La synchronie à lumière de la diachronie : quelques exemples

This article aims to give various examples that illustrate the use of a bipolar and joint perspective – diachronic and synchronic – for the semantic study of certain items of the language. We are initially interested in the adverb carrément, which currently seems to bear little relation to any meaning as an adverb of manner. Nevertheless, the diachronic study shows how the latter stages of its development with respect to its root carré pave the way for its becoming a polyphonic adverb. It is a similar case with apparemment: it has four clear stages of semantic development, each of which is related to the various values of this adverb in synchrony. However what is perhaps even more revealing is the diachronic approach in the case of the delocutive adverbs (diablement, bigrement, fichtrement...), whereby it might be seen that these elements can have no nominal or adjectival base, which is one of the criteria that helps to illustrate their origin.

A Prosodia de Bento Pereira: contributos para o estudo lexicográfico e filológico

O presente trabalho tem por objecto de estudo o conjunto lexicográfico da Prosodia de Bento Pereira e a recuperação do seu texto. Foi feito o registo integral do texto dicionarístico em suporte digital, totalmente editável. Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo da obra no que respeita às suas características lexicográficas e percurso bibliográfico. Dilucida-se ainda o percurso editorial deste conjunto dicionarístico, sobre o qual têm subsistido algumas discrepâncias. A observação do léxico português deste conjunto editorial ocupa uma boa parte deste trabalho. Trata-se de um corpus de grandes dimensões que é constituído por 46 067 formas portuguesas não lematizadas e com numerosas variantes gráficas. Apresentam-se alguns dados estatísticos dos subcorpora português e latino. A confrontação destes corpora permite ainda a observação de testemunhos de relatinização do português e de transferência de sufixos latinos muito produtivos. Observam-se também alguns aspectos do léxico português que assinalam o seu percurso diacrónico. São feitas anotações relativas à formação de palavras através da crescente disponibilidade do sistema sufixal.

Utilisation des bases de données bibliographiques spécialisées en traduction médicale

Département de linguistique et de traduction

La figure de l'enfant et la symbolique du lait dans le logion 22 de l'EvTh et dans la tradition paléochrétienne

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Avoir ou être dans les formes verbales composées : conflits, usages et choix des grammairiens dans l'histoire du français de 1500 à 1789

En français contemporain, l’hésitation dans le choix entre être et avoir comme auxiliaire dans les formes verbale composées (par ex. le passé composé) de certains verbes intransitifs (par ex. tomber), surtout dans des variétés non standards du français, démonte clairement l’écart qui existe entre le français normé et le français oral quotidien. Cette hésitation, voire l’incertitude, dans le choix de l’auxiliaire n’est pas une particularité arbitraire ou aléatoire de la langue contemporaine; elle s’inscrit plutôt dans une tendance diachronique et pan-romane que l’on a pu observer dans la langue française depuis son émancipation du latin. Notre étude, qui se fonde sur la théorie de la grammaticalisation, propose une analyse du discours grammatical de 1500 – époque où sont apparues les premières grammaires du français – jusqu’à 1789 avec la Révolution française, signalant le moment où la langue se serait stabilisée et aurait adopté sa forme moderne. Nous divisons les trois siècles de notre étude en quatre périodes distinctes, déjà bien établies dans les études historiques. Ce sont : - Le XVIe siècle (1530-1599) - La première moitié de la période classique (1600-1650) - La deuxième moitié de la période classique (1651-1715) - Le Siècle des lumières (1716-1789) Pour chacune des quatre périodes, l’analyse se fait en trois temps. Premièrement, nous recensons les grammairiens, les lexicographes et les essayistes qui se sont prononcés, soit explicitement, soit implicitement, sur l’emploi des auxiliaires être et avoir dans les formes verbales composées (FVC). Nous identifions, là où cela est possible, le dialecte maternel de chaque auteur et son modèle d’usage. Deuxièmement, nous résumons les observations et les commentaires sur l’emploi des auxiliaires dans les FVC formulés par chaque auteur, y compris les tentatives d’explication quant à la variation dans le choix de l’auxiliaire. Finalement, nous rapportons la description de l’emploi des auxiliaires dans les FVC proposée par des historiens de la langue française pour la période en question. Notre étude nous permet de confirmer, en ce qui concerne les FVC, certaines tendances déjà reconnues dans la langue française et d’en identifier d’autres. Également, nous avons pu repérer, voire circonscrire des facteurs qui ont eu une influence sur le choix, tels les verbes plus sensibles à l’alternance, les grammairiens dont l’autorité s’est imposé plus que d’autres ou avant les autres dans l’établissement de la norme sur ce point, les contextes sociaux dans lesquels le débat a eu lieu et la période pendant laquelle les préoccupations sur ce choix était les plus intenses.

Variación en los procesos de palatalización de yod segunda (o cómo la sincronía permite la explicación de la diacronía)

La evolución de Lj latina hacia el fonema /x/ del español actual ha sido descrita con gran detalle en la bibliografía especializada en diacronía. Sin embargo, en ella no se aportan razones fonéticas que permitan entender el porqué de este cambio. Por este motivo, en el presente trabajo se ha acudido a las obras de Lindblom, Ohala o Blevins (entre otros), quienes defienden que el estudio de la variación fonética sincrónica permite una extrapolación a los datos antiguos y, por lo tanto, una aproximación y posible explicación de los procesos históricos. Así pues, con el objetivo de dar cuenta tanto de las razones del cambio como de su difusión, se ha partido del análisis fonético experimental del habla y de los datos obtenidos del estudio dialectal de /l/ y /ʎ/. Los resultados obtenidos permiten comprender cómo pudo producirse la evolución que ha llevado a la aparición del fonema /x/.

Cartas oficiais norte-riograndenses dos séculos XVIII, XIX e XX : constituição e caracterização de um corpus diacrônico

The diachronic studies marked the first decades of the 20th century in Brazilian linguistics, passing by an ostracism period after the 50s. Mainly from the 90s especially with the project, created in 1997, Para a história do português brasileiro (PHPB), which has systemized, in national ambit, the programme related to the area of diachrony the historical studies retake forces and have gradually increased since then. Our work is set in the new scene of Brazilian historical linguistics and it is associated to two research programmes: i) the constitution of a diachronic corpus; ii) the diachrony of text and discourse. As regards the first programme, we made effort to constitute a diachronic corpus of official letters about Rio Grande do Norte, we called cartas oficiais norte-rio-grandenses, written in 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The chosen for bureaucrat letters occurred for they represent a textual category very productive in historical contexts, mostly 18th and 19th centuries, in which the command of writing was the least and also because they bring, almost always explicitly, the information of where, when, for whom and from whom, as remembers Fonseca (2003). The rules for constituting the corpus were based, although not strictly, on the orientation from PHPB. In respect to the second programme, we set up on the ideas of coserian base came from the studies on discourse traditions (TD) (Koch, 1997; Kabatek, 2006) amongst which that the texts are shaped so as to follow their own tradition (Coseriu, 2007), and we turned to Diplomatics (Belloto, 2002) in order to do the characterization of this corpus by the application of concepts from Diplomatics and TD as well as by the presentation of the structures that form those official letters: their textual genres, a kind of TD, with their macrostructures; and some of their formulaic expressions (microstructures), another sort of TD. This stage of characterizing will pay attention, as far as possible, to the dynamic between tradition and innovation that happen in the actualization of those textual structures along the centuries. This work intends to contribute with the researches connected to Historical Linguistics in Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically the ones related to the constitution of diachronic corpora and to TD; and with the study of official documents, textual category about which there are almost no studies (cf. Silveira, 2007)

Diacronia dos processos constitutivos do texto relativos a assim: um novo enfoque da gramaticalização

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pensando no depois: um estudo sob a perspectiva da gramaticalização

Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE

Três momentos da história da acentuação portuguesa

This article examines the lexical stress positioning in three moments of Portuguese diachrony: in its Latin origin, in medieval times (the so called Archaic Portuguese, of GalicianPortuguese), and in contemporary times, comparing Brazilian and European Portuguese. Two analysis are presented: the first one, based on non-linear Phonology theories, and the second one, based on Optimality Theory. The article shows that the rhythmic chance that affected Portuguese in its diachronic trajectory from Latin to contemporary days is not based in lexical stress positioning, which is still very close to what happened in the original Latin phase of the language.

Realidade e representação no romance regionalista brasileiro: tradição e atualidade

This work presents a discussion on Brazilian regionalist novel and its relationship to representation of reality along of Brazilian history of literature. Under this point of view, this article analyzes how the novel Galileia, by Ronaldo Correia de Brito, retakes, refuses or brings up to date, in contemporary prose, some aspects that established this kind of production inside literary diachrony in Brazil.

Gramaticalização e tradição discursiva: um estudo dos processos constitutivos do texto relacionados a assim

This paper is focused in a qualitative analysis on the item assim in correlation to its topic function in Tradições Discursivas (Discursive Traditions), investigated in the from 18th to 21th centuries. The results point out to a close relation between the investigated texts traditions and the changes that have occured concerning the item mentioned above, from a historical conception of non-linear diachrony.

Diacronia do processo de parentetização em contexto de assim: uma comunicação por cartas

This paper is the result of a research developed in one of the subgroups of the Project Toward a History of “Paulista” Portuguese which focuses on the investigation of the “Diachrony of the constitutive processes of the text”. The aim of this research is to study the Portuguese item assim in the parenthesis contexts using specifically the letter Discursive Tradition in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Focusing on the Textual Interactive theory/perspective, the main purpose is to proceed with a qualitative analysis of the functionality of assim in the process of textual construction.

Um enfoque diacrônico de assim no domínio da junção

This study proposes, based on Halliday (1985) and Raible (1992, 2001), that the interpropositional patterns of assim are distributed in continuum, which is set among the representative usages of different types of interdependency, starting from the examples of domination relations of parataxis up to the examples of hypotatics, passing through the ones that are between the poles of the continuum. We will exemplify this paperwork starting from the functioning of the phrase assim que, describing its syntactic and semantic behavior in the selected corpus and in an evidence analysis of the linguistic changing process through grammaticalization, which infers its functioning as a secular connector in order to indicate its position held by this pattern in the continuum.