Princípio da insignificância em matéria penal: entre aceitação ampla e aplicação problemática

Este artigo busca analisar o princípio da insignificância em matéria penal, e refletir acerca da melhor forma de operacionalizá-lo dogmaticamente. Após uma introdução que trata brevemente do contexto do surgimento desse princípio, o texto apresenta as principais concepções utilizadas pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência nacionais para aplicá-lo, com o objetivo de refletir sobre as vantagens e desvantagens sistemáticas e político-criminais inscritas em cada uma delas. Nesse plano, o artigo problematiza a principal formulação defendida pela doutrina nacional - segundo a qual a insignificância constitui espécie de cláusula de exclusão da "tipicidade material" da conduta analisada -, sugerindo que essa concepção pode estar na base de sérios equívocos cometidos por nossos tribunais no momento de definir se uma conduta é ou não penalmente insignificante. Ao final, o texto aponta os contornos gerais de uma formulação dogmática mais adequada para esse princípio, visando suprir as diversas dificuldades advindas da adoção da concepção majoritária sobre a matéria no Brasil.

Palliative care, double effect and the law in Australia

Care and decision-making at the end of life that promotes comfort and dignity is widely endorsed by public policy and the law. In ethical analysis of palliative care interventions that are argued potentially to hasten death, these may be deemed to be ethically permissible by the application of the doctrine of double effect, if the doctor’s intention is to relieve pain and not cause death. In part because of the significance of ethics in the development of law in the medical sphere, this doctrine is also likely to be recognized as part of Australia’s common law, although hitherto there have been no cases concerning palliative care brought before a court in Australia to test this. Three Australian States have, nonetheless, created legislative defences that are different from the common law with the intent of clarifying the law, promoting palliative care, and distinguishing it from euthanasia. However, these defences have the potential to provide less protection for doctors administering palliative care. In addition to requiring a doctor to have an appropriate intent, the defences insist on adherence to particular medical practice standards and perhaps require patient consent. Doctors providing end-of-life care in these States need to be aware of these legislative changes. Acting in accordance with the common law doctrine of double effect may not provide legal protection. Similar changes are likely to occur in other States and Territories as there is a trend towards enacting legislative defences that deal with the provision of palliative care.

The need for legislative reform of the privity doctrine in commercial contracts in Malaysia : a comparative analysis

This thesis commences with the proposition that the first limb of the doctrine of privity causes injustice to third party beneficiaries in Malaysia, particularly in commercial contracts. The doctrine of privity has been the subject of criticism by the judiciary and academic commentators in common law jurisdictions, mainly directed at the first limb of the doctrine, whereby only parties to a contract can sue and be sued. The first limb prevents a third party from enforcing benefits conferred on them by those contracts thereby resulting in third parties suffering loss and injustice to those parties. In several common law countries, such as England, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, legislative reform of the doctrine has occurred. The legislative reform has abrogated to a significant extent the doctrine of privity in commercial contracts. Malaysia is a common law country, where the doctrine of privity is still applied to contracts. An analysis of Malaysian case law demonstrates that the most affected third party beneficiaries are those seeking to enforce insurance and construction contracts. While a small number of other third parties to commercial contracts, such as agreements to pay for work done, sale and purchase agreements and tenancy agreements are also affected, the detriment is not as significant. As a consequence, this thesis focuses primarily on the impact of the doctrine of privity on commercial contracts in the areas of insurance and construction in Malaysia The thesis aims to recommend appropriate reforms to address the injustices arising from the privity doctrine for third parties seeking to obtain the benefit of insurance and construction contracts, which may also benefit third parties to other types of commercial contracts. While the Malaysian insurance, consumer protection, negotiable instruments and agency laws allow third party beneficiaries to enforce benefits in contracts, the rights are found to be inadequate. As not all third parties seeking to enforce an insurance or construction contract can rely upon the legislation, the injustice arising from the doctrine of privity remains and needs to be addressed. To achieve this aim, a comparative analysis of the rights of third party beneficiaries under insurance and construction contracts in Malaysia, Australia and England is undertaken. The results of the analysis are used to identify appropriate elements for a legislative framework guided by the three essential criteria for effective law reform developed in the thesis. The three criteria are certainty, public interest and justice. The thesis recommends first the enactment of general legislation applicable to all commercial contracts including insurance contracts. Secondly, the thesis recommends specific targeted legislation to address the injustice faced by third party beneficiaries in construction contracts.

The doctrine of necessity and the detention and restraint of people with intellectual impairment: Is there any justification?

In Australia, the legal basis for the detention and restraint of people with intellectual impairment is ad hoc and unclear. There is no comprehensive legal framework that authorises and regulates the detention of, for example, older people with dementia in locked wards or in residential aged care, people with disability in residential services or people with acquired brain injury in hospital and rehabilitation services. This paper focuses on whether the common law doctrine of necessity (or its statutory equivalents) should have a role in permitting the detention and restraint of people with disabilities. Traditionally, the defence of necessity has been recognised as an excuse, where the defendant, faced by a situation of imminent peril, is excused from the criminal or civil liability because of the extraordinary circumstances they find themselves in. In the United Kingdom, however, in In re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) and R v Bournewood Community and Mental Health NHS Trust, ex parte L, the House of Lords broadened the defence so that it operated as a justification for treatment, detention and restraint outside of the emergency context. This paper outlines the distinction between necessity as an excuse and as a defence, and identifies a number of concerns with the latter formulation: problems of democracy, integrity, obedience, objectivity and safeguards. Australian courts are urged to reject the United Kingdom approach and retain an excuse-based defence, as the risks of permitting the essentially utilitarian model of necessity as a justification are too great.

Bajo Dios y bajo la ley : fundamentos de Derecho natural en el sistema del Common-law inglés

Resumen: El common-law inglés tiene una herencia cristiana increíblemente rica. Los juristas ingleses más prestigiosos –incluyendo a Blackstone, Coke y Fortescue– frecuentemente partían desde la fe cristiana a la hora de iluminar y desarrollar lo que ahora son ya principios bien establecidos de la doctrina del common-law. Por consiguiente, este sistema fue desarrollándose históricamente con una particular referencia a la tradición cristiana del derecho natural. Este artículo demuestra cómo el common-law inglés fue mayoritariamente inspirado y desarrollado por estos principios cristianos de la teoría del derecho natural y cómo estos principios todavía subsisten válidos para la interpretación del common-law aun en el presente.

Doctrine of Estoppel

The object of every law is to render justice. But sometimes the strict implementation of low may result in injustice. Under such circumstances equity will step in to prevent the injustice. Estoppel is one such concept evolved by equity for rendering justice even deviating from strict legal principles. This study is an analysis of the essence of the principle of estoppel, its scope, circumstances and application. The related principles known as estoppel by record, estoppel by deed, estoppel by representation, promissory estoppel, estoppel against public authority is also considered. Estoppel, originated from the sense of justice, equity and good consciousness has since developed through various judicial pronouncements. Further section 115 of the Evidence Act has statutorily recognized and laid down the principles of estoppel. But Section 115 of the Evidence Act or any other statute does not cover the modern development of estoppel in the form of promissory estoppel.

Advance directives, autonomy and the refusal of life-sustaining medical treatment

As Australian society 1s agemg, individuals are increasingly concerned about managing their future, including making decisions about the medical treatment they may wish to receive or refuse if they lose decision-making capacity. To date, there has been relatively little research into the extent to which legal regulation allows competent adults to make advance refusals of life-sustaining medical treatment that will bind health professionals and others when a decision needs to be made at a future time. This thesis aims to fill this gap in the research by presenting the results of research into the legal regulation of advance directives that refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. In the five papers that comprise this thesis, the law that governs this area is examined, and the ethical principle of autonomy is used to critically evaluate that law. The principal finding of this research is that the current scheme of regulation is ineffective to adequately promote the right of a competent adult to make binding advance directives about refusal of medical treatment. The research concludes that legislation should be enacted to enable individuals to complete an advance directive, only imposing restrictions to the extent that this is necessary to promote individual autonomy. The thesis first examines the principle of autonomy upon which the common law (and some statutory law) is expressed to be based, to determine whether that principle is an appropriate one to underpin regulation. 1 The finding of the research is that autonomy can be justified as an organising principle on a number of grounds: it is consistent with the values of a liberal democracy; over recent decades, it is a principle that has been even more prominent within the discipline of medical ethics; and it is the principle which underpins the legal regulation of a related topic, namely the contemporaneous refusal of medical treatment. Next, the thesis reviews the common law to determine whether it effectively achieves the goal of promoting autonomy by allowing a competent adult to make an advance directive refusing treatment that will operate if he or she later loses decision-making capacity. 2 This research finds that conunon law doctrine, as espoused by the judiciary, prioritises individual choice by recognising valid advance directives that refuse treatment as binding. However, the research also concludes that the common law, as applied by the judiciary in some cases, may not be effective to promote individual autonomy, as there have been a number of circumstances where advance directives that refuse treatment have not been followed. The thesis then examines the statutory regimes in Australia that regulate advance directives, with a focus on the regulation of advance refusals of life-sustaining medical treatment.3 This review commences with an examination ofparliamentary debates to establish why legislation was thought to be necessary. It then provides a detailed review of all of the statutory regimes, the extent to which the legislation regulates the form of advance directives, and the circumstances in which they can be completed, will operate and can be ignored by medical professionals. The research finds that legislation was enacted mainly to clarify the common law and bring a level of certainty to the field. Legislative regimes were thought to provide medical professionals with the assurance that compliance with an advance directive that refuses life-sustaining medical treatment will not expose them to legal sanction. However, the research also finds that the legislation places so many restrictions on when an advance directive refusing treatment can be made, or will operate, that they have not been successful in promoting individual autonomy.

El bien común como fundamento de la responsabilidad del estado

Resumen: Los doctrinarios, a la hora de fundamentar la responsabilidad del Estado, han esgrimido diversas teorías. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos plantear otra mirada al respecto, postulando el bien común como fundamento de la responsabilidad del Estado. Para ello, conceptualizamos el bien común para repasar las distintas respuestas que se han dado en torno al interrogante de por qué el Estado responde. Ello, a fin de demostrar que todas esas respuestas, en definitiva, se cimientan en el bien común. Finalmente, ahondamos en doctrina ius-administrativista, iusfilósofica y de orden jurisprudencial para sustentar nuestra opinión.

Notas para un iusnaturalismo realista en clave antropológica

Resumen: Este trabajo pretende exponer de manera sintética y no exhaustiva siete de las notas que un iusnaturalismo realista en clave antropológica ha de tener para responder tanto a las inquietudes legítimas del hombre contemporáneo como a una fundamentación de las dimensiones indisponibles de justicia natural de todo ordenamiento jurídico. Se trata de lo siguiente: a) encontrar un punto de partida en la realidad entendida metafísicamente, b) desarrollar una gnoseología integral sobre la integralidad del derecho, c) esclarecer la relación intrínseca entre justicia y derecho, d) plantear un ordenamiento jurídico con dimensiones naturales y positivas, e) proponer un derecho natural permanente y a la vez dinámico, f) fundamentar el derecho en un antropocentrismo teologal y g) proponer una apertura a los aportes de diferentes perspectivas iusfilosóficas.

Direito Internacional em matéria de água doce: conteúdo, formas e efetividade

Este trabalho objetiva analisar diversos aspectos do Direito Internacional Público em matéria de recursos hídricos de água doce superficiais e subterrâneos. Geração de energia, abastecimento, pesca, navegação, lazer, agricultura e indústria, são múltiplos os usos que os seres humanos fazem da água doce, mas antes disso a água é essencial para manutenção de todo e qualquer tipo de vida na Terra. São complexas e passíveis de várias análises as relações entre os Estados e as relações que se concretizam no interior dos Estados com objetivo de utilizar, controlar e preservar as fontes de água doce, a que se pretende fazer é uma análise jurídica, inserida no contexto político de expansão do capitalismo liberal. Pretende-se identificar e analisar normas jurídicas produzidas no âmbito internacional multilateral, considerando a sua forma, conteúdo e possíveis efeitos: na resolução de conflitos entre os Estados pelo controle e utilização da água doce, no estabelecimento de parâmetros para solução da crise ambiental e na superação dos problemas de acesso à água. Na primeira parte do trabalho, são identificadas as normas de Direito Internacional Público atinentes à matéria, descrevendo-se, primeiramente, a evolução histórica do Direito Internacional Fluvial até os estudos da doutrina de Direito Internacional e a Convenção de Nova York de 1997. O capítulo segundo objetiva apresentar o tema da água doce no contexto de surgimento do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, de realização de conferências e criação de fóruns internacionais para a questão da água e do desenvolvimento de um direito humano à água. O capítulo terceiro propõe-se a ingressar na incipiente questão da regulamentação dos usos das águas subterrâneas, analisando os trabalhos da Comissão de Direito Internacional da Organização das Nações Unidas que culminaram com a adoção de uma Resolução sobre o Direito dos Aquíferos Transfronteiriços por parte da Assembleia Geral daquela organização. A segunda parte do trabalho objetiva analisar a aplicação das regras e princípios ensaiados nos textos de Direito Internacional aos casos concretos, confrontando-as com as soluções propostas em casos paradigmáticos de conflitos pela água, como o caso Gabcikovo-Nagymaros e o caso das Papeleras, envolvendo Argentina e Uruguai, ambos julgados pela Corte Internacional de Justiça. Na segunda parte do trabalho, também é analisado o caso do aquífero Guarani, um sistema de aquíferos interligados que se estende sob os subsolos de Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai, que em agosto de 2010 foi objeto de um tratado internacional assinado no âmbito do Mercosul. Por fim, a pesquisa objetiva desenvolver ideias e explicações para a existência (ou não) e a efetividade (ou a falta dela) das normas de Direito Internacional sobre recursos hídricos, considerando o conceito de soberania estatal que ora é o bode expiatório para a falta de assinaturas nos tratados ou de votos em declarações, ora é o próprio fundamento para a adoção de compromissos por parte dos Estados. Conclui-se tentando responder as seguintes questões: Existe Direito Internacional da água doce? São as normas de Direito Internacional efetivas? Para que servem essas normas de Direito Internacional, além da afirmação de sua própria existência como metas a serem atingidas?

Ordem pública processual: técnica de controle da regularidade do processo civil

O processo civil precisa de ordem, simplicidade e eficiência para atingir o seu escopo de prestação de uma tutela jurisdicional adequada, justa e célere. Para tanto, o ordenamento processual tem sofrido relevantes modificações com o objetivo de se adaptar às novas exigências sociais e jurídicas, em que o formalismo deve servir para proteger, e não para derrubar. Além disso, variadas técnicas processuais têm sido utilizadas para conferir mais efetividade à tutela jurisdicional, sem prejuízo da necessária segurança jurídica. Nesse contexto se insere a ordem pública processual, que embora possa ter uma interessante abordagem principiológica, atua no processo como técnica de controle da regularidade de atos e do procedimento. Por sua vez, o papel do magistrado na gestão dessa técnica se mostra fundamental para ela atinja seu objetivo, que é eliminar do processo os defeitos capazes de macular a sua integridade, bem como a legitimidade da tutela judicial. O controle adequado e tempestivo da regularidade dos atos e do procedimento é um dever do juiz e também uma garantia das partes. Dessa forma, a tese busca identificar as questões processuais passíveis de controle, de acordo com o grau de interesse público que cada uma revela, sendo certo que a lei, a doutrina e a jurisprudência servem de fonte e ainda podem modular a relevância da matéria conforme tempo e espaço em que se observam. Por sua vez, a importância da avaliação do interesse público de cada questão processual reflete no regime jurídico que será estabelecido e as consequências que se estabelecem para os eventuais defeitos com base nas particularidades do caso concreto. Ademais, identificada a irregularidade, o processo civil oferece variadas técnicas de superação, convalidação e flexibilização do vício antes de se declarar a nulidade de atos processuais ou de se inadmitir o procedimento adotado pela parte, numa forma de preservar ao máximo o processo. Já no âmbito recursal, embora haja requisitos específicos de admissibilidade, os vícios detectados em primeiro grau de jurisdição perdem força em segundo grau e perante os Tribunais Superiores, haja vista a necessidade casa vez maior de se proporcionar ao jurisdicionado a entrega da prestação jurisdicional completa, ou seja, com o exame do mérito. Registre-se, ainda, a possibilidade de controle judicial nos meios alternativos de resolução de conflitos, uma vez que também devem se submeter a certos requisitos, para que sejam chancelados e legitimados. Como se observa, a abrangência do tema da ordem pública processual faz com que o ele seja extenso e complexo, o que normalmente assusta os operadores do direito. Portanto, o intento deste estudo é não só descrever o assunto, mas também adotar uma linguagem diferenciada, proporcionando uma nova forma de abordar e sistematizar o que ainda parece ser um dogma em nosso sistema processual.

Relatório de estágio curricular no Ministério Público na Comarca de Setúbal

This report represents four months of study on activities in the public prosecution service at the Local Instance of Setúbal judiciary district, started in September 2014 and completed of the same year. This report was prepared considering all the teachings of criminal law courses and criminal procedural law, doctrine, jurisprudence and all the practical experience experienced with prosecutors. In this context, their traineeship provided contact with different procedural stages: the investigation stage that allowed to understand better the progress of the processing of summary proceedings; the expedient distribution of urgent cases; the investigation stage, as regards the procedural impulse assistant and the accused; and the trial stage. This last phase allowed contact with different types of crimes especially road crimes and the crime of domestic violence. The analysis carried out the summary proceedings in the Public Ministry service would acquire relevant information to explain the incidence of road crimes. Topics will be addressed that were found on stage during the various procedural stages, as the implementation of new judicial map. The relationship between the prosecution and the Criminal Police Bodies was also an issue to be addressed. The work also raises awareness of the issue of archives in order to find out the position of assistant.

De la consultation des peuples autochtones : structure institutionnelle d'un dialogue appelé à renouveler la notion des droits ancestraux : essai fondé sur la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada (1984-2004) et la théorie du droit

Le présent mémoire est consacré à l'étude de l'obligation faite à l'État canadien de consulter les autochtones lorsqu'il envisage de prendre des mesures portant atteinte à leurs droits et intérêts. On s'y interroge sur le sens que peut avoir cette obligation, si elle n'inclut pas celle de s'entendre avec les autochtones. Notre étude retrace d'abord l'évolution de l'obligation de consulter dans la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada, pour se pencher ensuite sur l'élaboration d'un modèle théorique du processus consultatif. En observant la manière dont la jurisprudence relative aux droits ancestraux a donné naissance à l'obligation de consulter, on constate que c'est en s'approchant au plus près de l'idée d'autonomie gouvernementale autochtone - soit en définissant le titre ancestral, droit autochtone à la terre elle-même - que la Cour a senti le besoin de développer la consultation en tant que véritable outil de dialogue entre l'État et les Premières nations. Or, pour assurer la participation réelle des parties au processus de consultation, la Cour a ensuite dû balancer leur rapport de forces, ce qu'elle a fait en admettant le manque de légitimité du pouvoir étatique sur les autochtones. C'est ainsi qu'après avoir donné naissance au processus de consultation, la jurisprudence relative aux droits ancestraux pourrait à son tour être modifiée substantiellement par son entremise. En effet, l'égalité qu'il commande remet en question l'approche culturaliste de la Cour aux droits ancestraux, et pourrait l'amener à refonder ces droits dans le principe plus égalitaire de continuité des ordres juridiques autochtones. Contrairement à l'approche culturaliste actuelle, ce principe fait place à la reconnaissance juridique de l'autonomie gouvernementale autochtone. La logique interne égalitaire du processus de consultation ayant ainsi été exposée, elle fait ensuite l'objet d'une plus ample analyse. On se demande d'abord comment concevoir cette logique sur le plan théorique. Ceci exige d'ancrer la consultation, en tant qu'institution juridique, dans une certaine vision du droit. Nous adoptons ici celle de Lon Fuller, riche de sens pour nos fins. Puis, nous explicitons les principes structurants du processus consultatif. Il appert de cette réflexion que l'effectivité de la consultation dépend de la qualité du dialogue qu'elle engendre entre les parties. Si elle respecte sa morale inhérente, la consultation peut générer une relation morale unique entre les autochtones et l'État canadien. Cette relation de reconnaissance mutuelle est une relation de don.

Peut-on donner d’une clause et reprendre de l’autre? Essai sur la cause comme instrument de contrôle de la cohérence matérielle du contrat

Peut-on donner d’une clause et reprendre de l’autre? Si deux siècles de décisions et de commentaires contradictoires empêchent de répondre à cette question avec la certitude et l’assurance auxquelles nous a habitué la doctrine civiliste, il est tout de même possible d’affirmer que le droit civil prohibe la clause qui permet à un contractant de se dédire totalement de son engagement. Privant l’engagement de son cocontractant de toute raison, et le contrat dans lequel elle se trouve de toute fonction, cette clause contracticide se heurte en effet à une notion fondamentale du droit commun des contrats : la cause. C’est pour éviter que ne soient validés les contrats qui ne présentent aucun intérêt pour l’une ou l’autre des parties que le législateur québécois a choisi d’importer – et de conserver, dans son article introductif du Livre des obligations, cette notion que l’on dit la plus symbolique du droit français des obligations. En effet, bien que son rôle soit fréquemment assumé par d’autres mécanismes, la cause demeure la gardienne des fonctions du contrat synallagmatique. À ce titre, elle permet non seulement d’annuler les contrats qui ne codifient aucun échange, mais également, et surtout, de contrôler ceux dont le contenu ne permet pas de matérialiser les avantages négociés. Octroyant au juge le pouvoir d’assurer que le contrat contienne les outils nécessaires et adaptés à la réalisation de l’opération qu’il a pour fonction de mettre en œuvre, la cause lui offre donc le moyen de garantir l’adéquation entre la fin et ses moyens, bref de contrôler la cohérence matérielle du contrat.

The high court on vicarious liability

Vicarious liability (respondeat superior) is a venerable common law doctrine which holds an employer liable for the torts of employees, regardless of the fault of the employer. An employer's liability for the torts of its employees can represent a significant financial obligation and can affect both hiring and operational decisions of businesses. Vicarious liability is a prominent theme in the background of much litigation and is often the reason for litigating the issue of whether or not a worker is an employee. Vicarious liability may also arise through other relationships, such as partnership and agency. Two recent decisions by the High Court of Australia have drawn attention to the issue of vicarious liability. These decisions illuminate the High Court's view of vicarious liability's two main streams: negligence (Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd) n2 and intentional tort (NSW v Lepore). [*2] n3