Análise do modo de expansão recente das multinacionais no Brasil sob a ótica da teoria dos ativos complementares

O presente estudo analisa o modo de expansão das multinacionais no Brasil, país emergente e de dimensões continentais que apresenta enormes desigualdades regionais. Assim, foram analisadas as estratégias de expansão dos dez maiores grupos estadunidenses no Brasil entre 2004 e 2013, sob a ótica das teorias tradicionais de internacionalização e da teoria dos ativos complementares de Hennart. Verificou-se que as diferentes características regionais brasileiras levam as multinacionais a realizarem aquisições quando iniciam atividades em novas regiões. Ademais, foi constatado que outros fatores, como dificuldades intrínsecas aos setores de atuação e a entrada do grupo multinacional em novas atividades que não a sua predominante, afetam o modo de expansão das multinacionais, levando-as a realizar aquisições e joint ventures. Tais aquisições e joint ventures são explicadas pela dificuldade das multinacionais em acessar ativos complementares locais, em conformidade à teoria de Hennart. Por outro lado, e em contrariedade às teorias tradicionais, foi verificado que a experiência das multinacionais no Brasil nem sempre influencia o seu comprometimento nos países hospedeiros, levando ao estabelecimento de subsidiárias integrais.

Análise dos sistemas setoriais de inovação das cadeias produtivas de leite fluido na França e no Brasil

Essa pesquisa tem como principal objetivo analisar e caracterizar a dinâmica associada à geração, à seleção e à implementação de inovações tecnológicas nas cadeias produtivas agroindustriais. A estrutura de análise vale-se da abordagem dos Sistemas Setoriais de Inovação-SSI, aplicada a um recorte vertical definido pelo conceito de cadeia produtiva. A abordagem de SSI é definida como o sistema de firmas e instituições ativas no desenvolvimento e manufatura de produtos de um setor e na geração e utilização das tecnologias setoriais; esse sistema evolui através de processos de interação e cooperação no desenvolvimento de artefatos tecnológicos, bem como por meio de processos de concorrência e seleção em atividades de inovação. Utilizou-se o método de estudos de caso para evidenciar as relações sistêmicas e os trade-offs entre os fatores institucionais, tecnológicos e organizacionais relacionados com o processo de inovação empreendido pelas agroindústrias Escolheu-se um desenho de pesquisa com uma unidade de análise (agroindústrias que recentemente lançaram novos produtos na cadeia produtiva de leite fluido) e múltiplos estudos de caso (duas agroindústrias no Brasil e duas na França, que lançaram algumas das principais inovações de produto nesses mercados na década de 1990, leite UHT Premium, leite esterilizado, leite UHT orgânico e leite microfiltrado, respectivamente). As estratégias desenvolvidas por fornecedores, o setor lácteo e o sistema de distribuição de alimentos estão sofrendo mudanças rápidas nesses países, o que demonstra bem a robustez do fenômeno em contextos diferentes e complexos. Além disso, a consideração de arquétipos contrastantes - grandes corporações multinacionais e pequenas e médias empresas agroindustriais – em dois SSI que representam ambientes assimétricos – países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento – favorece a geração de insight sobre a inter-relação dos elementos-chave associados com a inovação tecnológica. O SSI da cadeia produtiva de leite fluido na França é caracterizado por um alto nível de oportunidade, por um lado, devido à disponibilidade de um mercado consumidor relevante, protegido e diversificado, por outro lado, graças a um sistema estruturado voltado ao suporte e financiamento das atividades inovadoras. Além disso, este país conta com uma grande variedade de agentes, capazes de ofertar e desenvolver um amplo leque de soluções tecnológicas inovadoras – o que se expressa pela emergência de variantes tecnológicas pré-paradigmáticas como aquelas consideradas nos estudos de caso Contudo, esse SSI é emblemático de uma concorrência vertical feroz entre as indústrias de laticínios e o varejo. Já no Brasil, o SSI da cadeia produtiva de leite fluido é caracterizado por um nível de oportunidade promissor, o segmento de distribuição é, relativamente, menos concentrado, e a parcela de mercado de produtos com marca de varejo é, ainda, limitado nesse SSI. Apesar disso, as assimetrias no potencial de consumo da população restringem o tamanho dos mercados de nicho e instabilizam a demanda. Ainda, a variedade de soluções tecnológicas nesse SSI é limitada pelo baixo investimento público e privado em pesquisa aplicada e pela restrita integração entre instituições de pesquisa e indústrias de laticínios. Em ambos os SSI, os estudos de caso evidenciaram que o pioneirismo – associado á exploração de ativos complementares (especialmente imagem de marca) – e á aprendizagem tácita, são os meios mais importantes para garantir um certo grau de apropriabilidade das novas tecnologias.

Construção das capacidades organizacionais de tecnologia da informação no contexto dos sistemas institucionais integrados de gestão da UFRN

The IT capability is a organizational ability to perform activities of this role more effectively and an important mechanism in creating value. Its building process (stages of creation and development) occurs through management initiatives for improvement in the performance of their activities, using human resources and IT assets complementary responsible for the evolution of their organizational routines. This research deals with the IT capabilities related to SIG (integrated institutional management systems), built and deployed in UFRN (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte) to realization and control of administrative, academic and human resources activities. Since 2009, through cooperative agreements with federal and educational institutions of direct administration, UFRN has supported the implementation of these systems, currently involving more than 30 institutions. The present study aims to understand how IT capabilities, relevant in the design, implementation and dissemination of SIG, were built over time. This is a single case study of qualitative and longitudinal nature, performed by capturing, coding and analysis from secondary data and from semi-structured interviews conducted primarily with members of Superintenência de Informática, organizational unit responsible for SIG systems in UFRN. As a result, the technical, of internal relationship and external cooperation capabilities were identified as relevant in the successful trajectory of SIG systems, which have evolved in different ways. The technical capacity, initiated in 2004, toured the stages of creation and development until it reached the stage of stability in 2013, due to technological limits. Regarding the internal relationship capability, begun in 2006, it toured the stages of creation and development, having extended its scope of activities in 2009, being in development since then. Unlike the standard life cycle observed in the literature, the external cooperation capability was initiated by an intensity of initiatives and developments in the routines in 2009, which were decreasing to cease in 2013 in order to stabilize the technological infrastructure already created for cooperative institutions. It was still identified the start of cooperation in 2009 as an important event selection, responsible for changing or creating trajectories of evolution in all three capacities. The most frequent improvements initiatives were of organizational nature and the internal planning activity has been transformed over the routines of the three capabilities. Important resources and complementary assets have been identified as important for the realization of initiatives, such as human resources technical knowledge to the technical capabilities and external cooperation, and business knowledge, for all of them, as well as IT assets: the iproject application for control of development processes, and the document repository wiki. All these resources and complementary assets grew along the capacities, demonstrating its strategic value to SINFO/UFRN

Construção das capacidades organizacionais de tecnologia da informação no contexto dos sistemas institucionais integrados de gestão da UFRN

The IT capability is a organizational ability to perform activities of this role more effectively and an important mechanism in creating value. Its building process (stages of creation and development) occurs through management initiatives for improvement in the performance of their activities, using human resources and IT assets complementary responsible for the evolution of their organizational routines. This research deals with the IT capabilities related to SIG (integrated institutional management systems), built and deployed in UFRN (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte) to realization and control of administrative, academic and human resources activities. Since 2009, through cooperative agreements with federal and educational institutions of direct administration, UFRN has supported the implementation of these systems, currently involving more than 30 institutions. The present study aims to understand how IT capabilities, relevant in the design, implementation and dissemination of SIG, were built over time. This is a single case study of qualitative and longitudinal nature, performed by capturing, coding and analysis from secondary data and from semi-structured interviews conducted primarily with members of Superintenência de Informática, organizational unit responsible for SIG systems in UFRN. As a result, the technical, of internal relationship and external cooperation capabilities were identified as relevant in the successful trajectory of SIG systems, which have evolved in different ways. The technical capacity, initiated in 2004, toured the stages of creation and development until it reached the stage of stability in 2013, due to technological limits. Regarding the internal relationship capability, begun in 2006, it toured the stages of creation and development, having extended its scope of activities in 2009, being in development since then. Unlike the standard life cycle observed in the literature, the external cooperation capability was initiated by an intensity of initiatives and developments in the routines in 2009, which were decreasing to cease in 2013 in order to stabilize the technological infrastructure already created for cooperative institutions. It was still identified the start of cooperation in 2009 as an important event selection, responsible for changing or creating trajectories of evolution in all three capacities. The most frequent improvements initiatives were of organizational nature and the internal planning activity has been transformed over the routines of the three capabilities. Important resources and complementary assets have been identified as important for the realization of initiatives, such as human resources technical knowledge to the technical capabilities and external cooperation, and business knowledge, for all of them, as well as IT assets: the iproject application for control of development processes, and the document repository wiki. All these resources and complementary assets grew along the capacities, demonstrating its strategic value to SINFO/UFRN

Construção das capacidades organizacionais de tecnologia da informação no contexto dos sistemas institucionais integrados de gestão da UFRN

The IT capability is a organizational ability to perform activities of this role more effectively and an important mechanism in creating value. Its building process (stages of creation and development) occurs through management initiatives for improvement in the performance of their activities, using human resources and IT assets complementary responsible for the evolution of their organizational routines. This research deals with the IT capabilities related to SIG (integrated institutional management systems), built and deployed in UFRN (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte) to realization and control of administrative, academic and human resources activities. Since 2009, through cooperative agreements with federal and educational institutions of direct administration, UFRN has supported the implementation of these systems, currently involving more than 30 institutions. The present study aims to understand how IT capabilities, relevant in the design, implementation and dissemination of SIG, were built over time. This is a single case study of qualitative and longitudinal nature, performed by capturing, coding and analysis from secondary data and from semi-structured interviews conducted primarily with members of Superintenência de Informática, organizational unit responsible for SIG systems in UFRN. As a result, the technical, of internal relationship and external cooperation capabilities were identified as relevant in the successful trajectory of SIG systems, which have evolved in different ways. The technical capacity, initiated in 2004, toured the stages of creation and development until it reached the stage of stability in 2013, due to technological limits. Regarding the internal relationship capability, begun in 2006, it toured the stages of creation and development, having extended its scope of activities in 2009, being in development since then. Unlike the standard life cycle observed in the literature, the external cooperation capability was initiated by an intensity of initiatives and developments in the routines in 2009, which were decreasing to cease in 2013 in order to stabilize the technological infrastructure already created for cooperative institutions. It was still identified the start of cooperation in 2009 as an important event selection, responsible for changing or creating trajectories of evolution in all three capacities. The most frequent improvements initiatives were of organizational nature and the internal planning activity has been transformed over the routines of the three capabilities. Important resources and complementary assets have been identified as important for the realization of initiatives, such as human resources technical knowledge to the technical capabilities and external cooperation, and business knowledge, for all of them, as well as IT assets: the iproject application for control of development processes, and the document repository wiki. All these resources and complementary assets grew along the capacities, demonstrating its strategic value to SINFO/UFRN

O novo federalismo social e o Rio: desenho de programas complementares de transferência de renda condicionada

Brazilian public policy entered in the so-called new social federalism through its conditional cash transfers. States and municipalities can operate together through the nationwide platform of the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), complementing federal actions with local innovations. The state and the city of Rio de Janeiro have created programs named, respectively, Renda Melhor (RM) and Família Carioca (FC). These programs make use of the operational structure of the BFP, which facilitates locating beneficiaries, issuing cards, synchronizing payment dates and access passwords and introducing new conditionalities. The payment system of the two programs complements the estimated permanent household income up to the poverty line established, giving more to those who have less. Similar income complementation system was subsequently adopted in the BFP and the Chilean Ingreso Ético Familiar, which also follow the principle of estimation of income used in the FC and in the RM. Instead of using the declared income, the value of the Rio cash transfers are set using the extensive collection of information obtained from the Single Registry of Social Programs (Cadastro Único): physical configuration of housing, access to public services, education and work conditions for all family members, presence of vulnerable groups, disabilities, pregnant or lactating women, children and benefits from other official transfers such as the BFP. With this multitude of assets and limitations, the permanent income of each individual is estimated. The basic benefit is defined by the poverty gap and priority is given to the poorest. These subnational programs use international benchmarks as a neutral ground between different government levels and mandates. Their poverty line is the highest of the first millennium goal of the United Nations (UN): US$ 2 per person per day adjusted for the cost of living. The other poverty line of the UN, US$ 1.25, was implicitly adopted as the national extreme poverty line in 2011. The exchange of methodologies between federal entities has happened both ways. The FC began with the 575,000 individuals living in the city of Rio de Janeiro who were on the payroll of the BFP. Its system of impact evaluation benefited from bi-monthly standardized examinations. In the educational conditionalities, the two programs reward students' progress, a potential advantage for those who most need to advance. The municipal program requires greater school attendance than that of the BFP and the presence of students’ parents at the bimonthly meetings held on Saturdays. Students must achieve a grade of 8 or improve at least 20% in each exam to receive a bi-monthly premium of R$50. In early childhood, priority is given to the poor children in the program Single Administrative Register (CadÚnico) to enroll in kindergarten, preschools and complementary activities. The state program reaches more than one million people with a payment system similar to the municipal one. Moreover, it innovates in that it transfers awards given to high school students to savings accounts. The prize increases and is paid to the student, who can withdraw up to 30% annually. The total can reach R$3,800 per low-income student. The State and the city rewarded already education professionals according to student performance, now completing the chain of demand incentives on poor students and their parents. Increased performance is higher among beneficiaries and the presence of their guardians at meetings is twice compared to non beneficiaries; The Houston program, also focuses on aligning the incentives to teachers, parents and students. In general, the plan is to explore strategic complementarities, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The objective is to stimulate, through targets and incentives, synergies between social actors (teachers, parents, students), between areas (education, assistance, work) and different levels of government. The cited programs sum their efforts and divide labor so as to multiply interactions and make a difference in the lives of the poor.

Estudo da oferta e produção de atendimentos das práticas integrativas e complementares no SUS no município do Rio de Janeiro

Esta pesquisa é um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, de natureza exploratória que se propõe a analisar as características de oferta e produção das práticas integrativas e complementares, no período de 2006 a 2013 no município do Rio de Janeiro. Como fontes de dados foram utilizados os bancos de dados nacionais sobre oferta de serviços, de profissionais e de produção: o SCNES- Sistema do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde onde são registrados dados da capacidade física e recursos humanos dos estabelecimentos de saúde e o SIASUS Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial onde são registrados os dados da produção ambulatorial do SUS. Optou-se por esses dois bancos de dados por serem ferramentas institucionais de gerenciamento da capacidade instalada e produção utilizadas pelas esferas federal, estadual e municipal. Buscou identificar profissionais cadastrados no SCNES que são autorizados a oferecer práticas integrativas e complementares no município do Rio de Janeiro, detectar os serviços de práticas integrativas e complementares cadastrados no CNES do município do Rio de Janeiro e analisar no Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial, registros de produção em práticas integrativas e complementares do município do Rio de Janeiro. A lista de práticas integrativas e complementares estabelecidas na portaria no 971 de 2006 são homeopatia, medicina tradicional chinesa (onde se inclui a acupuntura), medicina antroposófica, plantas medicinais e fitoterapia, termalismo/crenoterapia. Este estudo proporciona maior visibilidade quanto às características de implementação e institucionalização de uma recente política pública de saúde e contribui com base na análise dos dados encontrados em ferramentas de gestão, para o aprimoramento de ações de acompanhamento e avaliação, estruturação dos serviços, bem como o desenvolvimento sustentável de políticas locais de oferta das terapias complementares do SUS, em consonância com as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares.

Inserção de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transação e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petróleo e gás do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Tangibilidade, classe de ativos e estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA

This study aims to investigate the influence of the asset class and the breakdown of tangibility as determinant factors of the capital structure of companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA in the period of 2008-2012. Two current assets classes were composed and once they were grouped by liquidity, they were also analyzed by the financial institutions for credit granting: current resources (Cash, Bank and Financial Applications) and operations with duplicates (Stocks and Receivables). The breakdown of the tangible assets was made based on its main components provided as warrantees for loans like Machinery & Equipment and Land & Buildings. For an analysis extension, three metrics for leverage (accounting, financial and market) were applied and the sample was divided into economic sectors, adopted by BM&FBOVESPA. The data model in dynamic panel estimated by a systemic GMM of two levels was used in this study due its strength to problems of endogenous relationship as well as the omitted variables bias. The found results suggest that current resources are determinants of the capital structure possibly because they re characterized as proxies for financial solvency, being its relationship with debt positive. The sectorial analysis confirmed the results for current resources. The tangibility of assets has inverse proportional relationship with the leverage. As it is disintegrated in its main components, the significant and negative influence of machinery & equipment was more marked in the Industrial Goods sector. This result shows that, on average, the most specific assets from operating activities of a company compete for a less use of third party resources. As complementary results, it was observed that the leverage has persistence, which is linked with the static trade-off theory. Specifically for financial leverage, it was observed that the persistence is relevant when it is controlled for the lagged current assets classes variables. The proxy variable for growth opportunities, measured by the Market -to -Book, has the sign of its contradictory coefficient. The company size has a positive relationship with debt, in favor of static trade-off theory. Profitability is the most consistent variable in all the performed estimations, showing strong negative and significant relationship with leverage, as the pecking order theory predicts

Compreendendo a governança territorial e suas possibilidades: Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APL) e circuitos turísticos

Cet article rassemble des concepts, des théories et des données afin de comprendre comment ils articulent les nouvelles formes de gouvernance du territoire, à travers les stratégies institutionnelles et organisationnelles des acteurs locaux à mobiliser les actifs spécifiques des territoires dans les projets de développement local. Cette étude propose une base théorique pour les études appliquées à essayer de comprendre comment exprimer les organisations et institutions, ses acteurs et ses agents dans l'environnement de la structure de gouvernance territoriale, étant donné les cours divers secteurs socio-spatiale et territoriale au Brésil. Ainsi, les arrangements productifs locaux (APL) et Tours apparaissent comme des stratégies novatrices pour la gouvernance territoriale étant donné le caractère de sa propre configuration de la relation entre l'Etat, privées et autres institutions sociales.

Potencial das imagens hiperespectrais orbitais na detecção de componentes opticamente ativos no reservatório de Itupararanga

Pós-graduação em Ciências Cartográficas - FCT

Marcadores inflamatórios locais e sistêmicos em tabagistas com e sem doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

OS ATIVOS FIXOS TANGÍVEIS: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DOS NORMATIVOS CONTABILÍSTICOS PÚBLICOS E PRIVADOS

Objetivo: Em virtude da necessidade de comparabilidade da informação financeira das entidades públicas dos diferentes países Europeus e, consequentemente, da necessidade de adoção das International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), foi necessário proceder a uma reforma dos sistemas de Contabilidade Pública dos diferentes Estados membros da União Europeia. Desta reforma resultou a aprovação, do Sistema de Normalização Contabilística para as Administrações Públicas (SNC-AP), através do Decreto-lei nº 192/2015, de 11/9, que traz várias mudanças, nomeadamente quanto à contabilização dos ativos fixos tangíveis (AFT). Atendendo a este contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivos efetuar um estudo comparativo do definido nos normativos contabilísticos públicos (nomeadamente no Plano Oficial de Contabilidade das Autarquias Locais – POCAL e no SNC-AP) e privados (Sistema de Normalização Contabilística – SNC), quanto às principais particularidades da contabilização dos AFT, nomeadamente o seu reconhecimento e a sua mensuração. Metodologia: Na elaboração deste trabalho foi adotada uma metodologia qualitativa baseada num estudo comparativo dos normativos contabilísticos públicos (POCAL e SNC-AP) e privados (SNC), quanto ao reconhecimento e mensuração dos AFT. Originalidade: Consideramos que este trabalho é um tema original e atual, que tem por base um diploma recente (SNC-AP), cuja obrigatoriedade de aplicação apenas se estabelece para o ano de 2017, e que, por essa razão, ainda não foi muito abordado no âmbito da investigação científica. Por outro lado, este trabalho poderá contribuir para um estudo comparativo das diferentes normas, existentes em Portugal, no âmbito público e privado. Resultados: Este estudo permite concluir que o novo normativo (SNC-AP) evidencia um avanço face ao POCAL, definindo não só o conceito de ativo e de AFT, como também os critérios de reconhecimento que um elemento deve cumprir para que possa ser reconhecido como tal, permitindo assim uma maior consistência no reconhecimento destes elementos, por parte das diferentes entidades públicas. Portanto, no que respeita ao reconhecimento dos ativos o SNC-AP aproxima-se do SNC, com algumas particularidades específicas do âmbito público, como o facto de um elemento poder ser reconhecido como ativo mesmo que não produza rendimentos, desde que possua potencial de serviço. Por outro lado, relativamente à mensuração, o SNC-AP segue de perto, com as devidas adaptações, os normativos internacionais e também o SNC, introduzindo, comparativamente ao definido no POCAL, dois momentos de mensuração dos AFT, e referindo o justo valor explicitamente enquanto critério de mensuração aplicável a situações concretas, e já não apenas o tradicional custo histórico. Limitações: A atualidade do tema deste trabalho trouxe algumas limitações no que respeita à revisão de literatura de trabalhos de cariz científico, que são ainda escassos. Por outro lado, o facto do SNC-AP apenas ser de aplicação obrigatória no ano de 2017, e atualmente apenas estar a ser aplicado por algumas entidades piloto, não nos permitiu efetuar um estudo das consequências que, na prática, a adoção deste novo normativo terá, no que respeita ao reconhecimento e mensuração dos AFT.

Inserção de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transação e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petróleo e gás do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Tangibilidade, classe de ativos e estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA

This study aims to investigate the influence of the asset class and the breakdown of tangibility as determinant factors of the capital structure of companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA in the period of 2008-2012. Two current assets classes were composed and once they were grouped by liquidity, they were also analyzed by the financial institutions for credit granting: current resources (Cash, Bank and Financial Applications) and operations with duplicates (Stocks and Receivables). The breakdown of the tangible assets was made based on its main components provided as warrantees for loans like Machinery & Equipment and Land & Buildings. For an analysis extension, three metrics for leverage (accounting, financial and market) were applied and the sample was divided into economic sectors, adopted by BM&FBOVESPA. The data model in dynamic panel estimated by a systemic GMM of two levels was used in this study due its strength to problems of endogenous relationship as well as the omitted variables bias. The found results suggest that current resources are determinants of the capital structure possibly because they re characterized as proxies for financial solvency, being its relationship with debt positive. The sectorial analysis confirmed the results for current resources. The tangibility of assets has inverse proportional relationship with the leverage. As it is disintegrated in its main components, the significant and negative influence of machinery & equipment was more marked in the Industrial Goods sector. This result shows that, on average, the most specific assets from operating activities of a company compete for a less use of third party resources. As complementary results, it was observed that the leverage has persistence, which is linked with the static trade-off theory. Specifically for financial leverage, it was observed that the persistence is relevant when it is controlled for the lagged current assets classes variables. The proxy variable for growth opportunities, measured by the Market -to -Book, has the sign of its contradictory coefficient. The company size has a positive relationship with debt, in favor of static trade-off theory. Profitability is the most consistent variable in all the performed estimations, showing strong negative and significant relationship with leverage, as the pecking order theory predicts