Geochemistry of core sediment from antarctic region

Southern Ocean (SO) is the fourth largest Ocean comprising the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Sediment core sample (660 34’S and 580 40’E)was collected onboard O.R.V Sagar Nidhi from January to March 2010 in the Fourth Southern Ocean expedition cruise launched by the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa . Sedimentary records from this area reveal the sensitivity and climatic variability’s of the region over a large time scale. Organic matter (OM) and textural behaviour of the samples were analyzed and processed concurrently. Distribution of OM, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate along with the trace metal was highlighted. Textural variation was in the array of Sand >Clay >Silt. Sand content ranges from 30.29% to 80.11%. The order of relative distribution of OM was Lipid >Protein > TOC > Carbohydrate. The average concentrations of TOC, Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate were 2.2 mg/g, 1.2 mg/g, 3.3 mg/g and 1.1mg/g respectively. Protein to carbohydrate ratio and lipid to carbohydrate ratio were also encountered to understand the respective freshness and nutritional quality of the sediments. Trace metal distribution showed the average concentration was maximum for Mn and minimum for Co.

Areas of endemism in the Antarctic - a case study of the benthic hydrozoan genus Oswaldella (Cnidaria, Kirchenpaueriidae)

Aim The aim of this study is to investigate areas of endemism within the distribution of Oswaldella species in the Southern Ocean, thereby testing previous hypotheses and proposing alternative scenarios for Antarctic evolution. Location Southern Ocean, Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters of southern South America. Methods We prepared a database for the 31 currently known species of the Antarctic genus Oswaldella, which includes geographical locations gathered from published taxonomic studies as well as materials from museums and expeditions. A parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to test hypotheses of distribution patterns. Results Four areas of endemism are hypothesized: southern South America, two high Antarctic areas (eastern and western) and a larger area, mainly in western Antarctica at lower latitudes and including insular areas (but not the Balleny Islands). Main conclusions The results support, in part, previous hypotheses for the Southern Ocean region, while providing more detailed resolution. The areas of endemism may reflect both historical and ecological processes that influenced the Antarctic biota. The Magellanic area reflects the well-known affinities of the Antarctic biota with that of South America and may be a consequence of dispersal through deeper (and colder) waters, followed by speciation. The second area, the largest one, encompasses most of the insular faunas and may also be associated with deeper waters formed since 43 Ma. The third area may be explained by the development of seaways in the circum-Antarctic region beginning 50 Ma. Finally, the fourth zone, with a very poor fauna, coincides with the opening of the Tasman Strait and the formation of the Australo-Antarctic Gulf, associated with a minor wind-driven current.

Plants growing near the cargo packing station, and seed occurrence in cargo and luggage destined for Gough and Marion Island and the Antarctic

Globalization has resulted in unprecedented movements of people, goods, and alien species across the planet. Although the impacts of biological invasions are widely appreciated, a bias exists in research effort to post-dispersal processes because of the difficulties of measuring propagule pressure. The Antarctic provides an ideal model system in which to investigate propagule movements because of the region's isolation and small number of entry routes. Here we investigated the logistics operations of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP) and quantified the initial dispersal of alien species into the region. we found that over 1400 seeds from 99 taxa are transported into the Antarctic each field season in association with SANAP passenger luggage and cargo. The first ever assessment of propagule drop-off indicated that 30-50% of these propagules will enter the recipient environment. Many of the taxa include cosmopolitan weeds and known aliens in the Antarctic, indicating that logistics operations form part of a globally self-perpetuating cycle moving alien species between areas of human disturbance. in addition, propagules of some taxa native to the Antarctic region were also found, suggesting that human movements may be facilitating intra-regional homogenization. Several relatively simple changes in biosecurity policy that could significantly reduce the threat of introduction of nonnative species are suggested.

High-quality polar UV measurements : scientific analyses and transfer of the irradiance scale

The Earth's ecosystems are protected from the dangerous part of the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation by stratospheric ozone, which absorbs most of the harmful UV wavelengths. Severe depletion of stratospheric ozone has been observed in the Antarctic region, and to a lesser extent in the Arctic and midlatitudes. Concern about the effects of increasing UV radiation on human beings and the natural environment has led to ground based monitoring of UV radiation. In order to achieve high-quality UV time series for scientific analyses, proper quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures have to be followed. In this work, practices of QC and QA are developed for Brewer spectroradiometers and NILU-UV multifilter radiometers, which measure in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, respectively. These practices are applicable to other UV instruments as well. The spectral features and the effect of different factors affecting UV radiation were studied for the spectral UV time series at Sodankylä. The QA of the Finnish Meteorological Institute's (FMI) two Brewer spectroradiometers included daily maintenance, laboratory characterizations, the calculation of long-term spectral responsivity, data processing and quality assessment. New methods for the cosine correction, the temperature correction and the calculation of long-term changes of spectral responsivity were developed. Reconstructed UV irradiances were used as a QA tool for spectroradiometer data. The actual cosine correction factor was found to vary between 1.08-1.12 and 1.08-1.13. The temperature characterization showed a linear temperature dependence between the instrument's internal temperature and the photon counts per cycle. Both Brewers have participated in international spectroradiometer comparisons and have shown good stability. The differences between the Brewers and the portable reference spectroradiometer QASUME have been within 5% during 2002-2010. The features of the spectral UV radiation time series at Sodankylä were analysed for the time period 1990-2001. No statistically significant long-term changes in UV irradiances were found, and the results were strongly dependent on the time period studied. Ozone was the dominant factor affecting UV radiation during the springtime, whereas clouds played a more important role during the summertime. During this work, the Antarctic NILU-UV multifilter radiometer network was established by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorogía (INM) as a joint Spanish-Argentinian-Finnish cooperation project. As part of this work, the QC/QA practices of the network were developed. They included training of the operators, daily maintenance, regular lamp tests and solar comparisons with the travelling reference instrument. Drifts of up to 35% in the sensitivity of the channels of the NILU-UV multifilter radiometers were found during the first four years of operation. This work emphasized the importance of proper QC/QA, including regular lamp tests, for the multifilter radiometers also. The effect of the drifts were corrected by a method scaling the site NILU-UV channels to those of the travelling reference NILU-UV. After correction, the mean ratios of erythemally-weighted UV dose rates measured during solar comparisons between the reference NILU-UV and the site NILU-UVs were 1.007±0.011 and 1.012±0.012 for Ushuaia and Marambio, respectively, when the solar zenith angle varied up to 80°. Solar comparisons between the NILU-UVs and spectroradiometers showed a ±5% difference near local noon time, which can be seen as proof of successful QC/QA procedures and transfer of irradiance scales. This work also showed that UV measurements made in the Arctic and Antarctic can be comparable with each other.

As aves antárticas estão livres de hemoparasitos? Um estudo de caso de pinguins (Pygoscelis spp.) e de skuas (Catharacta spp.) antárticos da Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Antártica.

O parasitismo é uma importante força seletiva em populações, assim como a competição e a predação. Os parasitos sanguíneos podem afetar a coloração da plumagem, a seleção sexual e o sucesso reprodutivo em aves. As aves da região Antártica têm sido mencionadas na literatura como livres de hemoparasitos. A Baía do Almirantado, na Ilha Rei George, Península Antártica, é a maior Baía da região, abrigando diferentes espécies de aves durante o período reprodutivo. Dentre elas, estão duas espécies de skuas, as mais frequentes da Antártica, skua-sub-antártica (Catharacta lonnbergi) e skua-polar-do-sul (C. maccormicki) e três espécies de pinguins, pinguim-antártico (Pygoscelis antarctica), pinguim-papua (P. papua) e pinguim-de-adélia (P. adeliae). Skuas e pinguins são aves que se dispersam durante o inverno austral, podendo ser potenciais reservatórios e transmissores de parasitos, embora resultados negativos de hemoparasitos tenham sido encontrados para diversas outras aves marinhas e também para a região Antártica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a presença de hemoparasitos em pinguins e skuas antárticos na Baía do Almirantado. Amostras de lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo e de sangue para análises moleculares de pesquisa de Plasmodium/Haemoproteus foram coletadas em dois períodos reprodutivos, de dezembro de 2010 a março de 2011 e de dezembro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012. Um total de 185 amostras de aves foram coletadas, incluindo 120 pinguins e 65 skuas. Skuas foram tiveram resultados negativos para hemoparasitos. As três espécies de pinguins foram positivas para Plasmodium/Haemoproteus , via técnica molecular, incluindo dois P. papua,dois P. antarctica etrês P. adeliae. Apenas um indivíduo confirmado positivo pela técnica molecular, pertencente a P. papua, foi positivo utilizando a técnica de esfregaço sanguíneo, com diagnóstico de Plasmodium sp. Não houve diferença significativa entre indivíduos machos e fêmeas das espécies parasitadas, assim como entre adultos e filhotes. As aves parasitadas (n=7), foram categorizadas abaixo do peso (n=5) e acima do peso (n=2). O presente estudo é o primeiro a relatar hemoparasitos na região Antártica e também é o primeiro registro de presença de hemoprotozoários para as três espécies de pinguins analisadas. A ausência de hemoparasitos em aves antárticas tem sido justificada pela ausência de potenciais vetores na região. Portanto, é possível que os pinguins parasitados tenham adquirido a infecção durante a dispersão por ocasião do inverno austral. No entanto, skuas antárticas também são aves migratórias, que podem atingir regiões com potenciais vetores reconhecidos, mas nunca foram diagnosticadas com hemoparasitos, o que foi reforçado pelos resultados negativos do presente estudo. Nesse caso, acredita-se que skuas, podem ter um sistema imune competente ou que a ausência de hemoparasitos nessas aves seja justificada por confinamentos filogenéticos entre parasito-hospedeiro. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a existência de vetores na Antártica, rotas migratórias das aves da região e especificidade parasito-hospedeiro. Os resultados inéditos encontrados no presente estudo devem, portanto, servir como ponto de partida para o entendimento das interações parasito-hospedeiro, de forma a contribuir para a preservação do ambiente antártico.

A critical analysis of isolation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from soil

The present review is a critical analysis of positive and negative reports of the isolation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from soil. The strains isolated from soil or soil-contaminated material (dogfood, penguin feces) by Batista et al. in Recife, Brazil, Negroni in the Argentinian Chaco, Albornoz in rural Venezuela, Silva-Vergara et al, in Ibia, Brazil, Ferreira et al, in Uberlandia, Brazil, and Gezuele et al. at the Uruguayan base in the Antarctic region, presented mycological characteristics consistent with P. brasiliensis. In most of these studies, morphological characterization was complemented with an evaluation of virulence and antigenicity, and biochemical or molecular analysis. These isolations, therefore, can be considered true, supporting the concept of soil as an important element in the ecology of the pathogen. The large number of negative reports in attempts involving soil samples and the low repeatability of isolation of the fungus from the same area indicate that the specific conditions supporting growth of the pathogen in soil have not been fully clarified.

Ophiuroidea das regiões Antártica e Subantártica: 1. Sobre três espécies de Gorgonocephalidae e Ophiacanthidae

É estudada a distribuição geográfica e a variação de caracteres morfológicos de três espécies de ofiuroides (OpiLacantha antartica, Astrotoma agassizzi e Gorgonecephalus chilensis) das regiões Antártica e Subantãrtica. São também apresentadas observações sobre biologia reprodutiva.

Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in marine sediment cores from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

This paper describes the first results of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in sediment cores of Admiralty Bay, Antarctica. These markers were used to assess the local input of anthropogenic materials (particulate and organic compounds) as a result of the influence of human occupation in a sub-Antarctic region and a possible long-range atmospheric transport of combustion products from sources in South America. The highest SCPs and PAHs concentrations were observed during the last 30 years, when three research stations were built in the area and industrial activities in South America increased. The concentrations of SCPs and PAHs were much lower than those of other regions in the northern hemisphere and other reported data for the southern hemisphere. The PAH isomer ratios showed that the major sources of PAHs are fossil fuels/petroleum, biomass combustion and sewage contribution generally close to the Brazilian scientific station. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nuculidae (Bivalvia) in the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, with an overview of the bivalve fauna

Nuculid bivalves of the Cape Melville Formation (Early Miocene, King George Island) are reviewed. Ten bivalve taxa are listed from the formation in the families Nuculidae (two species), Sareptidae, Malletiidae, Limopsidae (two species), Limidae, Pectinidae, Hiatellidae, and Periplomatidae. The Nuculidae consist of two species of Leionucula Quenstedt, 1930. One of these, L. melvilleana n. sp., is described and the other consists of the two species named previously by Anelli et al. (2006), which are demonstrated to be synonymous and are assigned to the species Leionucula frigida (Anelli, Rocha-Campos, Santos, Perinotto & Quaglio 2006). This assemblage, dominated by protobranchs (89% of specimens), is a typical fauna of offshore soft substrates, with a few specimens transported from hard substrates nearby. The diversity of Nuculidae has decreased in the Antarctic region through the Cenozoic.

Application of 137Cs and 210Pb radionuclides to determine sedimentation rates of recent sediments from admiraty Bay, Antarctica Peninsula

Studies about natural and artificial radionuclides in areas such as the Antarctic are key to understand natural and dynamic processes in marine environments. These studies are important to determine levels of radioactive elements and local sedimentation rates. Five marine sediment cores were collected in different points of Admiralty Bay, in the Antarctic Peninsula. The purpose of this study was to determine 137Cs, 226Ra and 210Pb and sedimentation rates at each site. 137Cs, 210Pb and 226Ra were assayed by gamma-counting through direct measurement of the peak at 661 keV, 47 keV and 609 keV, respectively. Sedimentation rates were obtained by 137Cs and 210Pb (CIC and CRS). The activities for 137Cs ranged from 0.84 to 7.09 Bq kg-1; to 226Ra from 6.77 to 31.07 Bq kg-1 and for 210Pb ranged from 1.10 to 36.90 Bq kg-1. The sedimentation rates obtained by the three models ranged from 0.11±0.01 cm y-1 to 0.46±0.05 cm y-1. The levels of 137Cs registered in this study, as well as in other studies in the Antarctic region indicate that global fallout is the main cause of artificial radionuclides present in this environment, since the Antarctic has not suffered a direct action of human activities that released radioactive elements. The possible grain size variations that occur in the studied points of Admiralty Bay may explain the differences found in the vertical distribution of radionuclides, because of the different values of sedimentation rates and respective dating determined in their profiles

Ostracoda in sediment core CRP-3 from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

A total of eighteen species of marine ostracods, in at least twelve genera, have been recovered from Early and Late Oligocene glacio-marine sediments from boreholes CRP-3 and CRP-2/2A in the Victoria Land Basin, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Faunas are sparse and generally moderately-well preserved. Previously, three species or closely related species have been recorded only from glacial settings (Kuiperiana meridionalislain (Müller), Australicythere polylyca (Müller), Hemicytheridea aff. H. kinggeorgeensis Blaszyk), but palaeotemperatures somewhat higher than at present in the Ross Sea are suggested by the presence of Austrocythere reticulotuberculata Hartmann, Cluthia aff. C. antiqua Ayress & Drapala and Cytherella? sp. 4796. Majungaella sp. 4471 is an enigmatic component, representing a genus previously known only from warm Cretaceous and Eocene, and relatively warm interglacial Pliocene habitats in southern Gondwana and the Antarctic Peninsula. Palaeobiogeographical considerations indicate that during Early Oligocene times, the Ross Sea area had faunal links with both Antarctic Peninsula/South America and southern Australasia. Three species present in the Early Oligocene glacial environments at Cape Roberts have survived to the Recent in the cool-cold Antarctic/Sub-Antarctic region: Austrocythere reticulotuberculata Hartmann, Australicythere polylyca (Müller), and Kuiperiana meridionalis (Müller).