Eficiencia transpiratoria como atributo de tolerancia al déficit hídrico en soja (Glycine max (L) Merril) : variabilidad intraespecífica y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento

Las principales zonas sojeras en el mundo están expuestas a situaciones de déficit hídrico (DH) que ocasionan importantes pérdidas de rendimiento. La eficiencia transpiratoria (ET) ha sido propuesta como criterio de selección asociado con tolerancia al DH. Sin embargo, en soja no existen antecedentes donde se haya estudiado dicho atributo y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue generar las primeras bases fisiológicas que permitan conocer si la ET puede ser utilizada como criterio de selección secundario en programas de mejoramiento genético de soja enfocados en la identificación de genotipos (G) con tolerancia al DH. Se realizaron dos experimentos en macetas en condiciones de campo. Experimento 1, evaluó, durante la fase vegetativa, 36 G expuestos a dos regímenes hídricos (RH) : control sin limitantes hídricas (C) y déficit hídrico (DH; 30 por ciento del consumo de controles). Experimento 2, evaluó durante la fase reproductiva, 6 G seleccionados en función de su comportamiento contrastante en la transpiración y ET durante la fase vegetativa en el Experimento 1, exponiéndolos a dos RH contrastantes (C y DH) durante el período crítico de determinación del número de semillas (NS) en soja. En soja, la ET durante la fase vegetativa es un atributo de naturaleza constitutiva que tiene variabilidad intraespecífica y que aumenta ante DH independientemente del G. Si bien la conductancia estomática fue diferente entre G, estas diferencias no explicaron la variabilidad intraespecífica encontrada en la ET. Durante la fase reproductiva, existen diferencias entre G en la ET, encontrándose diferencias en la respuesta genotípica ante DH durante el período de determinación del NS. Es posible en soja, identificar G con mayor estabilidad de rendimiento ante DH durante el período de determinación del NS, utilizando la ET como carácter de selección. A partir del análisis de los cambios de la ET durante la ontogenie del cultivo, se demostró además que evaluando la ET durante la fase vegetativa en condiciones sin limitantes hídricas, es posible identificar G de mayor ET en términos de biomasa reproductiva, rendimiento y estabilidad de rendimiento antes condiciones hídricas limitantes durante el período de determinación del NS. Esta tesis representa el primer estudio en soja de la ET durante diferentes fases de crecimiento y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento, demostrándose que es posible utilizar la ET como carácter de selección secundario para identificar G con tolerancia al DH.

Eficiencia transpiratoria como atributo de tolerancia al déficit hídrico en soja (Glycine max (L)Merril): variabilidad intraespecífica y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento

Las principales zonas sojeras en el mundo están expuestas a situaciones de déficit hídrico (DH)que ocasionan importantes pérdidas de rendimiento. La eficiencia transpiratoria (ET)ha sido propuesta como criterio de selección asociado con tolerancia al DH. Sin embargo, en soja no existen antecedentes donde se haya estudiado dicho atributo y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue generar las primeras bases fisiológicas que permitan conocer si la ET puede ser utilizada como criterio de selección secundario en programas de mejoramiento genético de soja enfocados en la identificación de genotipos (G)con tolerancia al DH. Se realizaron dos experimentos en macetas en condiciones de campo. Experimento 1, evaluó, durante la fase vegetativa, 36 G expuestos a dos regímenes hídricos (RH): control sin limitantes hídricas (C)y déficit hídrico (DH; 30 por ciento del consumo de controles). Experimento 2, evaluó durante la fase reproductiva, 6 G seleccionados en función de su comportamiento contrastante en la transpiración y ET durante la fase vegetativa en el Experimento 1, exponiéndolos a dos RH contrastantes (C y DH)durante el período crítico de determinación del número de semillas (NS)en soja. En soja, la ET durante la fase vegetativa es un atributo de naturaleza constitutiva que tiene variabilidad intraespecífica y que aumenta ante DH independientemente del G. Si bien la conductancia estomática fue diferente entre G, estas diferencias no explicaron la variabilidad intraespecífica encontrada en la ET. Durante la fase reproductiva, existen diferencias entre G en la ET, encontrándose diferencias en la respuesta genotípica ante DH durante el período de determinación del NS. Es posible en soja, identificar G con mayor estabilidad de rendimiento ante DH durante el período de determinación del NS, utilizando la ET como carácter de selección. A partir del análisis de los cambios de la ET durante la ontogenie del cultivo, se demostró además que evaluando la ET durante la fase vegetativa en condiciones sin limitantes hídricas, es posible identificar G de mayor ET en términos de biomasa reproductiva, rendimiento y estabilidad de rendimiento antes condiciones hídricas limitantes durante el período de determinación del NS. Esta tesis representa el primer estudio en soja de la ET durante diferentes fases de crecimiento y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento, demostrándose que es posible utilizar la ET como carácter de selección secundario para identificar G con tolerancia al DH.

Algunas características e impactos de las sequías que afectaron a la Región Pampeana entre 2007 y 2009

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Why is there a gender gap in children presenting for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder services?

This study addressed why girls are less likely to be referred for mental health services for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than boys. Ninety-six parents of children with elevated ADHD symptoms and 140 elementary school teachers read vignettes about children with ADHD. Half of the participants read vignettes with boys' names, and half read the same vignettes but with girls' names. Participants then rated their likeliness to seek or recommend services for the child in each vignette. Parents and teachers were less likely to seek or recommend services for girls than boys with ADHD, but results did not support the hypothesis that this is because girls are less disruptive than boys. Rather, differences in service seeking were explained by the fact that parents and teachers believed that learning assistance is less effective for girls than boys with ADHD.

Further evidence for a deficit in switching attention in schizophrenia

In this study, sustained, selective, divided, and switching attention, and reloading of working memory were investigated in schizophrenia by using a newly developed Visual Attention Battery (VAB). Twenty-four outpatients with schizophrenia and 24 control participants were studied using the VAB. Performance on VAB components was correlated with performance of standard tests. Patients with schizophrenia were significantly impaired on VAB tasks that required switching of attention and reloading of working memory but had normal performance on tasks involving sustained attention or attention to multiple stimulus features. Switching attention and reloading of working memory were highly correlated with Trails (B - A) score for patients. The decline in performance on the switching-attention task in patients with schizophrenia met criteria for a differential deficit in switching attention. Future research should examine the neurophysiological basis of the switching deficit and its sensitivity and specificity to schizophrenia.

The innovation deficit in public services : the curious problem of too much efficiency and not enough waste and failure

It has long been recognised that government and public sector services suffer an innovation deficit compared to private or market-based services. This paper argues that this can be explained as an unintended consequence of the concerted public sector drive toward the elimination of waste through efficiency, accountability and transparency. Yet in an evolving economy this can be a false efficiency, as it also eliminates the 'good waste' that is a necessary cost of experimentation. This results in a systematic trade0off in the public sector between the static efficiency of minimizing the misuse of public resources and the dynamic efficiency of experimentation. this is inherently biased against risk and uncertainty and therein, explains why governments find service innovation so difficult. In the drive to eliminate static inefficiencies, many political systems have susequently overshot and stifled policy innovation. I propose the 'Red Queen' solution of adaptive economic policy.

Modelling sustainable and optimal solutions for building services integration in early architectural design : confronting the software and professional interoperability deficit

Decisions made in the earliest stage of architectural design have the greatest impact on the construction, lifecycle cost and environmental footprint of buildings. Yet the building services, one of the largest contributors to cost, complexity, and environmental impact, are rarely considered as an influence on the design at this crucial stage. In order for efficient and environmentally sensitive built environment outcomes to be achieved, a closer collaboration between architects and services engineers is required at the outset of projects. However, in practice, there are a variety of obstacles impeding this transition towards an integrated design approach. This paper firstly presents a critical review of the existing barriers to multidisciplinary design. It then examines current examples of best practice in the building industry to highlight the collaborative strategies being employed and their benefits to the design process. Finally, it discusses a case study project to identify directions for further research.

The democratic deficit and school-based management in Australia

Purpose: The paper seeks to apply the theory of the democratic deficit to school-based management with an emphasis on Australia. This theory was developed to examine managerial restructuring of the Australian Public Service in the 1990s. Given similarities between the use of managerial practices in the public service and government schools, the authors draw on recent literature about school-based management in Australia and apply the democratic deficit theory to it. ----- ----- Design/methodology/approach: This paper is conceptual in focus. The authors analyse literature in terms of the three components of the democratic deficit – i.e. the weakening of accountability, the denial of the roles and values of public employees, and the emergence of a “hollow state” – and in relation to the application of this theory to the Australian Public Service.----- ----- Findings: A trend towards the three components of the democratic deficit is evident in Australia although, to date, its emergence has not been as extensive as in the UK. The authors argue that the democratic principles on which public schooling in Australia was founded are being eroded by managerial and market practices.----- ----- Practical implications: These findings provide policy makers and practitioners with another way of examining managerial and market understandings of school-based management and its impact on teachers and on students. It offers suggestions to reorient practices away from those that are exclusively managerial-based towards those that are public-sector based.----- ----- Originality/value: The value of this paper is that it applies the theory of the democratic deficit to current understandings of school-based management.

A case of intention deficit disorder? ICT policy, disadvantaged schools, and leaders

Since the mid-1990s, government policies in the USA, Canada, England, and Australia have promoted the need to produce an ICT skilled workforce in order to ensure national competitiveness in globalised economic conditions. In this article, we examine the ways in which these policy intentions in 1 state in Australia were translated into a techno-determinist and technocentric plan which focused primarily on getting wired up and connected. We summarise the findings from 2 projects: an investigation of a state-wide principals' professional development programme and an action research study investigating literacy, educational disadvantage, and information technologies. We found significant differences in the distribution of the physical and human capabilities between schools which made the task of engaging with ICT harder for some than others. Nevertheless, we suggest that some school leaders did develop innovative practice. We suggest that policy deficits made it difficult for school leaders to grapple with the dimensions of and debates about the kinds of educational changes that schools and school systems should be making. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.