psycho-behavioral factors, immune function and the stage of breast cancer was investigated. Fifty six postoperated hospitalized breast cancer patients with radiotherapy were used as the subjects. EPQ and MAC questionnaires were used to assess the patients' psycho-behavioral factors. Blood NK activation level and saliva IgA level were determined as the assessment of their immune function. It was found that the late stage breast cancer patients were more stable but more anxious in emotion. Patients with extrovert personality had higher NK activation and higher fighting spirit than did the patients with introvert personality. The patients with more fatalism had higher levels of saliva IgA and NK activation than did the patients with less fatalism. It was also found that the higher the level of saliva IgA, the higher the level of fighting spirit. In the second experiment, the effect of psycho-behavioral intervention on the immune function and the emotional state of these patients was studied. It was found that the psycho-behavioral intervention significantly increased the level of NK activation and tended to decrease the level of anxious preoccupation. The number of the patients who had to use medicine to increase peripheral blood white cells during radiotherapy was significantly decreased in patients with psycho-behavioral therapy when compared with the control group. Collectively, the data suggested that the immune function, cancer stage were related to the patients' psycho-behavioral factors and the psycho-behavioral intervention could improve the patients' immune function and emotional state.

大学生吸烟行为研究

After revising Russell Motives for Smoking Questionnaire(RMSQ,1974), 317 smoking students and 270 non-smoking students in Beijing are studied. Factor analysis on RMSQ showed that there are four factors: Indulgent, Stimulant/Sedative, Addictive and Social, which cause students to smoke. All the four motives are positively correlated to Psychoticism, and excluding Stimulant /Sedative, the other motives have a negative correlation with the scores on the EPQ Lie sclae. The revised RMSQ has a high reliability and validity in China.

Desenvolvimento do pensamento ético no contexto da formação inicial dos enfermeiros

A prestação de cuidados de saúde coloca os novos enfermeiros face a situações complexas que exigem a mobilização de um conjunto de saberes próprios a fim de poderem responder de modo eficaz à diversidade, imprevisibilidade e singularidade de cada situação da prática clínica. Os ensinos clínicos são momentos determinantes na formação dos enfermeiros, pois são simultaneamente momentos de transformação de saberes, de aquisição da profissionalidade e de desenvolvimento de perfis de competências. Estas três dimensões fomentam a consciencialização do estudante para assumir novos papéis, através do confronto com situações concretas de saúde e de doença. É também neste confronto com as situações reais que surgem conflitos que envolvem valores, atitudes e emoções. Trata-se de momentos difíceis, geradores de stress, mas de importância fundamental para o desenvolvimento do processo de pensamento e construção do juízo ético. Analisar o processo global de construção do pensamento ético como sistema de desenvolvimento humano nos estudantes de enfermagem, contribuindo para a construção de saberes dirigidos para as estratégias que poderão influenciar a aprendizagem da ética no contexto da formação inicial dos enfermeiros, foi a nossa principal preocupação. Realizamos um estudo etnográfico, tipo estudo de caso, inserido numa metodologia multimétodo (quantitativa e qualitativa), na Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto. A investigação decorreu em três tempos distintos. Num primeiro momento, foi identificada a orientação moral dos estudantes através da aplicação de um questionário (EPQ); num segundo tempo, foi efectuada uma observação participante no sentido de identificar as formas de pensamento dos estudantes e os factores que as influenciaram ou dificultaram; num terceiro momento, foram realizadas entrevistas de forma a clarificar e aprofundar as informações recolhidas. No tratamento da informação emergiram seis dimensões de análise (contexto da prática, trajectórias da aprendizagem, influência dos modelos da prática, dinâmicas de tutoria - supervisão - e desafios de ordem ética) que nos permitiram compreender a natureza das situações éticas e os padrões de resposta dos estudantes face a essas situações, a influência do ensino da ética e também os factores influenciadores das formas de pensamento ético. A análise dos resultados revelou que, ao longo do curso de enfermagem, os estudantes desenvolvem o seu pensamento ético numa interacção recíproca de si próprios como pessoas activas (estudante) e o ambiente (contexto), onde se encontram em permanente crescimento (desenvolvimento humano), sendo que o ambiente se encontra também em constante transformação. Isto ocorre num movimento crescente, que se inicia com o “aprender a pensar” através do conhecimento acumulado (saber teórico) que lhes permite desenvolver uma actuação através do “aprender fazendo” (saber prático) de modo a atingirem com sucesso a transição para o mundo do trabalho. Tal como qualquer outro processo, o desenvolvimento do pensamento acontece em paralelo com a construção da aprendizagem, segundo etapas ou fases, que caracterizamos como: maturação, consolidação e autonomização. Ao longo do trabalho foram identificados aspectos fundamentais que carecem de reflexão e mudança nos contextos da formação inicial dos enfermeiros, cuja influência é preponderante no desenvolvimento do pensamento ético, dos quais salientamos: a nível da formação (contextos de ensino, processos supervisivos e formação de supervisores) e a nível do currículo (Plano de Estudos).

Traços de personalidade, estados emocionais e condução : um estudo comparativo entre condutores de ambos os sexos

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (Desenvolvimento Humano e Social), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

Análisis de un estudio acerca de la memoria de caras.

Se plantean dos hipótesis sobre memoria de caras. Hipótesis de elaboración: el recuerdo de las caras es una función del aumento del número de facciones codificadas al estudiarlas. Hipótesis de procesamiento de rasgos: tiene un efecto de superioridad la condición de rasgos en la memoria facial como evidencia del papel de factores afectivos en el recuerdo. Este trabajo se plantea dos hipótesis: 1.-El tratamiento de rasgos de Zanjon o tratamiento 2 es superior en el recuerdo de caras al tratamiento 1 o de rasgos físicos. 2.-Los sujetos introvertidos tendrán un recuerdo claramente superior los que participen del tratamiento 2 que los que participen en el tratamiento 1. 112 alumnos de séptimo de EGB del Colegio Virgen Milagrosa de Oviedo. Se seleccionaron 100 fotografías. En la fase de atención se aplicó a la muestra dos tratamientos de forma aleatoria: el tratamiento 1 que investiga la hipótesis de elaboración y el tratamiento 2 que investiga la hipótesis de rasgos. En la fase de recuerdo se pasó una hoja con 100 ítems para que señalaran 'sí' si recordaban la foto y 'no' si la foto les era extraña. Variables dependientes: condición de recuerdo, porcentaje de aciertos, errores y falsas alarmas. Variables independientes: clase social, horas que las niñas pasan con sus padres, edad, media de notas en general, nota media en Lengua e Idiomas, nota media en Matemáticas y Música, CI, neuroticismo, extraversión, psicoticismo, sinceridad y bilingüismo. Factor G de Cattell, EPQ-J de Eysenck y las dos fases de atención y recuerdo. No se puede concluir que se lograra poner a prueba la hipótesis de rasgos ya que sólo fue significativa la diferencia entre los dos tratamientos en el avar respecto a los errores. Respecto a la segunda hipótesis, sí se ha probado con creces que los introvertidos mejoran el recuerdo con el tratamiento de rasgos. Estos resultados no son muy representativos de la población general ya que sólo se pasó en personas del sexo femenino y además muy jovenes. Sería bueno saber qué componente de la introversión es la que define más la eficacia en el recuerdo y qué rasgo psicológico es el que más pesa en la predicción.

Agresividad y deporte

Estudiar la posible relación que existe entre la práctica de una actividad deportiva, como es el kárate infantil, no competitivo, con la agresividad que el niño muestra, no sólo en ese ámbito deportivo específico, sino también en un campo social más amplio. 45 alumnos practicantes de la actividad deportiva extraescolar de kárate de entre 7 y 11 años, y otro grupo de 43 alumnos de las mismas características pero que no realizan actividades deportivas extraescolares. Tras una primera parte, en la que se abordan los planteamientos teóricos sobre la agresividad, el hecho agresivo, las diferencias sexuales, desarrollo evolutivo y psicopatológico de la conducta agresiva, y sobre el deporte, la estructura del grupo deportivo y la relación del deporte con la agresividad, se pasa a la exposición del trabajo de campo. Test escritos como el EPQ-J, un cuestionario de agresividad confeccionado por el autor, y el test proyectivo de las fábulas de Düss (1980). En la mayoría de los casos no coincidían las respuestas que daban los alumnos, ni su comportamiento observable, con aquellas que daban las familias. Además se demostró una ambivalencia con respecto a la mayoría de las respuestas y por falta de tiempo, no se ha podido dar resultados cuantificados. No obstante el autor aporta una impresión general, que afirma que no hay diferencias significativas en los niveles de agresividad del grupo de kárate con respecto al otro grupo. Esta falta de diferencias puede deberse a que la práctica del kárate se realiza tres horas a la semana, constituyendo una influencia mínima. Además deben realizarse pruebas con grupos orientados hacia la competición, no sólo hacia el aprendizaje, para poder encontrar diferencias más significativas.

Influencias de la práctica deportiva y de la orientación de meta personal en las conductas antisociales de los jóvenes.

a) Comprobar si las tendencias hacia las conductas antisociales en los jóvenes subyacen en las orientaciones de meta personal, en las variables de personalidad y en el tipo de práctica deportiva; b) Consensuar que la orientación motivacional hacia la tarea es la mejor de las dos posibles; c) Promover la orientación motivacional a la tarea por su valor como condicionante para instaurar hábitos duraderos de ocio a través de la actividad física y deportiva; d) Dismitificar la idea del deporte en sí como panacea educativa. 298 adolescentes entre 14 y 16 años. Los participantes complementaron: el Cuestionario de Percepción de Éxito POSQ para evaluar la orientación de meta personal y el Cuestionario de Personalidad de Eysenk EPQ-J para la evaluación de las tres dimensiones básicas de la personalidad: neuroticismo, extraversión y psicotísmo o dureza; y además una de sinceridad y otra de conductas antisociales. a) Se presentan datos para ilustrar la pertinencia de las metas del logro en el estudio del comportamiento motivado en contextos de actividad física y deporte; b) En la Educación Física y en el deporte escolar, la orientación a la tarea resulta la dirección pedagógica conveniente; c) El deporte competitivo en edades tempranas sacrifica la orientación a la tarea y estimula la nociva y permanente comparación con otros; d) El deporte competitivo enfatiza la implicación al yo y, por tanto, incide negativamente en la motivación intrínseca de los jóvenes; e) Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto en las variables de personalidad como en la orientación de meta, en función del género; f) La conducta antisocial se desarrolla mayoritariamente en los adolescentes que practican deporte federado; g) Es necesario promover la orientación motivacional a la tarea por su valor como condicionante para instaurar hábitos duraderos de ocio a través de la actividad física y deportiva.