Tecniche di riduzione delle interferenze elettromagnetiche nei caricabatterie per autotrazione

Le tematiche relative alla compatibilità elettromagnetica (EMC) dei dispositivi elettronici (sia per il trasferimento dell'informazione che per trasmissione e conversione di potenza) sono di grande attualità a causa di molteplici fattori. Il primo è la larga diffusione di apparecchiature elettroniche e delle telecomunicazioni in svariati ambienti. Secondariamente tali dispositivi sono sempre più suscettibili al rumore per ragioni tecniche: -tensioni di alimentazione sempre più basse (alimentazione a batterie); -aumento della velocità dei dispositivi; -miniaturizzazione; -connettività wireless (spesso con diversi protocolli sullo stesso device). All'interno di questa tesi vengono trattate le interferenze elettromagnetiche (EMI) con riferimento ad una categoria specifica di prodotti (i caricabatterie)ed approfondendo in particolare le cause e le principali tecniche per limitarne l'effetto, al fine di ottenere la compatibilità dei dispositivi. Le tecniche per abbattere le EMI presentate sono poi applicate a dispositivi commerciali per valutarne gli effetti. Il lavoro è stato svolto presso la Deca di San Marino che ha messo a disposizione un laboratorio EMC (dotato di LISN PMM L3-64, Ricevitore PMM 9010/30P full-compliance e AbsorbingClamp TESEQ) ed alcuni propri prodotti.

Studio nel dominio tempo-frequenza di emissioni condotte generate da convertitori elettronici di potenza

La presente Tesi di Laurea si colloca nell’ambito di un progetto strategico di ateneo chiamato OpIMA. Tale progetto mira a sviluppare codificatori innovativi per segnali di tipo impulsivo, discreti nei livelli, con riferimento soprattutto all’attuazione, alla sintesi di forme d’onda e all’amplificazione audio. L’obiettivo del progetto è di sviluppare nuove generazioni di codificatori, simili nell’uso a quelli tradizionali ed in qualche modo compatibili con essi e pure basati su principi operativi radicalmente diversi. La Tesi di Laurea è stata svolta presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica (DIE) nel laboratorio di Compatibilità Elettromagnetica (LACEM). Il lavoro tratta di uno studio nel dominio tempo-frequenza sulle emissioni condotte prodotte da un convertitore statico DC/AC progettato presso il DIE. Tale studio risulta utile per capire come e quando vengono generati questi disturbi e per migliorare la compatibilità elettromagnetica del convertitore. La Tesi inizialmente richiama con il Capitolo 1 i concetti che stanno alla base della compatibilità elettromagnetica, soprattutto per quanto riguarda le emissioni condotte. Con il Capitolo 2 si descrive in dettaglio il banco prova in ogni sua parte; nel Capitolo 3 vengono riportati i dati teorici di carica e scarica del BUS DC del convertitore. Nel Capitolo 4, 5, 6 vengono riportati i risultati delle prove effettuate sul convertitore per quanto riguarda le emissioni condotte; in particolare nel Capitolo 4 le prove sono state eseguite sul convertitore originale, nel Capitolo 5 si sono ripetute le prove separando elettricamente il circuito di potenza del convertitore da quello di controllo (ovviamente in questa fase abbiamo utilizzato due fonti di alimentazione separate) e nel Capitolo 6 si è voluto eliminare il rumore generato dall’alimentatore presente all’interno del circuito di controllo e per far ciò sono stati costruiti cinque alimentatori lineari esterni con determinate caratteristiche. Infine nell’ultimo Capitolo si sono tratte le conclusioni sui risultati delle misure effettuate.

Timing Calculations for a General N-Level Dodecagonal Space Vector Structure Using Only Reference Phase Voltages

Multilevel inverters with dodecagonal (12-sided polygon) voltage space vector (SV) structures have advantages like extension of linear modulation range, elimination of fifth and seventh harmonics in phase voltages and currents for the full modulation range including extreme 12-step operation, reduced device voltage ratings, lesser dv/dt stresses on devices and motor phase windings resulting in lower EMI/EMC problems, and lower switching frequency-making it more suitable for high-power drive applications. This paper proposes a simple method to obtain pulsewidth modulation (PWM) timings for a dodecagonal voltage SV structure using only sampled reference voltages. In addition to this, a carrier-based method for obtaining the PWM timings for a general N-level dodecagonal structure is proposed in this paper for the first time. The algorithm outputs the triangle information and the PWM timing values which can be set as the compare values for any carrier-based hardware PWM module to obtain SV PWM like switching sequences. The proposed method eliminates the need for angle estimation, computation of modulation indices, and iterative search algorithms that are typical in multilevel dodecagonal SV systems. The proposed PWM scheme was implemented on a five-level dodecagonal SV structure. Exhaustive simulation and experimental results for steady-state and transient conditions are presented to validate the proposed method.

Analysis and optimized design of a distributed multi-stage EMC filter for an interleaved three-phase PWM-rectifier system for aircraft applications

Different possible input filter configurations for a modular three-phase PWM rectifier system consisting of three interleaved converter cells are studied. The system is designed for an aircraft application where MIL-STD-461E conducted EMI standards have to be met and system weight is a critical design issue. The importance of a LISN model on the simulated noise levels and the effect of interleaving and power unbalance between the different converter modules is discussed. The effect of the number of filter stages and the degree of distribution of the filter stages among the individual converter modules on the weight and losses of the input filter is studied and optimal filter structures are proposed.

EMI in modern AC motor drive systems

In this paper, several aspects of high frequency related issues of modern AC motor drive systems, such as common mode voltage, shaft voltage and resultant bearing current and leakage currents, have been discussed. Conducted emission is a major problem in modern motor drives that produce undesirable effects on electronic devices. In modern power electronic systems, increasing power density and decreasing cost and size of system are market requirements. Switching losses, harmonics and EMI are the key factors which should be considered at the beginning stage of a design to optimise a drive system.

EMI issues in modern power electronic systems

Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses, EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we design a power converter.

Polyphase drive systems configuration aiming EMI mitigation

Topologies of motor drive systems are studied, aiming the reduction of common-mode (CM) currents. Initially, the aspects concerning the CM currents circulation are analysed. The reason of common-mode voltages generation, the circulating paths for the resulting CM currents and their effects are discussed. Then, a non-conventional drive system configuration is proposed in order to reduce the CM currents and their effects. This configuration comprehends a non-conventional inverter module wired to a motor with an unusual connection. The cables arrangement differs from the standard solution, too. The proposed topology is compared with other ones, like the active circuit for common-mode voltages compensation. The contribution of the configuration to the reduction of CM voltages and currents and their related interferences are evaluated, based on numerical simulations. Some results are presented and discussed regarding the suitability of the proposed configuration as a potential solution to reduce the CM currents effects, when the state of art and implementation cost of drives are taken into account.

Analisi comparativa di tecniche di monitoraggio per la rilevazione di perdite in condotte idriche

In molti sistemi di distribuzione idrici una percentuale significativa di acqua viene persa passando dagli impianti di trattamento alle utenze, a causa di danneggiamenti nei diversi componenti delle reti. Le perdite idriche sono un problema costoso, non solo in termini di spreco di una preziosa risorsa naturale, ma anche in termini economici. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è stato quello di identificare possibili sviluppi per le attrezzature e metodi già esistenti al fine di rilevare in modo automatico perdite idriche in condotte in plastica. A questo proposito è stata studiata l’efficacia di metodi basati sull’analisi di vibrazioni e suoni. In particolare ci si è concentrati sull’uso di accelerometri e idrofoni e, successivamente, sull’uso di sensori di emissioni acustiche. Dopo una prima fase di ricerca approfondita sulla dinamica dei fenomeni vibro-acustici che si verificano nelle condotte, sulla teoria delle emissioni acustiche, sulla caratterizzazione di segnali di perdita in condotte in plastica e sulle principali attrezzature usate attualmente per l’individuazione delle perdite, si è passati alla fase sperimentale. La fase sperimentale può essere distinta in due parti. La prima ha avuto come obiettivo il confronto tra segnali acquisiti da accelerometro e idrofono relativamente all’efficacia nell’individuazione di perdite idriche mediante apposito algoritmo ed ha coinvolto numerosi test sul campo, eseguiti sotto condizioni controllate in un impianto di rilevamento perdite sperimentale, appositamente costruito, adiacente alla sede della Divisione Reti R & S di Hera a Forlì. La seconda fase, invece, ha avuto come obiettivo la determinazione dell’efficacia del metodo delle emissioni acustiche per l’individuazione di perdite idriche ed ha visto l’esecuzione di altrettanti test, eseguiti sotto condizioni controllate, in un impianto sperimentale più semplice del precedente.

Quasi delay insensitive asynchronous circuits for low EMI

International audience

EMI issues in high power and high level diode-clamped converters

Planar busbar is a good candidate to reduce interconnection inductance in high power inverters compared with cables. However, power switching components with fast switching combined with hard switched-converters produce high di/dt during turn off time and busbar stray inductance then becomes an important issue which creates overvoltage. It is necessary to keep the busbar stray inductance as low as possible to decrease overvoltage and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) noise. In this paper, the effect of different transient current loops on busbar physical structure of the high-voltage high-level diode-clamped converters will be highlighted. Design considerations of proper planar busbar will also be presented to optimise the overall design of diode-clamped converters.

Flexible high-power multi DC-DC converters for train systems

This thesis reports on the investigations, simulations and analyses of novel power electronics topologies and control strategies. The research is financed by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage (07-09) grant. Therefore, in addition to developing original research and contributing to the available knowledge of power electronics, it also contributes to the design of a DC-DC converter for specific application to the auxiliary power supply in electric trains. Specifically, in this regard, it contributes to the design of a 7.5 kW DC-DC converter for the industrial partner (Schaffler and Associates Ltd) who supported this project. As the thesis is formatted as a ‘thesis by publication’, the contents are organized around published papers. The research has resulted in eleven papers, including seven peer reviewed and published conference papers, one published journal paper, two journal papers accepted for publication and one submitted journal paper (provisionally accepted subject to few changes). In this research, several novel DC-DC converter topologies are introduced, analysed, and tested. The similarity of all of the topologies devised lies in their ‘current circulating’ switching state, which allows them to store some energy in the inductor, as extra inductor current. The stored energy may be applied to enhance the performance of the converter in the occurrence of load current or input voltage disturbances. In addition, when there is an alternating load current, the ability to store energy allows the converter to perform satisfactorily despite frequently and highly varying load current. In this research, the capability of current storage has been utilised to design topologies for specific applications, and the enhancement of the performance of the considered applications has been illustrated. The simplest DC-DC converter topology, which has a ‘current circulating’ switching state, is the Positive Buck-Boost (PBB) converter (also known as the non-inverting Buck-Boost converter). Usually, the topology of the PBB converter is operating as a Buck or a Boost converter in applications with widely varying input voltage or output reference voltage. For example, in electric railways (the application of our industrial partner), the overhead line voltage alternates from 1000VDC to 500VDC and the required regulated voltage is 600VDC. In the course of this research, our industrial partner (Schaffler and Associates Ltd) industrialized a PBB converter–the ‘Mudo converter’–operating at 7.5 kW. Programming the onboard DSP and testing the PBB converter in experimental and nominal power and voltage was part of this research program. In the earlier stages of this research, the advantages and drawbacks of utilization of the ‘current circulating’ switching state in the positive Buck-Boost converter were investigated. In brief, the advantages were found to be robustness against input voltage and current load disturbances, and the drawback was extra conduction and switching loss. Although the robustness against disturbances is desirable for many applications, the price of energy loss must be minimized to attract attention to the utilization of the PBB converter. In further stages of this research, two novel control strategies for different applications were devised to minimise the extra energy loss while the advantages of the positive Buck-Boost converter were fully utilized. The first strategy is Smart Load Controller (SLC) for applications with pre-knowledge or predictability of input voltage and/or load current disturbances. A convenient example of these applications is electric/hybrid cars where a master controller commands all changes in loads and voltage sources. Therefore, the master controller has a pre-knowledge of the load and input voltage disturbances so it can apply the SLC strategy to utilize robustness of the PBB converter. Another strategy aiming to minimise energy loss and maximise the robustness in the face of disturbance is developed to cover applications with unexpected disturbances. This strategy is named Dynamic Hysteresis Band (DHB), and is used to manipulate the hysteresis band height after occurrence of disturbance to reduce dynamics of the output voltage. When no disturbance has occurred, the PBB converter works with minimum inductor current and minimum energy loss. New topologies based on the PBB converter have been introduced to address input voltage disturbances for different onboard applications. The research shows that the performance of applications of symmetrical/asymmetrical multi-level diode-clamped inverters, DC-networks, and linear-assisted RF amplifiers may be enhanced by the utilization of topologies based on the PBB converter. Multi-level diode-clamped inverters have the problem of DC-link voltage balancing when the power factor of their load closes to unity. This research has shown that this problem may be solved with a suitable multi-output DC-DC converter supplying DClink capacitors. Furthermore, the multi-level diode-clamped inverters supplied with asymmetrical DC-link voltages may improve the quality of load voltage and reduce the level of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Mathematical analyses and experiments on supplying symmetrical and asymmetrical multi-level inverters by specifically designed multi-output DC-DC converters have been reported in two journal papers. Another application in which the system performance can be improved by utilization of the ‘current circulating’ switching state is linear-assisted RF amplifiers in communicational receivers. The concept of ‘linear-assisted’ is to divide the signal into two frequency domains: low frequency, which should be amplified by a switching circuit; and the high frequency domain, which should be amplified by a linear amplifier. The objective is to minimize the overall power loss. This research suggests using the current storage capacity of a PBB based converter to increase its bandwidth, and to increase the domain of the switching converter. The PBB converter addresses the industrial demand for a DC-DC converter for the application of auxiliary power supply of a typical electric train. However, after testing the industrial prototype of the PBB converter, there were some voltage and current spikes because of switching. To attenuate this problem without significantly increasing the switching loss, the idea of Active Gate Signalling (AGS) is presented. AGS suggests a smart gate driver that selectively controls the switching process to reduce voltage/current spikes, without unacceptable reduction in the efficiency of switching.

Assessing the critical concentration of NH2 terminal groups on the surface of MWNTs towards chain scission of PC in PC/SAN blends: effect on dispersion, electrical conductivity and EMI shielding

The localization and dispersion quality of as received NH2 terminated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT-I) and ethylene diamine (EDA) functionalized MWNTs in melt mixed blends of polycarbonate ( PC) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) were assessed in this study using rheo-electrical and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding measurements. In order to improve the dispersion quality and also to selectively localize MWNTs in the PC phase of the blends, EDA was grafted onto MWNTs by two different strategies like diazonium reaction of the para-substituted benzene ring of MWNTs with EDA ( referred to as MWNT-II) and acylation of carboxyl functionalized MWNTs with thionyl chloride ( referred to as MWNT-III). By this approach we could systematically vary the concentration of NH2 functional groups on the surface of MWNTs at a fixed concentration (1 wt%) in PC/SAN blends. XPS was carried to evaluate the % concentration of N in different MWNTs and was observed to be highest for MWNT-III manifesting in a large surface coverage of EDA on the surface of MWNTs. Viscoelastic properties and melt electrical conductivities were measured to assess the dispersion quality of MWNTs using a rheo-electrical set-up both in the quiescent as well as under steady shear conditions. Rheological properties revealed chain scission of PC in the presence of MWNT-III which is due to specific interactions between EDA and PC leading to smaller PC grafts on the surface of MWNTs. The observed viscoelastic properties in the blends were further correlated with the phase morphologies under quiescent and annealed conditions. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness in X and K-u-band frequencies were measured to explore these composites for EMI shielding applications. Interestingly, MWNT-II showed the highest electrical conductivity and EMI shielding in the blends.