Conocimientos y conflictos : Excavando los legados coloniales de las ecologías políticas del extractivismo

Es evidente que el fantasma de los conflictos ambientales recorre Latinoamérica. En este ensayo abordamos los conflictos como problemas epistemológicos, exponiendo reflexiones teóricas con referencias empíricas a partir de la expansión del agronegocio y la megaminería en Argentina. Analizamos los dispositivos políticos dominantes y subalternos que se (re)producen en los conflictos como momentos, dentro de conflictividades más amplias, en las que entran en suspensión, cuestionamiento y-o reacomodamiento las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza. Así, en primer lugar damos cuenta del marco histórico y geográfico que hace posible la emergencia de los actuales conflictos por extractivismo. A continuación, a partir del análisis de dos casos empíricos, analizamos la generación-transformación de algunos conocimientos en el devenir de estos conflictos. Finalmente, argumentamos en torno a las posibilidades de consolidar una epistemología espacial otra que parta de los conflictos actuales pero que al mismo tiempo los trascienda

Conocimientos y conflictos : Excavando los legados coloniales de las ecologías políticas del extractivismo

Es evidente que el fantasma de los conflictos ambientales recorre Latinoamérica. En este ensayo abordamos los conflictos como problemas epistemológicos, exponiendo reflexiones teóricas con referencias empíricas a partir de la expansión del agronegocio y la megaminería en Argentina. Analizamos los dispositivos políticos dominantes y subalternos que se (re)producen en los conflictos como momentos, dentro de conflictividades más amplias, en las que entran en suspensión, cuestionamiento y-o reacomodamiento las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza. Así, en primer lugar damos cuenta del marco histórico y geográfico que hace posible la emergencia de los actuales conflictos por extractivismo. A continuación, a partir del análisis de dos casos empíricos, analizamos la generación-transformación de algunos conocimientos en el devenir de estos conflictos. Finalmente, argumentamos en torno a las posibilidades de consolidar una epistemología espacial otra que parta de los conflictos actuales pero que al mismo tiempo los trascienda

Conocimientos y conflictos : Excavando los legados coloniales de las ecologías políticas del extractivismo

Es evidente que el fantasma de los conflictos ambientales recorre Latinoamérica. En este ensayo abordamos los conflictos como problemas epistemológicos, exponiendo reflexiones teóricas con referencias empíricas a partir de la expansión del agronegocio y la megaminería en Argentina. Analizamos los dispositivos políticos dominantes y subalternos que se (re)producen en los conflictos como momentos, dentro de conflictividades más amplias, en las que entran en suspensión, cuestionamiento y-o reacomodamiento las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza. Así, en primer lugar damos cuenta del marco histórico y geográfico que hace posible la emergencia de los actuales conflictos por extractivismo. A continuación, a partir del análisis de dos casos empíricos, analizamos la generación-transformación de algunos conocimientos en el devenir de estos conflictos. Finalmente, argumentamos en torno a las posibilidades de consolidar una epistemología espacial otra que parta de los conflictos actuales pero que al mismo tiempo los trascienda

School-community engagement : a critical approach to involving young people in an urban planning project

This study examines the participation of a group of high school students in designing a Heritage Journey as part of an urban redevelopment project in their community. School-community engagement offers young people an opportunity to engage in community life and influence decisions that affect them. Forging links between community and school is becoming more important for teachers as they attempt to create new authentic learning opportunities for young people within a changing world. Increasingly, researchers and urban planners are including children and young people as active decision makers and participants in community engagement projects. However, models of participation tend to be adult-focussed, conceive participation in terms of low to high graduated levels and lack a clearly articulated theoretical basis. The research problem in this study focuses on investigating whether the inclusion of young people in school-community engagement results in value adding to urban planning and is an example of genuine participation. The aim of the study is to provide a theoretically informed, empirically rich understanding of the inclusion of young people in a community engagement strategy for an urban planning project. Theories of space developed by Henri Lefebvre and Edward Soja are drawn upon for understanding how space is understood, used, and redeveloped by the students and other stakeholders. The study also draws on David Harvey’s notion of utopia and space to consider the imaginative possibilities of the students’ designs and ideas. The study uses a participatory research approach and documents the opportunities and challenges of this methodology. The thesis argues that school-community engagement within a "Thirdspace" offers many new opportunities for the emergence of authentic learning situations. Key findings from the study show young people’s participation in an urban planning project can achieve successful results when young people are given opportunities for full participation in decision-making processes; multiple pathways for active engagement are incorporated into the research design; opportunities for mentoring are provided; realistic timelines are communicated to all stakeholders and the needs and social practices of the local community are acknowledged. A new spatial model of community engagement is proposed as an outcome of the study. Unlike previous models of participation, this model demonstrates how exclusion and inclusion can be conceived visually, and may prove effective for conceptualising future community engagement projects that involve young people.

The geostationary orbit : a critical legal geography of space’s most valuable real estate

This chapter attends to the legal and political geographies of one of Earth's most important, valuable, and pressured spaces: the geostationary orbit. Since the first, NASA, satellite entered it in 1964, this small, defined band of Outer Space, 35,786km from the Earth's surface, and only 30km wide, has become a highly charged legal and geopolitical environment, yet it remains a space which is curiously unheard of outside of specialist circles. For the thousands of satellites which now underpin the Earth's communication, media, and data industries and flows, the geostationary orbit is the prime position in Space. The geostationary orbit only has the physical capacity to hold approximately 1500 satellites; in 1997 there were approximately 1000. It is no overstatement to assert that media, communication, and data industries would not be what they are today if it was not for the geostationary orbit. This chapter provides a critical legal geography of the geostationary orbit, charting the topography of the debates and struggles to define and manage this highly-important space. Drawing on key legal documents such as the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Treaty, the chapter addresses fundamental questions about the legal geography of the orbit, questions which are of growing importance as the orbit’s available satellite spaces diminish and the orbit comes under increasing pressure. Who owns the geostationary orbit? Who, and whose rules, govern what may or may not (literally) take place within it? Who decides which satellites can occupy the orbit? Is the geostationary orbit the sovereign property of the equatorial states it supertends, as these states argued in the 1970s? Or is it a part of the res communis, or common property of humanity, which currently legally characterises Outer Space? As challenges to the existing legal spatiality of the orbit from launch states, companies, and potential launch states, it is particularly critical that the current spatiality of the orbit is understood and considered. One of the busiest areas of Outer Space’s spatiality is international territorial law. Mentions of Space law tend to evoke incredulity and ‘little green men’ jokes, but as Space becomes busier and busier, international Space law is growing in complexity and importance. The chapter draws on two key fields of research: cultural geography, and critical legal geography. The chapter is framed by the cultural geographical concept of ‘spatiality’, a term which signals the multiple and dynamic nature of geographical space. As spatial theorists such as Henri Lefebvre assert, a space is never simply physical; rather, any space is always a jostling composite of material, imagined, and practiced geographies (Lefebvre 1991). The ways in which a culture perceives, represents, and legislates that space are as constitutive of its identity--its spatiality--as the physical topography of the ground itself. The second field in which this chapter is situated—critical legal geography—derives from cultural geography’s focus on the cultural construction of spatiality. In his Law, Space and the Geographies of Power (1994), Nicholas Blomley asserts that analyses of territorial law largely neglect the spatial dimension of their investigations; rather than seeing the law as a force that produces specific kinds of spaces, they tend to position space as a neutral, universally-legible entity which is neatly governed by the equally neutral 'external variable' of territorial law (28). 'In the hegemonic conception of the law,' Pue similarly argues, 'the entire world is transmuted into one vast isotropic surface' (1990: 568) on which law simply acts. But as the emerging field of critical legal geography demonstrates, law is not a neutral organiser of space, but is instead a powerful cultural technology of spatial production. Or as Delaney states, legal debates are “episodes in the social production of space” (2001, p. 494). International territorial law, in other words, makes space, and does not simply govern it. Drawing on these tenets of the field of critical legal geography, as well as on Lefebvrian concept of multipartite spatiality, this chapter does two things. First, it extends the field of critical legal geography into Space, a domain with which the field has yet to substantially engage. Second, it demonstrates that the legal spatiality of the geostationary orbit is both complex and contested, and argues that it is crucial that we understand this dynamic legal space on which the Earth’s communications systems rely.

Res Communis? A critical legal geography of outer space, Antarctica, and the deep seabed

This chapter provides a critical legal geography of outer Space, charting the topography of the debates and struggles around its definition, management, and possession. As the emerging field of critical legal geography demonstrates, law is not a neutral organiser of space, but is instead a powerful cultural technology of spatial production. Drawing on legal documents such as the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Treaty, as well as on the analogous and precedent-setting legal geographies of Antarctica and the deep seabed, the chapter addresses key questions about the legal geography of outer Space, questions which are of growing importance as Space’s available satellite spaces in the geostationary orbit diminish, Space weapons and mining become increasingly viable, Space colonisation and tourism emerge, and questions about Space’s legal status grow in intensity. Who owns outer Space? Who, and whose rules, govern what may or may not (literally) take place there? Is the geostationary orbit the sovereign property of the equatorial states it supertends, as these states argued in the 1970s? Or is it a part of the res communis, or common property of humanity, which currently legally characterises outer Space? Does Space belong to no one, or to everyone? As challenges to the existing legal spatiality of outer Space emerge from spacefaring states, companies, and non-spacefaring states, it is particularly critical that the current spatiality of Space is understood and considered.

Autoethnography : critical appreciation of an emerging art

In this article, the author discusses how she applied autoethnography in a study of the design of hypermedia educational resources and shows how she addressed problematic issues related to autoethnographic legitimacy and representation. The study covered a 6-year period during which the practitioner’s perspective on the internal and external factors influencing the creation of three hypermedia CD-ROMs contributed to an emerging theory of design. The author highlights the interrelationship between perception and reality as vital to qualitative approaches and encourages researchers to investigate their reality more fully by practicing the art of autoethnography.

Enhancing the trust of location acquisition systems for critical applications and location-based security services

This paper identifies a number of critical infrastructure applications that are reliant on location services from cooperative location technologies such as GPS and GSM. We show that these location technologies can be represented in a general location model, such that the model components can be used for vulnerability analysis. We perform a vulnerability analysis on these components of GSM and GPS location systems as well as a number of augmentations to these systems.