Respuesta de las células HeLa y EA.hy926 al estrés por hipoxia y radiación ionizante a través de la vía JAK/STAT y la supervivencia celular

El comportamiento biológico de las células cancerosas es influenciado por el microambiente en el que se desarrollan y en este, factores como la angiogénesis o el estímulo de agentes estresores como la hipoxia, se han considerado críticos para su evolución y manejo terapéutico. Uno de los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la respuesta celular frente a estímulos estresores es la activación de vías de señalización intracelulares; en este estudio, se evaluó el estado de la vía JAK/STAT y en ella la expresión/activación de la proteína STAT3 en la línea tumoral (HeLa) y endotelial (EA.hy926), sometidas a hipoxia física y química con mesilato de deferoxamina durante 2, 6 y 24 horas. Adicionalmente, al considerar la importancia de la hipoxia como un agente modificador de la respuesta en el manejo del cáncer utilizando radiaciones ionizantes, se construyeron curvas de supervivencia celular que permitieron evaluar el comportamiento celular frente a estos estímulos. El presente estudio resalta la importancia de la hipoxia como un estímulo que modifica la activación de la proteína STAT3 y la supervivencia de células irradiadas en las dos líneas estudiadas.

Interaction of human neutrophils with endothelial cells regulates the expression of endogenous proteins annexin 1, galectin-1 and galectin-3

Annexin 1 (ANXA1), galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) proteins have been identified as important mediators that promote or inhibit leukocyte migration. The expression of these proteins was studied in human neutrophils and endothelial cells (ECs) during a transmigration process induced by IL-8. Upon neutrophil adhesion to EC, a significant increase in the cleaved ANXA1 (LCS3, raised against all ANXA1 isoforms) expression was detected in the plasma membrane of adhered neutrophils and ECs compared to intact ANXA1 isoform (LCPS1, against N-terminus of protein). Adherent neutrophils had elevated Gal-3 levels in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and ECs in their plasma membranes. In contrast, a decrease in the total amounts of Gal-1 was detected in migrated compared to non-migrated neutrophils. Therefore, ANXA1 and Gal-3 changed in their content and localization when neutrophils adhere to endothelia, suggesting a process of sensitive-balance between two endogenous anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators. (c) 2006 International Federation for Cell Biology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Regulation of Nox4 expression by histone deacetylases in human endothelial cells : involvement of epigenetic mechanisms

Nox4 is a member of the NADPH oxidase family, which represents a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall. Nox4-mediated ROS production mainly depends on the expression levels of the enzyme. The aim of my study was to investigate the mechanisms of Nox4 transcription regulation by histone deacetylases (HDAC). Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and HUVEC-derived EA.hy926 cells with the pan-HDAC inhibitor scriptaid led to a marked decrease in Nox4 mRNA expression. A similar down-regulation of Nox4 mRNA expression was observed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC3. HDAC inhibition in endothelial cells was associated with enhanced histone acetylation, increased chromatin accessibility in the human Nox4 promoter region, with no significant changes in DNA methylation. In addition, the present study provided evidence that c-Jun played an important role in controlling Nox4 transcription. Knockdown of c-Jun with siRNA led to a down-regulation of Nox4 mRNA expression. In response to scriptaid treatment, the binding of c-Jun to the Nox4 promoter region was reduced despite the open chromatin structure. In parallel, the binding of RNA polymerase IIa to the Nox4 promoter was significantly inhibited as well, which may explain the reduction in Nox4 transcription. In conclusion, HDAC inhibition decreases Nox4 transcription in human endothelial cells by preventing the binding of transcription factor(s) and polymerase(s) to the Nox4 promoter, most likely because of a hyperacetylation-mediated steric inhibition. In addition, HDAC inhibition-induced Nox4 downregulation may also involves microRNA-mediated mRNA destabilization, because the effect of the scriptaid could be partially blocked by DICER1 knockdown or by transcription inhibition.

Canine mesenchymal stem cells are neurotrophic and angiogenic:an in vitro assessment of their paracrine activity

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in cell replacement therapies for connective tissue damage, but also can stimulate wound healing through paracrine activity. In order to further understand the potential use of MSCs to treat dogs with neurological disorders, this study examined the paracrine action of adipose-derived canine MSCs on neuronal and endothelial cell models. The culture-expanded MSCs exhibited a MSC phenotype according to plastic adherence, cell morphology, CD profiling and differentiation potential along mesenchymal lineages. Treating the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with serum-free MSC culture-conditioned medium (MSC CM) significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell proliferation (P < 0.01), neurite outgrowth (P = 0.0055) and immunopositivity for the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin (P = 0.0002). Treatment of the EA.hy926 endothelial cell line with MSC CM significantly increased the rate of wound closure in endothelial cell scratch wound assays (P = 0.0409), which was associated with significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and migration (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, canine MSC CM induced endothelial tubule formation in EA.hy926 cells in a soluble basement membrane matrix. Hence, this study has demonstrated that adipose-derived canine MSC CM stimulated neuronal and endothelial cells probably through the paracrine activity of MSC-secreted factors. This supports the use of canine MSC transplants or their secreted products in the clinical treatment of dogs with neurological disorders and provides some insight into possible mechanisms of action.

Techniques for quantifying effects of dietary antioxidants on transcription factor translocation and nitric oxide production in cultured cells

Dietary antioxidants can affect cellular processes relevant to chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. We have used non- standard techniques to quantify effects of the antioxidant soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein on translocation of Nuclear Factor-KB (NF-KB) and nitric oxide (NO) production, which are important in these diseases. Translocation was quantified using confocal immunofluoresecence microscopy and ratiometric image analysis. NO was quantified by an electrochemical method after reduction of its oxidation products in cell culture supernatants. Activation of the RAW 264.7 murine monocyte/macrophage cell line increased the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic immunostaining for NF-kB. The increase was exacerbated by pre-treatment with genistein or daidzein. To show that decreases could also be detected, pre-treatment with the pine bark extract Pycnogenol (R) r was examined, and found to reduce translocation. NO production was also increased by activation, but was reduced by pre-treatment with genistein or daidzein. In the EA. hy926 human endothelial cell line, constitutive production was detectable and was increased by thrombin. The confocal and electrochemical methods gave data that agreed with results obtained using the established electromobility shift and Griess assays, but were more sensitive, more convenient, gave more detailed information and avoided the use of radioisotopes.

Convergencia de vías de señalización en un modelo de apoptosis

La sepsis es un evento inflamatorio generalizado del organismo inducido por un daño causado generalmente por un agente infeccioso. El patógeno más frecuentemente asociado con esta entidad es el Staphylococcus aureus, responsable de la inducción de apoptosis en células endoteliales debida a la producción de ceramida. Se ha descrito el efecto protector de la proteína C activada (PCA) en sepsis y su relación con la disminución de la apoptosis de las células endoteliales. En este trabajo se analizó la activación de las quinasas AKT, ASK1, SAPK/JNK y p38 en un modelo de apoptosis endotelial usando las técnicas de Western Blotting y ELISA. Las células endoteliales (EA.hy926), se trataron con C2-ceramida (130μM) en presencia de inhibidores químicos de cada una de estas quinasas y PCA. La supervivencia de las células en presencia de inhibidores químicos y PCA fue evaluada por medio de ensayos de activación de las caspasas 3, 7 y 9, que verificaban la muerte celular por apoptosis. Los resultados evidencian que la ceramida reduce la activación de AKT y aumenta la activación de las quinasas ASK, SAPK/JNK y p38, en tanto que PCA ejerce el efecto contrario. Adicionalmente se encontró que la tiorredoxina incrementa la activación/fosforilación de AKT, mientras que la quinasa p38 induce la defosforilación de AKT.

Detecció de la Ribonucleasa 1 anòmalament glicosilada en sèrums humans: possible ús com a marcador tumoral del càncer de pàncreas

L'adenocarcinoma pancreàtic és una neoplàsia amb mal pronòstic per la que no existeixen marcadors específics. En aquesta tesi s'han estudiat possibles alteracions de les estructures glucídiques de la ribonucleasa pancreàtica humana (RNasa 1) de sèrum amb l'objectiu de determinar el seu ús diagnòstic. S'han descrit les estructures glucídiques de la RNasa 1 sèrica i de línies cel·lulars endotelials, i s'ha observat un increment en la proporció d'estructures biantenàries amb Fc en la RNasa 1 sèrica de pacients amb càncer de pàncreas, fet que podria ser d'utilitat diagnòstica. També, donada la gran similitud entre les estructures glucídiques descrites per la RNasa 1 sèrica i per l'endotelial, l'origen de la RNasa 1 sèrica sembla ser principalment endotelial. La RNasa 1 també s'ha avaluat per electroforesi bidimensional i s'ha establert una correlació entre el contingut d'àcid siàlic i el seu pI, fet que pot ajudar a la interpretació dels mapes bidimensionals d'altres glicoproteïnes.

Asymmetrisches Dimethylarginin als kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor : Transportmechanismen und Auswirkungen einer Akkumulation

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Membrantransporter-vermittelten Export von asymmetrischem Dimethyl-L-Arginin (ADMA) aus der Endothelzelle. Da ADMA-Plasmakonzentrationen mit Erkrankungen wie koronaren Herzkrankheiten, Atherosklerose, Bluthochdruck und Endotheldysfunktion in Verbindung gebracht werden, ist ein effektiver ADMA-Export aus der Zelle heraus unabdingbar. Um den Mechanismus hierfür aufzuklären, wurden die immortalisierte Endothelzelllinie EA.hy926 und weitere primäre Endothelzellen (humane Umbilikalvenenendothelzellen und Endothelzellen der großen und kleinen Herzgefäße) auf die Expression basischer Aminosäuretransporter mittels einer qRT-PCR hin untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass alle getesteten Endothelzellen die Aminosäuretransporter hCAT-1, y+LAT1 und y+LAT2 exprimierten. Basierend auf ADMA-Exportdaten, die mit entsprechenden Transporter-überexprimierenden Xenopus laevis-Oozyten gewonnen wurden, wurde festgestellt, dass alle drei Membrantransporter ADMA exportieren konnten. Der physiologisch wichtige Exportweg für intrazellulär anfallendes ADMA scheint dabei der via y+L zu sein, da es sich hierbei um einen aktiven Exportmechanismus handelt, der im Gegentransport von im humanen Plasma reichlich vorhandenen neutralen Aminosäuren und Natriumionen den nach innen gerichteten Natriumgradienten ausnutzt. Die Wichtigkeit des Membrantransportes für die Kontrolle intrazellulärer ADMA-Konzentrationen wurde in vitro durch Entzug von extrazellulären Austauschsubstraten und einer daraus resultierenden Blockade der Transportfunktion gezeigt. Hierbei wurde innerhalb von zwei Stunden ein 2,5-facher Anstieg der intrazellulären ADMA-Konzentration festgestellt, die bei Präsenz von Austauschsubstrat für die Transporter nicht auftrat. Die Relevanz der y+LATs für den ADMA-Export wurde durch Herunterregulation dieser Proteine mittels siRNA sichtbar: Unter diesen Bedingungen konnte ADMA auch in Anwesenheit von Austauschsubstrat für das System y+L weniger effektiv exportiert werden. Eine wichtige Aufgabe des humanen Endothels ist die Bildung bioaktiven Stickstoffmonoxids, das unter anderem eine Vasodilatation der Gefäße bewirkt. Für diese NO-Synthese wird L-Arginin als Substrat von der endothelialen NO-Synthase benötigt. ADMA stellt einen kompetitiven Inhibitor dar, dessen erhöhtes intrazelluläres Vorkommen möglicherweise hemmend auf die NO-Synthase wirken könnte. Es konnten hier allerdings keine Auswirkungen eines um das 4-fache gestiegenen, intrazellulären ADMA-Spiegels auf die Tätigkeit der endothelialen NO-Synthase festgestellt werden. Möglicherweise bedarf es eines noch weiter zu Gunsten des ADMAs verschobenen, intrazellulären L-Arginin:ADMA-Verhältnisses, um eine Hemmung der NO-Synthase festzustellen. Dies könnte bei einem pathologischen Transporterausfall eintreten, der intrazellulär permanent höhere ADMA-Konzentrationen zur Folge hätte. Des Weiteren hätte ein Anstieg der Arginasetätigkeit und damit einhergehend ein Substratdefizit für die NO-Synthase den gleichen Effekt. Der translationale Ansatz mit humanen peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen von Patienten aus der 2. Medizinischen Klinik zeigte die Tendenz einer Korrelation zwischen dem ADMA-Exportvermögen und der Endothelfunktion und brachte zudem die Erkenntnis eines individuell äußerst variablen ADMA-Exportvermögens zutage.

Lysosomaler Transport kationischer Aminosäuren durch Mitglieder der SLC7-Familie

Lysosomaler Transport kationischer Aminosäuren (KAS) stellt einen Rettungsweg in der Cystinose-Therapie dar. Ein solches Transportsystem wurde in humanen Hautfibroblasten beschrieben und mit System c benannt. Des Weiteren stellt lysosomales Arginin eine Substratquelle für die endotheliale NO-Synthase (eNOS) dar. Das von der eNOS gebildete NO ist ein wichtiges vasoprotektiv wirkendes Signalmolekül. Ziel war es daher, herauszufinden, ob Mitglieder der SLC7-Unterfamilie hCAT möglicherweise System c repräsentieren.rnIn dieser Arbeit konnte ich die lysosomale Lokalisation verschiedener endogener, sowie als EGFP-Fusionsproteine überexprimierter CAT-Isoformen nachweisen. Mittels Fluoreszenz-mikroskopie wurde festgestellt, dass die in U373MG-Zellen überexprimierten Fusionsproteine hCAT-1.EGFP sowie SLC7A14.EGFP mit dem lysosomalen Fluoreszenz-Farbstoff LysoTracker co-lokalisieren. Eine Lokalisation in Mitochondrien oder dem endoplasmatischem Retikulum konnte mit entsprechenden Fluoreszenz-Farbstoffen ausgeschlossen werden. Zusätzlich reicherten sich die überexprimierten Proteine hCAT-1.EGFP, hCAT-2B.EGFP und SLC7A14.EGFP in der lysosomalen Fraktion C aus U373MG-Zellen zusammen mit den lysosomalen Markern LAMP-1 und Cathepsin D an. Gleiches galt für den endogenen hCAT-1 in der lysosomalen Fraktion C aus EA.hy926- und U373MG-Zellen sowie für den SLC7A14 in den humanen Hautfibroblasten FCys5. Mit dem im Rahmen dieser Arbeit generierte Antikörper gegen natives SLC7A14 konnte erstmals die endogene Expression und Lokalisation von SLC7A14 in verschiedenen Zelltypen analysiert werden.rnObwohl eine Herunterregulation des hCAT-1 in EA.hy926-Endothelzellen nicht zu einer Reduktion der Versorgung der eNOS mit lysosomalem Arginin führte, ist eine Funktion von hCAT-1 im Lysosom wahrscheinlich. Sowohl die [3H]Arginin- als auch die [3H]Lysin-Aufnahme der Fraktion C aus U373MG-hCAT-1.EGFP war signifikant höher als in die Fraktion C aus EGFP-Kontrollzellen. Dies konnte ebenfalls für den hCAT-2B.EGFP gezeigt werden. Zusätzlich zeigten lysosomale Proben aus U373MG-hCAT-2B.EGFP-Zellen in der SSM-basierten Elektrophysiologie eine elektrogene Transportaktivität für Arginin. Das Protein SLC7A14.EGFP zeigte in keiner der beiden durchgeführten Transportstudien eine Aktivität. Dies war unerwartet, da die aus der Diplomarbeit stammende und im Rahmen dieser Dissertation erweiterte Charakterisierung der hCAT-2/A14_BK-Chimäre, die die „funktionelle Domäne“ des SLC7A14 im Rückgrat des hCAT-2 trug, zuvor den Verdacht erhärtet hatte, dass SLC7A14 ein lysosomal lokalisierter Transporter für KAS sein könnte. Diese Studien zeigten allerding erstmals, dass die „funktionelle Domäne“ der hCATs die pH-Abhängigkeit vermittelt und eine Rolle in der Substraterkennung spielt.rnZukünftig soll weiter versucht werden auch endogen eine Transportaktivität der hCATs für KAS im Lysosom nachzuweisen und das Substrat für das intrazellulär lokalisierte Waisen-Protein SLC7A14 zu finden. Eine mögliche Rolle könnte SLC7A14 als Transporter für Neurotransmitter spielen, da eine sehr prominente Expression im ZNS festgestellt wurde.rn

Genistein reverses changes of the proteome induced by oxidized-LDL in EA center dot hy 926 human endothelial cells

Endothelial cells are primary targets for pro-atherosclerotic stressors such as oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). The isoflavone genistein, on the other hand, is suggested to prevent a variety of processes underlying atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. By analyzing the proteome of EA(.)hy 926 endothelial cells, here we show, that genistein reverses the ox-LDL-induced changes of the steady-state levels of several proteins involved in atherosclerosis. These alterations caused by genistein are functionally linked to the inhibition of ox-LDL induced apoptosis.

A CFTR chloride channel activator prevents HrpN(ea)-induced cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells

Erwinia amylovora is a necrogenic bacterium that causes fire blight of the Maloideae subfamily of Roseacae, such as apple and pear. It provokes necrosis in aerial parts of susceptible host plants and the typical hypersensitive reaction in non-host plants. The secreted hatpin, HrpN(ea), is able by itself to induce an active cell death in non-host plants. Ion flux modulations were shown to be involved early in such processes but very few data are available on the plasma membrane ion channel activities responsible for the pathogen-induced ion fluxes. We show here that HrpNea induces cell death in non-host Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells. We further show that two cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators, glibenclamide and bromotetramisole, can regulate anion channel activities and HrpN(ea)-induced cell death. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Genistein blocks homocysteine-induced alterations in the proteome of human endothelial cells

Dietary isoflavones from soy are suggested to protect endothelial cells from damaging effects of endothelial stressors and thereby to prevent atherosclerosis. In search of the molecular targets of isoflavone action, we analyzed the effects of the major soy isoflavone, genistein, on changes in protein expression levels induced by the endothelial stressor homocysteine (Hcy) in EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. Proteins from cells exposed for 24 h to 25 mu M Hcy alone or in combination with 2.5 mu M genistein were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and those with altered spot intensities were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting, Genistein reversed Hcy-induced changes of proteins involved in metabolism, detoxification, and gene regulation: and some of those effects can be linked functionally to the antiatherosclerotic properties of the soy isoflavone. Alterations of steady-state levels of cytoskeletal proteins by genistein suggested an effect oil apoptosis. As a matter of fact genistein caused inhibition of Hcy-mediated apoptotic cell death as indicated by inhibition of DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. In conclusion, proteome analysis allows the rapid identification of cellular target proteins of genistein action in endothelial cells exposed to the endothelial stressor Hcy and therefore enables the identification of molecular pathways of its antiatherosclerotic action

Histamine increases sphingosine kinase-1 expression and activity in the human arterial endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 by a PKC-alpha-dependent mechanism

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent mitogenic signal generated from sphingosine by the action of sphingosine kinases (SKs). In this study, we show that in the human arterial endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 histamine induces a time-dependent upregulation of the SK-1 mRNA and protein expression which is followed by increased SK-1 activity. A similar upregulation of SK-1 is also observed with the direct protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In contrast, SK-2 activity is not affected by neither histamine nor TPA. The increased SK-1 protein expression is due to stimulated de novo synthesis since cycloheximide inhibited the delayed SK-1 protein upregulation. Moreover, the increased SK-1 mRNA expression results from an increased promoter activation by histamine and TPA. In mechanistic terms, the transcriptional upregulation of SK-1 is dependent on PKC and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade since staurosporine and the MEK inhibitor U0126 abolish the TPA-induced SK-1 induction. Furthermore, the histamine effect is abolished by the H1-receptor antagonist diphenhydramine, but not by the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine. Parallel to the induction of SK-1, histamine and TPA stimulate an increased migration of endothelial cells, which is prevented by depletion of the SK-1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA). To appoint this specific cell response to a specific PKC isoenzyme, siRNA of PKC-alpha, -delta, and -epsilon were used to selectively downregulate the respective isoforms. Interestingly, only depletion of PKC-alpha leads to a complete loss of TPA- and histamine-triggered SK-1 induction and cell migration. In summary, these data show that PKC-alpha activation in endothelial cells by histamine-activated H1-receptors, or by direct PKC activators leads to a sustained upregulation of the SK-1 protein expression and activity which, in turn, is critically involved in the mechanism of endothelial cell migration.

Sphingosine kinase-1 is a hypoxia-regulated gene that stimulates migration of human endothelial cells

Sphingosine kinases (SK) catalyze the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate which in turn regulates cell responses such as proliferation and migration. Here, we show that exposure of the human endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 to hypoxia stimulates a increased SK-1, but not SK-2, mRNA, protein expression, and activity. This effect was due to stimulated SK-1 promoter activity which contains two putative hypoxia-inducible factor-responsive-elements (HRE). By deletion of one of the two HREs, hypoxia-induced promoter activation was abrogated. Furthermore, hypoxia upregulated the expression of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, and both contributed to SK-1 gene transcription as shown by selective depletion of HIF-1alpha or HIF-2alpha by siRNA. The hypoxia-stimulated SK-1 upregulation was functionally coupled to increased migration since the selective depletion of SK-1, but not of SK-2, by siRNAs abolished the migratory response. In summary, these data show that hypoxia upregulates SK-1 activity and results in an accelerated migratory capacity of endothelial cells. SK-1 may thus serve as an attractive therapeutic target to treat diseases associated with increased endothelial migration and angiogenesis such as cancer growth and progression.

Paracrine or virus-mediated induction of decorin expression by endothelial cells contributes to tube formation and prevention of apoptosis in collagen lattices

Resting endothelial cells express the small proteoglycan biglycan, whereas sprouting endothelial cells also synthesize decorin, a related proteoglycan. Here we show that decorin is expressed in endothelial cells in human granulomatous tissue. For in vitro investigations, the human endothelium-derived cell line, EA.hy 926, was cultured for 6 or more days in the presence of 1% fetal calf serum on top of or within floating collagen lattices which were also populated by a small number of rat fibroblasts. Endothelial cells aligned in cord-like structures and developed cavities that were surrounded by human decorin. About 14% and 20% of endothelial cells became apoptotic after 6 and 12 days of co-culture, respectively. In the absence of fibroblasts, however, the extent of apoptosis was about 60% after 12 days, and cord-like structures were not formed nor could decorin production be induced. This was also the case when lattices populated by EA.hy 926 cells were maintained under one of the following conditions: 1) 10% fetal calf serum; 2) fibroblast-conditioned media; 3) exogenous decorin; or 4) treatment with individual growth factors known to be involved in angiogenesis. The mechanism(s) by which fibroblasts induce an angiogenic phenotype in EA.hy 926 cells is (are) not known, but a causal relationship between decorin expression and endothelial cell phenotype was suggested by transducing human decorin cDNA into EA.hy 926 cells using a replication-deficient adenovirus. When the transduced cells were cultured in collagen lattices, there was no requirement of fibroblasts for the formation of capillary-like structures and apoptosis was reduced. Thus, decorin expression seems to be of special importance for the survival of EA.hy 926 cells as well as for cord and tube formation in this angiogenesis model.