Influence of autogenous shrinkage on mass transport properties of concrete

La retracción autógena en el hormigón es el cambio volumétrico una vez iniciado su proceso de fraguado. Se desarrolla a edades muy tempranas debido a la retracción química y a la autodesecación. Éstos causan microfisuras en hormigones de alta resistencia y permiten el ingreso de agentes nocivos como dióxido de carbono, cloruros y sulfatos que deterioran al hormigón. A pesar de haber estudios de la retracción autógena, existe incertidumbre sobre su influencia en la durabilidad del hormigón. Por ello, el motivo del presente estudio es cuantificar y analizar el efecto de la retracción autógena en el hormigón usando tres pruebas de transporte: difusión de oxígeno, permeabilidad de oxígeno y absorción de agua. Dos métodos, para tres diferentes aglutinantes, fueron usados para determinar la mezcla control que produce menor retracción: utilizando SRA y realizando el curado en un cuarto de niebla. Posteriormente, los resultados de las pruebas de transporte entre la mezcla de control seleccionada y mezclas altamente afectadas por retracción autógena fueron comparados para diferentes aglutinantes. Resultados revelaron que muestras con SRA presentan menores retracciones autógenas y se sugiere que estas muestras sean consideradas de control. Se demostró que la retracción autógena afecta significativamente los coeficientes de transporte los cuales en un punto de vista de servicio pueden reducir la vida útil de cualquier estructura realizada con hormigón de alta resistencia. Esta investigación además confirmó que la mayor deformación autógena ocurre durante las dos primeras semanas; por lo tanto, se debe tomar cuidado suficiente en el curado.

Creep and shrinkage of ultra lightweight cement composite

Creep and shrinkage behaviour of an ultra lightweight cement composite (ULCC) up to 450 days was evaluated in comparison with those of a normal weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) and a lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) with similar 28-day compressive strength. The ULCC is characterized by low density < 1500 kg/m3 and high compressive strength about 60 MPa. Autogenous shrinkage increased rapidly in the ULCC at early-age and almost 95% occurred prior to the start of creep test at 28 days. Hence, majority of shrinkage of the ULCC during creep test was drying shrinkage. Total shrinkage of the ULCC during the 450-day creep test was the lowest compared to the NWAC and LWAC. However, corresponding total creep in the ULCC was the highest with high proportion attributed to basic creep (≥ ~90%) and limited drying creep. The high creep of the ULCC is likely due to its low E-modulus. Specific creep of the ULCC was similar to that of the NWAC, but more than 80% higher than the LWAC. Creep coefficient of the ULCC was about 47% lower than that of the NWAC but about 18% higher than that of the LWAC. Among five creep models evaluated which tend to over-estimate the creep coefficient of the ULCC, EC2 model gives acceptable prediction within +25% deviations.

Experimental study on creep and shrinkage of high-performance ultra-lightweight cement composite of 60 MPa

Creep and shrinkage behaviour of an ultra lightweight cement composite (ULCC) up to 450 days was evaluated in comparison with those of a normal weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) and a lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) with similar 28-day compressive strength. The ULCC is characterized by low density < 1500 kg/m3 and high compressive strength about 60 MPa. Autogenous shrinkage increased rapidly in the ULCC at early-age and almost 95% occurred prior to the start of creep test at 28 days. Hence, majority of shrinkage of the ULCC during creep test was drying shrinkage. Total shrinkage of the ULCC during the 450-day creep test was the lowest compared to the NWAC and LWAC. However, corresponding total creep in the ULCC was the highest with high proportion attributed to basic creep (≥ ~90%) and limited drying creep. The high creep of the ULCC is likely due to its low elastic modulus. Specific creep of the ULCC was similar to that of the NWAC, but more than 80% higher than the LWAC. Creep coefficient of the ULCC was about 47% lower than that of the NWAC but about 18% higher than that of the LWAC. Among five creep models evaluated which tend to over-estimate the creep coefficient of the ULCC, EC2 model gives acceptable prediction within +25% deviations. The EC2 model may be used as a first approximate for the creep of ULCC in the designs of steel-concrete composites or sandwich structures in the absence of other relevant creep data.

High performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite (CARDIFRC) - Performance and application to retrofitting

This paper describes first some of the recent performance checks on the high performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite CARDIFRC and then its application to the retrofitting of damaged concrete beams. It is shown that an even distribution of fibres throughout the bulk of the material is crucial to its excellent fatigue performance and to the reduction in the autogenous shrinkage strains. The distribution of fibres in beams, cylinders and strips is examined using computerised tomography imaging and traditional image analysis. Thin strips of CARDIFRC are used to retrofit damaged concrete beams which are subjected to thermal cycling. It is shown that neither the load carrying capacity of the retrofitted beams nor the bond between retrofit strips and concrete deteriorates with thermal cycling. The load carrying capacity of retrofitted beams is predicted with a model based on fracture mechanics, and the predictions are shown to be in good agreement with test data. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Internal curing in cement-based materials

O desenvolvimento de betões de elevado desempenho, durante o início da década de 80, revelou que este tipo particular de materiais com base em cimento é susceptível a problemas de cura. São bem conhecidos os efeitos dos fenómenos autogéneos em sistemas de elevado desempenho com base em cimento, nomeadamente a fissuração em idade jovem. Esta é, aliás vista como a maior limitação no desenvolvimento de novos materiais com durabilidade superior. Desenvolvimentos recentes de métodos de cura interna provaram ser uma boa estratégia de mitigação dos efeitos da auto-dissecação destes sistemas, onde a presente tese ganha o seu espaço no tempo. Este estudo centra-se essencialmente em sistemas de elevado desempenho com base em cimento com cura interna através de partículas superabsorventes, dando particular importância à alteração de volume em idade jovem. Da análise mais aprofundada deste método, resultam algumas limitações na sua aplicabilidade, especialmente em sistemas modificados com sílica de fumo. Conclui-se que a natureza física e química dos polímeros superabsorventes pode afectar significativamente a eficiência da cura interna. Em adição, os mecanismos de cura interna são discutidos mais profundamente, sendo que para além dos mecanismos baseados em fenómenos físicos e químicos, parecem existir efeitos mecânicos significativos. Várias técnicas foram utilizadas durante o decorrer desta investigação, com o objectivo, para além da caracterização de certas propriedades dos materiais, de perseguir as questões deixadas em aberto pela comunidade internacional, relativamente aos mecanismos que fundamentam a explicação dos fenómenos autogéneos. Como exemplo, são apresentados os estudos sobre hidratação dos sistemas para avaliação do problema numa escala microscópica, em vez de macroscópica. Uma nova técnica de cura interna emerge da investigação, baseada na utilização de agregados finos como veiculo para mitigar parcialmente a retracção autogénea. Até aqui, esta técnica não encontra par em investigação anterior, mas a extensão da cura interna ou a eficácia na mitigação baseada neste conceito encontra algumas limitações. A significância desta técnica em prevenir a micro fissuração é um aspecto que está ainda em aberto, mas pode concluir-se que os agregados finos podem ser benéficos na redução dos efeitos da restrição localizada no sistema, reduzindo o risco de micro fissuração. A utilização combinada de partículas finas de agregado e polímeros super absorventes pode ter como consequência betão sem microfissuração, ou pelo menos com nanofissuração.

Estructuras de hormigón sometidas a deformaciones impuestas

En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de elementos de hormigón estructural sometidos a deformaciones impuestas, en donde la fisuración se produce, general y fundamentalmente, en secciones en las que los esfuerzos, y por tanto las fisuras, debidos a las acciones exteriores son inexistentes o prácticamente inexistentes. Se estudia la fisuración producida, a edades tempranas, por las deformaciones debidas al calor de fraguado y la retracción autógena y a lo largo de la vida útil de la estructura, por los fenómenos reológicos del hormigón y la variación de temperatura. Se han estudiado los resultados experimentales disponibles. Se ha identificado un programa de elementos finitos, ATENA, que permite el estudio de fenómenos no lineales, especialmente la fisuración. Se ha contrastado este programa de forma detallada con los resultados experimentales disponibles. Se han estudiado las fuentes de deformaciones impuestas para su caracterización: calor de hidratación, fenómenos reológicos del hormigón y variaciones de temperaturas. Se han estudiado la evolución de las características mecánicas y de conductividad térmica del hormigón a lo largo del tiempo y especialmente a edades tempranas. Se han estudiado las evidencias experimentales disponibles y las estimaciones teóricas propuestas. Se han estudiado las recomendaciones de la CIRIA 660, que es el documento de referencia para tener en cuenta, desde el punto de vista del proyecto este tipo de fenómenos. Con el programa ATENA se han estudiado distintos ejemplos. El objetivo principal ha sido, por un lado, entender el fenómeno y, por otro, contrastar los criterios expuestos en la CIRA 660. This document studies the behavior of structural reinforced concrete structures subjected to imposed deformations, where the cracking occurs, mostly, in sections where the stresses, and thus cracks, due to the exterior actions are none-existent or practically zero. Early age cracking produced by the imposed deformations, due to heat of hydration and autogenous shrinkage, and long term effects, due to the drying shrinkage and the thermal variation, is studied. Available experimental results have been studied. A finite element program has been identified, ATENA, which allows the study of non-lineal phenomena, especially cracking. This software has been contrasted with the available experimental results. The imposed deformation sources have been studied for its characteristically sources: heat of hydration, concrete shrinkage and thermal variation. Also the evolution of the mechanical properties and the thermal conductivity of concrete in time and especially at early age have also been studied. The available experimental evidence and the proposal theoretical estimates have been studied. CIRIA 660 recommendations have been studied, which is the reference document to take into account, form the design point of view, this kind of phenomena. With the ATENA software different examples have been studied. On the one hand the main objective has been to understand the phenomena and, on the other, to contrast the CIRIA 660 proposal.

Estudio y análisis de la retracción de hormigones normales mediante una base de datos de ensayos unificada

El presente trabajo de investigación se plantea el estudio del fenómeno de la retracción. El fenómeno de la retracción, al igual que otras propiedades del hormigón, ha sido ampliamente divulgado, pero de un tiempo a esta parte, debido a la aparición de nuevos tipos de hormigones (autocompactantes, de altas resistencias, reciclados, etc.) se ha dejado en un segundo plano. Este segundo plano no significa que haya pasado al olvido, pues en los “nuevos hormigones” se toman los modelos de estimación de los hormigones normales como base para estimar sus propiedades, siendo, por este motivo, muy necesario reflexionar sobre si los modelos que estamos empleando son apropiados o no lo son. Este trabajo pretende, mediante la confección de una base de datos que unifica y amplía la del profesor Bazant, realizar un análisis estadístico de los datos que actualmente tenemos a nuestra disposición, y que conforman un total de 802 ensayos que abarcan desde el fenómeno el entumecimiento hasta la retracción total, pasando por la retracción autógena, con un intervalo de tiempo que abarca desde 1958 hasta 2013. Además, este trabajo realiza una revisión de los siete modelos de cálculo más empleados a la hora de estimar la deformación por retracción, analizándolos minuciosamente y superponiéndolos con los datos reales de la base anteriormente nombrada. Como conclusión, se demuestra que los modelos estudiados estiman razonablemente bien el fenómeno de la retracción, si bien no se llegan a discriminar todas las variables con la precisión esperada, siendo alguno de ellos conservador. En este sentido, se abre la puerta a insistir en un estudio más afinado de la retracción del hormigón, por dos motivos: los actuales modelos sirven de base para la estimación de los anteriormente mencionados nuevos hormigones y porque la introducción y desarrollo de aditivos que sean capaces de disminuir este fenómeno deben asentarse ambos sobre una base más sólida y precisa. Por último, deja la puerta abierta para que otros trabajos de investigación puedan realizarse, bien con la retracción, bien con otras propiedades, como el módulo de deformación, la adquisición de resistencias, etc., pues se adjunta como anexo toda la base completa con más de 20.000 datos que pueden ser de gran utilidad. The main objective of this research study is to evaluate the phenomenon of shrinkage in concrete. The phenomenon of shrinkage, as well as other properties of concrete, has been widely studied, but for a time, and due to the emergence of new types of concrete (self-compacting, high strength, recycled, etc.) it has been left in the background. Having moved to second plane did not mean that it have been abandoned, since in the "new concrete" these properties are calculated using the estimation models developed for conventional concrete, and it is for this reason, why it is important and necessary to reflect whether these models we are using are appropriate or are not. This work seeks to unify and bring up-to-date a database of experimental shrinkage results. The database is based on existing databases, especially on the last version of the database created by Professor Bazant. The database includes a total of 802 experimental results, and include results for total shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage and swelling, and over experimental studies for 1958 to 2013. The database serves as a basis for a complex and detailed statistical analysis of the data. In addition, seven commonly used shrinkage estimation models are presented and evaluated. These models are used for a thoroughly comparison analysis between the estimated results obtained using these models and the actual experimental data included in the unified database. In conclusion, it is shown that the models estimate reasonably well the shrinkage strains, although they fail to discriminate adequately some of the influencing variables, resulting in some of them being too conservative in their estimation. In this sense, the results of this work emphasis the importance and the need of addition research on the shrinkage of concrete. This is especially important considering that the existing models provide a basis for estimating the shrinkage in "new concretes", and that the increase use of shrinkage reducing additives should be based and supported by solid research in this field. Finally, this study includes an extensive and updated database that can serve for further research on shrinkage. The full database, developed as part of this work, which includes more than 20,000 data, is included in the annex of the study.

Optimization of wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) in robust cementitious systems

Abstract : Wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) is generated by a cogeneration station by burning wastepaper sludge. It mainly consists of amorphous aluminosilicate phase, anhydrite, gehlenite, calcite, lime, C2S, C3A, quartz, anorthite, traces of mayenite. Because of its free lime content (~10%), WSA suspension has a high pH (13). Previous researchers have found that the WSA composition has poor robustness and the variations lead to some unsoundness for Portland cement (PC) blended WSA concrete. This thesis focused on the use of WSA in different types of concrete mixes to avoid the deleterious effect of the expansion due to the WSA hydration. As a result, WSA were used in making alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as a precursor source and as a potential activator in consideration of its amorphous content and the high alkaline nature. Moreover, the autogenous shrinkage behavior of PC concrete at low w/b ratio was used in order to compensate the expansion effect due to WSA. The concrete properties as well as the volume change were investigated for the modified WSA blended concrete. The reaction mechanism and microstructure of newly formed binder were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). When WSA was used as precursor, the results showed incompatible reaction between WSA and alkaline solution. The mixtures were not workable and provided very low compressive strength no matter what kinds of chemical activators were used. This was due to the metallic aluminum in WSA, which releases abundant hydrogen gas when WSA reacts with strong alkaline solution. Besides, the results of this thesis showed that WSA can activate the glassy phase contained in slag, glass powder (GP) and class F fly ash (FFA) with an optimum blended ratio of 50:50. The WSA/slag (mass ratio of 50:50) mortar (w/b of 0.47) attained 46 MPa at 28 days without heat curing assistance. A significant fast setting was noticed for the WSA-activated binder due to the C3A phase, free lime and metallic aluminum contained in the WSA. Adding 5% of gypsum can delay the fast setting, but this greatly increased the potential risk of intern sulfate attack. The XRD, TGA and calorimetry analyses demonstrated the formation of ettringite, C-S-H, portlandite, hydrogarnet and calcium carboaluminate in the hydrated binder. The mechanical performance of different binder was closely related to the microstructure of corresponding binder which was proved by the SEM observation. The hydrated WSA/slag and WSA/FFA binder formed a C-A-S-H type of gel with lower Ca/Si ratio (0.47~1.6). A hybrid gel (i.e. C-N-A-S-H) was observed for the WSA/GP binder with a very low Ca/Si ratio (0.26) and Na/Si ratio (0.03). The SEM/EDX analyses displayed the formation of expansive gel (ettringite and thaumasite) in the gypsum added WSA/slag concrete. The gradual emission of hydrogen gas due to the reaction of WSA with alkaline environment significantly increased the porosity and degraded the microstructure of hydrated matrix after the setting. In the last phase of this research WSA-PC blended binder was tailored to form a high autogenous shrinkage concrete in order to compensate the initial expansion. Different binders were proportioned with PC, WSA, silica fume or slag. The microstructure and mechanical properties of concrete can be improved by decreasing w/b ratios and by incorporating silica fume or slag. The 28-day compressive strength of WSA-blended concrete was above 22 MPa and reached 45 MPa when silica fume was added. The PC concrete incorporating silica fume or slag tended to develop higher autogenous shrinkage at low w/b ratios, and thus the ternary binder with the addition of WSA inhibited the long term shrinkage due to the initial expansion property to WSA. In the restrained shrinkage test, the concrete ring incorporating the ternary binder (PC/WSA/slag) revealed negligible potential to cracking up to 96 days as a result of the offset effect by WSA expansion. The WSA blended regular concrete could be produced for potential applications with reduced expansion, good mechanical property and lower permeability.

Ultrasonic wave reflection measurements on self-compacting pastes and concretes

The objective of this study was to extend the use of combined longitudinal (P-wave) and shear (S-wave) ultrasonic wave reflection (UWR) to monitor the setting and stiffening of self-compacting pastes and concretes. An additional objective was to interpret the UWR responses of various modified cement pastes. A polymeric buffer with acoustic impedance close to that of cement paste, high impact polystyrene, was chosen to obtain sensitive results from the early hydration period. Criteria for initial and final set developed by our group in a prior study were used to compute setting times by UWR. UWR results were compared with standard penetration measurements. Stiffening behavior and setting times for normal cement pastes, pastes modified with mineral and chemical admixtures, self-compacting pastes, and concretes were explored using penetration resistance, S-wave and P-wave reflection. All three methods showed that set times of pastes varied linearly with w/c, that superplasticizer and fly ash delayed the set times of pastes, and that differences in w/cm, sp/cm, and fa/cm could be detected. Final set times determined from UWR correlated well with those from penetration resistance. Initial set times from S-wave reflection did not correlate very well with those from penetration resistance. Final set times from P-wave and S-wave reflection were roughly the same. Pastes with different chemical admixtures were tested, and the effects of these admixtures on stiffening were determined using UWR. Self-compacting concretes were studied using UWR, and their response and setting times were largely similar to that of corresponding self-compacting pastes. The P-wave reflection response was explored in detail, and the phenomenon of partial debonding and the factors affecting it were explained. Partial debonding is probably caused by autogenous shrinkage at final set, and was controlled and limited by water. The extent of partial debonding was higher with the transducers placed on the side as opposed to the bottom, and the S-wave transducer seemed to promote debonding in the P-wave reflection, whereas the P-wave transducer seemed to reduce debonding in the S-wave reflection. Simultaneous formwork pressure testing and UWR were performed; however, no clear correlation was seen between the two properties.

Polímeros superabsorventes (psa) como agente de cura interna para prevenir fissuração em concretos de alta resistência

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2015.

Estudo da adição de polímero superabsorvente e de nano partículas de sílica para melhorar propriedades de concretos de alta resistência

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Caracterização reológica de pastas de cimento portland de alta resistência contendo diferentes tipos de polímeros superabsorventes pela técnica de reometria rotacional

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Influência de polímeros superabsorventes na retracção de argamassas

Hoje em dia, o desenvolvimento dos superplastificantes permite a produção de betões com menor razão água/cimento. Ao usar razões água/cimento mais baixas, os materiais científicos apresentam maior tendência para fissurar devido à retracção autogénea. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a utilização de polímeros superabsorventes (SAP) no controlo da retracção. O uso de SAPs em materiais comentícios atenua a retracção autogénea pois estes produtos permitem o fornecimento interno de água. Estes produtos podem também afectar outras propriedades, afectando as características mecânicas e a trabalhabilidade. Para análise do efeito dos SAP foram estudadas argamassas com várias concentrações deste produto, tendo como referência argamassas semelhantes sem SAP, determinando-se as retracções autogénea e total, a resistência à compressão e o módulo de elasticidade. Além de SAP, foi também utilizado um agregado leve, um outro tipo de introdutor de água, para comparação com os polímeros em estudo. /ABSTRACT: This work presents a study on the use of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in the control of shrinkage. The use of SAPs in cementitious materials reduces the autogenous shrinkage because these products enable the internal supply of water. These materials can also affect other properties such as mechanical properties and workability. To analyze the effect of SAP, mortars containing various concentrations of this product were studied, in comparison with reference mortars without SAP. The tests performed were autogenous and total shrinkage, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Besides SAP, it was also used a lightweight aggregate, another type of internal supply of water, for comparison with the polymers under study.

Efeito do agregado na diminuição da retracção de argamassas

Na actualidade, face ao desenvolvimento de betões de alto desempenho caracterizados por apresentarem muito baixa razão água cimento (A/C), tornou-se pertinente o estudo da retracção autogénea, por motivos relacionados com a resistência, durabilidade e estética destes materiais. Nesta dissertação foi elaborado um estudo prático com o intuito de avaliar o impacto da adição de agregado na redução da retracção autogénea, em seis misturas cimentícias. Através de ensaios foram obtidos valores reais de retracção autogénea, sendo estes posteriormente comparados com os valores obtidos teoricamente com recurso ao modelo proposto por Hobbs na década de 70. Tendo em consideração os valores teóricos e sua comparação com os valores reais obtidos nos ensaios é proposta uma alteração ao modelo teórico, que tem em conta a maior resistência à compressão dos betões actuais. Esta modificação permitiu estimar com maior exactidão os valores de retracção autogénea nas diferentes misturas. /ABSTRACT: Nowadays the development of high performance concretes characterized by a low water-to­ cement ratio (W/C), it became relevant to study the autogenous shrinkage, for reasons relating to the strength, durability and aesthetics of these materials. ln this study the effect of adding aggregate in six cementitious mixtures was evaluated. The results obtained in the experimental test were compared with theoretical values from a model propose by Hobbs in the 70's for autogenous shrinkage. Given the theoretical values and its comparison with the actual values obtained in the tests an amendment is proposed to the theoretical model that takes into account the higher compressive strength of actual concrete. This modification allowed us to estimate accurately the values of autogenous shrinkage in the different mixtures.

Numerical analyses of crack spacing due to shrinkage in reinforced concrete slabs

Shrinkage cracking is commonly observed in concrete flat structures such as highway pavements, slabs, and bridge decks. Crack spacing due to shrinkage has received considerable attention for many years [1-3]. However, some aspects concerning the mechanism of crack spacing still remain un-clear. Though it is well known that the interval of the cracks generally falls with a range, no satisfactory explanation has been put forward as to why the minimum spacing exists.