Biomass Refinery as a Renewable Complement to the Petroleum Refinery

Biomass Refinery is a sequential of eleven thermochemical processes and one biological process with two initial basic treatments: prehydrolysis for lignocellulosics and low temperature conversion for biomass with medium-to-high content of lipids and proteins. The other ten processes are: effluent treatment plant, furfural plant, biodiesel plant, cellulignin dryer, calcination, fluidized bed boiler, authotermal reforming of cellulignin for syngas production, combined cycle of two-stroke low-speed engine or syngas turbine with fluidized bed boiler heat recovery, GTL technologies and ethanol from cellulose, prehydrolysate and syngas. Any kind of biomass such as wood, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, seeds, cakes, sludges, excrements and used tires can be processed at the Biomass Refinery. Twelve basic products are generated such as cellulignin, animal feed, electric energy, fuels (ethanol, crude oil, biodiesel, char), petrochemical substitutes, some materials (ash, gypsum, fertilizers, silica, carbon black) and hydrogen. The technology is clean with recovery of energy and reuse of water, acid and effluents. Based on a holistic integration of various disciplines Biomass Refinery maximizes the simultaneous production of food, electric energy, liquid fuels and chemical products and some materials, achieving a competitive position with conventional and fossil fuel technologies, as well as payment capacity for biomass production. Biomass Refinery has a technical economical capability to complement the depletion of the conventional petroleum sources and to capture its GHGs resulting a biomass + petroleum ""green"" combination.

Strategisesti tärkeän tuotteen toimitusvarmuussuunnitelma

Suolahappo kuuluu peruskemianteollisuuden tuotteisiin ja on monen eri kemianteollisuuden tuotteen raaka-aine, jota ilman tuotantoprosessi keskeytyy. Suolahapontuottajia on vain muutama Suomessa ja näiden tuottajien varassa toimii lukuisia jatkojalostusteollisuuslaitoksia. Työssä lähdettiin kehittämään suolahapontoimitusvarmuutta logistiikan keinoin. Toimitusvarmuutta haluttiin kehittää sesonkivaihteluiden ja tuotantokatkosten aikana. Työssä etsitään sopiva sesonkivarastointikapasiteetti ja varmuusvarastotaso sekä järkevä sijainti varastolle. Varastointia kehitetään kuljetukset ja tuotannon luonne huomioiden. Työn alussa esitellään yritys ja tuotantoprosessi. Tämän jälkeen analysoidaan kysyntätietoja ja kasataan ongelmat toimitusvarmuudessa. Näiden pohjalta lähdetään kehittämään teoriapohjaisia ratkaisuvaihtoehtoja, jonka jälkeen ne sovelletaan yritykselle sopivaan muotoon. Työn tuloksena saatiin esitys varastointitarpeesta sekä siitä aiheutuvista kustannuksista. Työssäesitetään myös järkevä varaston sijainti ja soveltuva kuljetuskäytäntö tähän varastoon.

L'approche critique du néolibéralisme dans la perspective de mise en oeuvre des règles GATT/OMC pour sortir les PVD de leur dépendance économique

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des affaires (LL.M.)"

Impacto de un negocio inclusivo en Bogotá

En el año 2011 la humanidad alcanzó la población de 7.000 millones de personas, sin embargo, hay una creciente preocupación ya que más del 50% de la humanidad se encuentra en una situación de pobreza. Quienes se encuentran dentro de esta situación, carecen de una calidad de vida por no tener cubiertas sus necesidades básicas y contar con un bajo nivel de ingresos, el cual no le permite acceder a productos y/o servicios para alcanzar una mejor condición de vida. Esta situación de pobreza en la cual vive más de la mitad de la población mundial, hace un llamado para analizar la oportunidad de incursionar en este mercado, a través de iniciativas empresariales donde estas personas, sean incluidas como productores, proveedores, distribuidores o como consumidores, contando con un comercio justo entre las partes que consolide una relación gana-gana, entre la empresa y sus colaboradores. En este trabajo de grado se tratarán los siguientes temas: base de la pirámide, necesidades básicas y Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio; como apertura a las condiciones sociales en las cuales operan los Negocios Inclusivos, para concluir con un caso de estudio de la empresa Factoria Quinoa y su impacto social, económico y ambiental como un ejemplo de cómo se puede utilizar mecanismos de mercado para solucionar problemas sociales.

Educação e "participação" : tutela ou crescimento? Análise dos componentes educativos da proposta de planejamento participativo do PRODEMATA

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de análise a relaçao educativa implícita na proposta de planejamento participativo do "Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural Integrado da Zona da Mata", de Minas Gerais, ali em execuçao desde 1976. Tal tarefa educativa integra uma ação educacional mais ampla cujo objetivo principal é a transferência de tecnologia - alvo que norteia todo o Programa. A adequação e a inovação tecnológica visam o aumento da produtividade por hectare em cultivos de parceiros e pequenos proprietários: agricultores sem terra e que a tem em pouca quantidade. A necessidade da intervenção na economia local surgiu, basicamente, em decorrência deste problema, que chegou a gerar uma certa movimentação desses produtores no início da década de 60. Ao nível da participação popular pretendida, a proposta buscaria dissimular as desigualdades presentes na sociedade local e, ao mesmo tempo, difundir e formar novos hábitos de consumo, de modo a gerar demanda para insumos agrícolas industrializados. Todavia a prática educativa efetivada possibilitou a emergência das ambigüidades e incoerências presentes na Proposta, assim como das contradições que esta buscava encobrir. Para isso, foi fundamental a experiência do pequeno produtor e do parceiro, adquirida na sua prática diária de trabalho, sobretudo se se considerar que ambos são excluídos da escola.

Spatial effects on rural commerce

Commerce in rural territories should not be considered as a needed service, but as a basic infrastructure, that impact not only existent population, but also tourism, and rural industrialization. So, the rural areas need not only agriculture but industry and services, to have a global and balanced development, including for the countryside and the population. In the work presented in this paper, we are considering the formulation of the direct relation between population and the endowment of commerce sites within a geographical territory, the ?area of commercial interactions?. These are the closer set of towns that can gravitate to each other to cover the required needs for the populations within the area. The products retailed, range from basic products for the daily lives, to all other products for industry, agriculture, and services. The econometric spatial model developed to evaluate the interactions and estimate the parameters, is based on the Spatial Error Model, which allows for other spatial hidden effects to be considered without direct interference to the commercial disposition. The data and territory used to test the model correspond to a rural area in the Spanish Palencia territory (NUTS-3 level). The parameters have dependence from population levels, local rent per head, local and regional government budgets, and particular spatial restrictions. Interesting results are emerging form the model. The more significant is that the spatial effects can replace some number of commerce sites in towns, given the right spatial distribution of the sites and the towns. This is equivalent to consider the area of commercial interactions as the unit of measurement for the basic infrastructure and not only the towns.

Chemical products : basic guide on labelling and safety data sheets

Hazardous chemical products have to comply with, amongst others, the provisions of a correct classification of danger, labelling and compilation of the safety data sheets. The aim is to protect people's health and the environment from exposure to hazardous chemicals- especially the health and safety of direct users, professionals or not, and the general public, via environmental exposure. This publication is intended to contribute to the knowledge of the objectives and basic aspects of these legal provisions, and thereby increase their degree of compliance in Andalusia and other european regions. This Guide is directed toward those people who, in the development of their professional activities, are in one way or another in contact with dangerous chemical products.

Chemical products : basic guide on labelling and safety data sheets

Hazardous chemical products have to comply with, amongst others, the provisions of a correct classification of danger, labelling and compilation of the safety data sheets. The aim is to protect people's health and the environment from exposure to hazardous chemicals- especially the health and safety of direct users, professionals or not, and the general public, via environmental exposure. This publication is intended to contribute to the knowledge of the objectives and basic aspects of these legal provisions, and thereby increase their degree of compliance in Andalusia and other european regions. This Guide is directed toward those people who, in the development of their professional activities, are in one way or another in contact with dangerous chemical products.

Effects of different types of solid feeds on health status and performance of Swiss veal calves. I. Basic feeding with milk by-products

The objective of this study was to identify a suitable alternative to the current practice of complementing the feeding of milk by-products with straw. The influence of 5 different types of solid feeds on health and performance of Swiss veal calves was investigated in 2 production cycles of 200 veal calves each with a mean initial age of 40 days (d). The calves were housed in groups of 40 in stalls with outside pen. Liquid feeding consisted of a milk by-product combined with an additional skim milk powder ad libitum. Groups were assigned to 1 of the 5 following experimental solid feeds provided ad libitum: mix (composition: soy flakes, corn, barley, wheat, oat, barley middling, plant oil, molasses), whole plant corn pellets, corn silage, hay, and wheat straw as control. Daily dry matter intake per calf averaged 2.25 kg of the liquid food, 0.16 kg of straw, 0.33 kg of mix, 0.47 kg of corn silage, 0.38 kg of corn pellets, and 0.39 kg of hay. No significant differences (P > 0.05) among groups were found in calf losses that amounted to 4.8 % (68 % because of gastrointestinal disorders). Four percent of the calves were slaughtered prematurely. Daily doses of antibiotics were higher in the mix (36.9 d, P < 0.01) and in the corn silage groups (35 d, P < 0.01) compared to control. Compared to the 4 other groups, calves of the straw group showed the highest prevalence of abnormal ruminal content (73 %, P < 0.05), of abnormal ruminal papillae (42 %, P < 0.05), of abomasal fundic lesions (13.5 %, P < 0.1), and the lowest number of chewing movements per bolus (45, P < 0.05). The hemoglobin concentration averaged 85 g/l at the beginning and 99 g/l at the end of the fattening period with no significant differences among groups (P > 0.1). The duration of the fattening period averaged 114 d, slaughter age 157 d, and carcass weight 122 kg. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was highest in the control group straw (1.35 kg), and lowest in the hay group (1.22 kg, P < 0.01). The number of carcasses classified as C, H, and T (very high to medium quality) was lower in the hay group compared to straw (P < 0.01). No significant differences between groups were found in meat color (P > 0.1): 73 % of the carcasses were assessed as pale (267/364), 18 % as pink (66/364), and 9 % (31/364) as red. The results reveal that whole-plant corn pellets are most consistent with an optimal result combining the calves' health and fattening performance. Therefore, it can be recommended as an additional solid feed for veal calves under Swiss conditions.

Endophytic fungi found in association with Smallanthus sonchifolius (Asteraceae) as resourceful producers of cytotoxic bioactive natural products

Smallanthus sonchifolius is a traditional Andean plant which has been cultured mainly in Brazil, Japan and New Zealand due to its medicinal properties. A study of the endophytic fungi associated to the plant was carried out in order to characterize new cytotoxic agents. Thirty two fungal strains were isolated and submitted to cultivation and extraction producing 186 extracts. Of these, 12% displayed moderate to high cytotoxic activities and were considered promising anticancer compound sources. The ethyl acetate fractions of Nigrospora sphaerica and Phoma betae liquid fermentations contained the synergistic compounds 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin and (22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one which are potential compounds for drug discovery. Another isolated compound, pimara-7,15-dien-3-beta-ol diterpene is being characterized for the first time through a detailed spectroscopic analysis including GC/MS, homo- and hetero-nuclear correlated NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, COSY and NOEdiff) along with its optical rotation.

Evaluation of Some Biological Aspects of the Presence of Abrasive Silica and Thickening Silica in Basic Formulations of Dentifrices

The aim of this study was to evaluate some biological characteristics and toxicity of basic formulations of dentifrices containing such substances, and to compare them with two existing products in market which also contains silic in their formulations. In this way, it was evaluated some biological parameters: weight of the animals, oral toxicity, hematological parameters, urinary analysis, and histological evaluation. The thrombocytes were also statistically at normal levels. The glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (TGP) showed normal aspect in 5 of the tested groups, as in control. Meanwhile, the oxalacetic transaminase (AST) in one group had a small increase in the control group. Regarding urine, in exception the rats of one group, the rats of the 4 other experimental groups showed leukocytosis urinary statistically higher than the control group. The histological evaluation of the animals showed that specimens from liver, stomach, kidney and submandibular gland presented normal aspects for these organs, without significant characteristics related to inflammatory infiltrates in any of the 6 samples tested in their respective groups.

Enzymatic and structural characterization of a basic phospholipase A(2) from the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea

This work aimed at the isolation and structural/functional characterization of a phospholipase A(2) (CgPLA(2)) from the extract of the anemone Condylactis gigantea. CgPLA2 was isolated with a high purity level through three chromatographic steps, showing pT8.6 and molecular weights of 14,500 and 29,000 for the monomer and dimer, respectively. CgPLA2 showed a high catalytic activity upon fluorescent phospholipids inducing no direct hemolytic activity. This enzyme, which is Ca2+-dependent, showed a lower stability against temperature and pH variations when compared with snake venom enzymes. The enzymatic activity was significantly reduced or completely abolished after chemical modification of CgPLA2 with BPB. Its cDNA was then obtained, with 357 base pairs which codified for a mature protein of 119 amino acid residues. A comparative analysis of the primary structure of CgPLA2 revealed 84%, 61%, 43% and 42% similarity to the PLA2s from Adamsia carciniopados, Nematostella vectensis, Vipera russelli russelli and Both raps jararacussu, respectively. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Basic Concepts of Nitric Oxide Physiology, Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Possibilities

The vascular manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) result from the dysfunction of several vascular physiology components mainly involving the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle and platelets. It is also known that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress plays a role in the development of this dysfunction. This review considers the basic physiology of the endothelium, especially related to the synthesis and function of nitric oxide. We also discuss the pathophysiology of vascular disease associated with DM. This includes the role of hyperglycemia in the induction of oxidative stress and the role of advanced glycation end-products. We also consider therapeutic strategies.