Two pollen profiles of the middle Pleistocene at Samerberg/Upper Bavaria, Germany

Previous pollen analytical studies on sediments from the pleistocene lake basin at Samerberg, situated on the northern edge of the Bavarian Alps (47°45' N, 12°12' E, 607 m a.s.l.) had been performed on samples taken from cores and exposures close to the southern shore of the former lake. After geoelectric and refraction-seismic measurements had shown that the lake basin had been much deeper in its northern part, another core was taken where maximum depth could be expected. The corer penetrated three moraines, two of them lying above pollen-bearing sediments, and one below them, and reached the hard rock (Kössener Kalk) at a depth of 93 m. Two forest phases could be identified by pollen analysis. The pollen record begins abruptly in a forest phase at the end of a spruce-dominated period when fir started to spread (DA 1, DA = pollen zone). Following this, Abies (fir) was the main tree species at Samerberg, Picea being second, and deciduous trees were almost non-existent. First box (Buxus) was of major importance in the fir forests (DA 2), but later on beech (Fagus) and wing-nut (Pterocarya) spread (DA 3). Finally this forest gave way to a spruce forest with pine (DA 4). The beginning and the end of this interglacial cycle are not recorded. Its vegetational development is different from the eemian one known from earlier studies at Samerberg. It is characterized by the occurrence of Abies together with Buxus, Pterocarya and Fagus. A similar association of woody species is known only from the Holsteinian age deposits in an area ranging from England to Poland, though at no other place these species were such important constituents of the vegetation as at Samerberg. Therefore zone 1 to 4 are attributed to the Holsteinian interglacial period. The younger forest phase, separated from the interglacial by a stadial with open vegetation (DA 5), seems to be completely represented, though its sediments are disturbed, apparently by sliding which caused repetition of same-age-sediments in the core (DA 7a, b, c) The vegetational development is simple. A juniper phase (DA 6) was followed by reforestation with spruce, accompanied by some fir (DA 7, 9). Finally pine became the dominant species (DA 9). The simple vegetational development of this younger forest phase does not allow a safe correlation with one of the known pre-eemian interstadials, but for stratigraphical reasons it can be related best to the Dömnitz-interglacial, which among others is also known as Wacken- or Holstein-II-interglacial. Possibly another phase of reforestation is indicated at the end of the following stadial (DA 10). But due to an erosional unconformity nothing than the rise of the juniper curve can be stated. It was only after this sequence of forest phases and periods with open vegetation that glaciers reached the Samerberg area again.

Lithology and pollen record of various sediment profiles of postglacial age from Bavaria, Germany

(Einleitung) Im süddeutschen Jungmoränengebiet wurden während der letzten 25 Jahre verschiedene vegetationsgeschichtliche Arbeiten durchgeführt, die der Untersuchung der Späteiszeit galten. Die wichtigsten von ihnen stammen von G. Lang (1952), A. Bertsch (1961), H. Müller (1962) und H. Schmeidl (1971). Ohne Zweifel müssen die dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse in anderen Landschaften des nördlichen Alpenvorlandes überprüft und verschiedene Probleme weiterhin verfolgt werden, wie z. B. das der Definition und Umgrenzung der Bölling-Zeit und der Älteren Tundrenzeit s. str. und die Abhängigkeit der Vegetationsentwicklung von der Meereshöhe. Die vorliegende Studie ging auch auf die Notwendigkeit zurück, die spätglazialen Ablagerungen bei dem Tonwerk Kolbermoor nahe Rosenheim, einer der klassischen Stätten der Quartärforschung im nördlichen Alpenvorland, einer vegetationsgeschichtlichen Neubearbeitung zu unterziehen. Die Untersuchungen wurden auf benachbarte Seen, den Sims-See und den Hofsrätter See, ausgedehnt, da die Ergebnisse von Kolbermoor faziell beeinflußt schienen (Niedermoore) und an limnischem Material überprüft werden mußten.

Lithology, age determination and pollen records of five profiles for nothern Bavaria, Germany

Palynological investigations in northeastern Bavaria (Bavarian Vogtland, Fichtelgebirge, Steinwald) reveal the Late Glacial and Postglacial history of the regional vegetation. Radiocarbon data in comparison with those from the neighbouring regions (Rhön, Oberpfälzer Wald, Bavarian Forests) show a time lag in the development of the arboreal vegetation due to migration processes. The Fichtelgebirge is the southernmost part ofnortheastern Bavaria where the early Alleröd period (pollen zone IIa) is characterised by a dominance of birch forests. Hazel reached maximal values around 8000 BP in the area from the Fichtelgebirge to the Bavarian Forests, e.g. about 600 years earlier than in the more northern Rhön mountains. For spruce there is a considerable time lag between the Bavarian Forests and the Fichtelgebirge. Spruce spreading started in the Fichtelgebirge during the older part of the Atlantic period (pollen zone VI). At the same time, spruce already was the dominant tree in the Bavarian Forests. During the younger part of the Atlantic period (pollen zone VII) spruce and mixed oak forest tree species frequently occurred in the Fichtelgebirge. At the end of pollen zone VI, spruce came to dominance. At the same time, the immigration of beech started. During the Subboreal period (pollen zone VIII), spruce remained being a dominant member in the forests and at the end of pollen zone VIII, fir began to spread rapidly. During the first part of the Subatlantic period (pollen zone IX) spruce, beech, fir and pine formed the mountainous forests in the Fichtelgebirge. In the area of the Bavarian Vogtland, however, fir was a dominant forest tree during pollen zone IX, while spruce and beech played a less important role. During the 12th century, human colonisation started in the area of the Fichtelgebirge. This is 400 years later as in the area of the Rhön mountains. Indicators for earlier forest clearances are rare or absent.

Verordnungs-blatt des Königlich bayerischen Kriegsministeriums.

Includes supplements.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral phosphophyllite – Zn2Fe(PO4)2·4H2O, from Hagendorf Süd, Germany and in comparison with other zinc phosphates

This research was undertaken on phosphophyllite sample from the Hagendorf Süd pegmatite, Bavaria, Germany. Chemical analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope in the EDS mode and indicates a zinc and iron phosphate with partial substitution of manganese, which partially replaced iron. The calculated chemical formula of the studied sample was determined to be: Zn2(Fe0.65, Mn0.35)P1.00(PO4)2- �4(H2O). The intense Raman peak at 995 cm�1 is assigned to the m1 PO3� 4 symmetric stretching mode and the two Raman bands at 1073 and 1135 cm�1 to the m3 PO3� 4 antisymmetric stretching modes. The m4 PO3� 4 bending modes are observed at 505, 571, 592 and 653 cm�1 and the m2 PO3� 4 bending mode at 415 cm�1. The sharp Raman band at 3567 cm�1 attributed to the stretching vibration of OH units brings into question the actual formula of phosphophyllite. Vibrational spectroscopy enables an assessment of the molecular structure of phosphophyllite to be assessed.

Interior of the Konservenfabrik E. Arnold und Co. (Arnold and Co. canned goods factory); Fuerth, Bavaria Business Establishments; Factories

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Studio portrait of Hans S. Krakauer as a baby; Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.

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Interior of the Konservenfabrik E. Arnold und Co. (Arnold and Co. canned goods factory); Fuerth, Bavaria Business Establishments; Factories

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Studio portrait of Hans S. Krakauer as a baby; Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.

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