Investigate the effect of antibacterial ingredients used in marine paints in sea water

In this study, consider to the mechanism of controlled depletion paint, has been made the Antifouling (A/F) paints that use these in a paint system which applied on the steel. As a first step, it is necessary to prove that the system subject to investigation does fit into the mechanisms proposed for the CDPs system. According to this, the machine was designed and built as for ASTM D5108-90, D4939-89. Specimens immersed in natural sea water and were rotating by 60 r/min rotor. Painted specimens were tested for 59 days. The main objective of this study was to investigate if new antifouling paint are less toxic than traditional paint and more efficient. For this reason, Zineb and Ziram which is an ingredient in antifouling paints, was also studied. Zineb and Ziram are known as booster biocides in A/P composition. We used the Zineb and Ziram and synthesis of these in a A/F paints. The concentration of booster biocides are 3% and 6% in paints. We use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for evaluation of paint film. The settlement and the growth of living organism on immersed surfaces was observed during 59 days. According to reports, the growth of organism was observed for A/F paint contains, 3% Zineb after 20days,3%Ziram after 24days and 3% Zineb +Ziram after 30days. By measuring leached rate of the Zn in A/F paints, we figured out the effectiveness of booster biocides on the growth of organism, for example in the absence of booster biocides, the critical released rate for preventing biofilm for A/F paint with ZnO is 15 μg/cm2day. This despite the fact that this figure for A/F paint contain Zineb is 4 μg/cm2, Ziram is 3 μg/cm2 and Zineb +Ziram is 2 μg/cm2.

Aseptic Packaging of Tropical Fruit Purees

The object of this investigation was to develop high quality aseptically packaged mango and passionfruit puree products. Kensington mango puree (acidified to ph 3.5) and deseeded passionfruit pulp (ph 3.0) were sterilised in a scraped-surface heat exchanger, cooled to 20°C in a tubular heat-exchanger, aseptically packaged in sterile laminate bags. Six sterilising time/temperature combinations were compared - 85°C/15 secs, 85°C/60 secs, 90° C/15 secs, 90°/60 secs, 95°C/15 secs, 95°C/60 secs. Products were assessed immediately after processing, and after eight months ambient storage, for microbial, physical, chemical, and sensory quality. All treatments were microbiologically sound and showed no enzyme activity. Sensory quality was very acceptable, and there was no evidence of heat damage. Quality (especially colour and flavour) decreased during storage in all heat treatments.

On the investigation of singular stress field around radial cracks in annulii subjected to diametrical tension

Results of photoelastic investigation conducted on annulii containing a radial crack at inner edge and subjected to diametrical tension are reported. The cracks are oriented at 90°, 60° and 45° to the loading direction. The Stress-Intensity Factors (SIFs) were determined by analysing the crack-tip stress fields. Smith and Smith's method [Engng Fracture Mech.4, 357–366 (1972)] and a modified method developed earlier by the authors (to be published) were adopted in the evaluation of SIFs.

南方主要易腐易褐变特色水果贮藏加工关键技术

本成果研究开发我国产量均居世界第一的杨梅、荔枝、龙眼、草莓等四种易腐易褐变南方特色水果的贮运保鲜加工技术，为这些水果的时空市场拓展和增值提供关键技术支撑。取得的主要成果包括：鉴别了杨梅等易腐水果的主要腐败微生物，建立了动态生长模型，开发的抑霉剂可延长五倍保鲜期，好果率90%以上；筛选了水果采后病害的拮抗微生物，从生态、生理和基因水平阐明了水果采后病害的生防机理，开发的高效低成本生防制剂对杨梅、草莓真菌病害性腐烂的抑制率达60%~70%；研究了衰老、褐变、腐烂、冷害等影响荔枝、龙眼采后品质的关键问题，阐明了酶促褐变和品质劣变机理；开发的荔枝龙眼抗褐变综合保鲜贮运技术使保鲜期达2个月，好果率90%以上；建立了系统的果蔬运输生理学研究体系，开发的易腐水果控温长途运输保鲜集成技术可将杨梅、草莓的运销半径由产地周边数百公里拓展到全国和国际市场；阐明了杨梅花色苷降解特性，开发了杨梅汁、酒护色和澄清关键技术。以上成果获得5项发明专利，发表相关论文102篇，其中SCI收录42篇。成果在主产区企业应用后，近三年直接创产值7.5743亿元,创利税1.8634亿元，创汇1375万美元；向果农收购四种水果10万多吨，使果农增收4亿多元。

松嫩平原农牧交错区优化生态-生产范式——以长岭县为例

松嫩平原农牧交错区位于松嫩平原的西部，中国北方农牧交错带的最东端;具有独特的地质环境特点，环境问题突出，是我国生态脆弱地区之一，及世界三大苏打盐碱土集中分布区之一。近年来，由于人为的不合理利用和开垦、以及粗放的生产模式，使该地区生态系统严重受损，土地沙漠化、水土流失、盐碱化、土地生产力下降等生态环境问题日益突出。因此，建立一个适合该地区生态环境条件、社会经济发展状况的优化生态-生产范式是必要而紧迫的。 本论文以松嫩平原农牧交错区为研究对象，以其典型地段为切入点，通过大量数据的收集、文献资料的查阅、野外考察与测定、室内分析处理等，得出了以下主要结论： 一、生态-地理环境背景分析 松嫩平原农牧交错区是多种生态-地理环境危害并存的区域，其中包括盐碱化、沙漠化、气候灾害、水资源短缺等等。当前，沙化土地和盐碱化土地的面积已占该地区土地总面积的34.27 %，并且呈逐年递增的趋势。松嫩平原农牧交错区气候灾害频发，主要是旱灾、水灾、风灾。此外，水资源短缺以及水质问题，同样影响着农业生产及社会经济发展。造成松嫩平原农牧交错区多种生态-地质环境危害并存的主要影响机制是：该地区自身的地质-地理环境特点、气候因素和人类活动的综合效应，并且人类活动日益成为主要驱动因子。 二、实例研究 松嫩平原农牧交错区优化生态-生产范式研究是以长岭县为例，通过对长岭县景观格局变化分析、土壤格局分布、农牧业生产特点、以及农业可持续性评价等，得出以下结论： 1、对研究区内土地利用格局分析表明：1980 ~ 2000年，在土地利用类型没有发生变化的基础上，表现为各土地利用类型面积上的增减;草地、林地大面积地向农田转移，农田面积明显增加;大规模地开垦农田，已经导致了景观的优势度增加，破碎度增加，多样性下降，这最终将使整个景观趋于更加不稳定。 2、长岭县土壤总体水平较差，障碍性土壤占长岭县总土地面积的55.38 %。从土地利用变化对不同地势条件下土壤理化性状影响分析，结果表明：（1）地势相对高的平台地，土壤肥力较高，且开垦对土壤理化性质的影响相对较小，更适合农业开发;（2）低地原生植被为草甸草原，其养分状况也比较好，但其地势较低，易发生水渍和盐碱化;（3）坡地是当地土壤养分最为贫瘠地区，也是风沙土较集中分布的区域，对其开垦会增大土壤的风蚀和水蚀，使土壤养分状况严重下降。 3、对研究区牧草资源分布格局、牧草资源承载力和利用现状等进行分析，结果表明：放牧系统提供的牧草资源已不能满足当地畜牧业对牧草资源的需求。草地提供的牧草资源仅能满足总牧草需求的16.6 %，放牧系统提供的牧草仅占总牧草需求的47.3 %;玉米秸秆转化为牧草资源的潜力巨大，经估算，占总牧草资源的78.3 %，其承载力为总牧草需求的2.4倍。当前，农牧交错区牧草资源的粗蛋白含量普遍偏低，不能完全满足动物生产的需要，制约了当地畜牧业发展。根据当地畜牧业现状、牧草资源潜力，我们提出：应在合理利用当地牧草资源的基础上，有计划地建立高产优质、富含粗蛋白的人工牧草基地，实现畜牧业可持续发展与生态保护的协调统一。 4、长岭县是以第一产业为主，即农业生产为主要经济来源。对农业生产结构的分析表明：农牧业生产占总农业产值的90 %以上，并以种植业为主，种植业一直占总农业产值60 %以上。受当地气候条件、土壤格局分布的限制，单一粮食生产、粗放的生产模式以及对天然草地资源的过分依赖，最终导致该地区农牧业发展缓慢，经济条件落后。 5、在上述分析的基础上，作者提出了长岭县优化生态-生产范式，即以高效农业生产、生活圈，水土保持和自然生态保育圈、牧草生产基地及生态功能保护圈的三圈等级系统。以此为依据，对土地利用格局进行调整，通过粮、草、经多元农业结构的建设，在合理利用与保护草地的基础上，使长岭县畜牧业走向产业化的发展模式。

甲基睾丸酮诱导鲫鱼雌核发育子代性转化的研究

本文介绍了用甲基睾丸酮诱导鲫鱼雌核发育子代性转化的研究结果。对孵化后3天的人工雌核发育的红鲫仔鱼和天然雌核发育的银鲫仔鱼,以含有不同量的甲基睾丸酮激素饵料喂养90天,再用一般饵料喂养直到可以剖腹鉴别性别。结果是:1,喂用每克 MT_(25-30μg)激素饵料的,除 1尾发育为精卵巢外.全部试验鱼都发育成雄性;2,喂用每克含 MT_(50-100μg)激素饵料的,没有雄性鱼出现。此外,用 1ml 工业酒精同 1g饵料配制的混合饵料,喂养90天的试验鱼,有60—84.6％的个体发育成雄性。不加激素和酒精的饵料

（一）聚丁二烯橡胶的高聚物-溶剂相互作用参数从和有效网链密度的测定（二）顺丁橡胶在几种溶剂中的特性粘数-分子量关系式和无扰分子尺寸的估算

表征硫化橡胶弹性体网络的主要结构参数是有效网链密度橡胶弹性体的许多重要力学性能，例如：300%定伸强度、抗张强度、伸长率、抗撕裂、弹性、硬度、静态压缩模量和动态模量等都是和有效网链密度紧密相关的。Flory用平衡溶胀法测定有效网链密度的方程是：Ve = -1/(V_s)·(l_n(1-υ_r) + υ_r + μυ_r~2)/(υ_r~(1/3)-2υ_r/f)式中的Ve是有效网链密度（用单位体积橡胶的有效网链克分子数来表示），υ_r是溶胀网络中橡胶的体积分数，υ_s是溶剂的克分子体积，f是交联点的官能度（f = 4），μ是高聚物溶剂相互作用参数。首先要确定μ才能够用上式来测定硫化胶的有效网链密度以表征硫化程度。实验事实和Flory等人的理论工作表明：μ不是常数，是υ_r的函数。高顺式聚丁二烯橡胶已生产多年，但迄今未有关于高顺式聚丁二烯橡胶在不同溶剂中的μ和υ_r间的函数关系的报导。在实际应用中，人们常常用υ_r值的大小来近似表征硫化程度。但由上式可知：μ和υ_r不成正比关系。因此，必须求得μ值，才能得到Ve值，以正确表征硫化程度，对实际生产起指导作用。本工作采用溶胀-拉伸方法不渗透压，光散射等方法测定顺丁橡胶和溶剂甲苯、苯、正-庚烷的相互作用参数μ，得到了μ和υ_r的线性函数（见附表），μ = μ_o + βυ_r。μ_o是当υ_r趋向于零时的μ值，β是一个常数。溶胀拉伸法外推得到的μ_o值和用渗透压及光散射法得到的μ_o值么接近，为实验的可靠性提供了依据。力学方法和物理化学方法同时测得相近的结果，有文献报导的不多。用溶胀-拉伸法求橡胶-溶剂的相互作用参数μ，由于样品的制作和实验技术上的困难内尚未见报导。国外Kraus和V. Zanboni等人用天然、丁苯、乙丙、丁腈等纯胶硫化胶（未加碳黑的硫化胶）进行溶胀-拉伸实验，测定μ和U_r的函数关系。然后用来计算碳黑硫化胶的μ和Ve。本工作表明：对于同一橡胶-溶剂体系来说，纯胶硫化胶和碳黑硫化胶的μ和υ_r的函数关系并不一样，在相同υ_r时，二者Ve相差2.5-5%，υ_r值越大，Ve相差越大。因此用纯胶硫化胶的μ和υ_r的函数来计算碳黑硫化胶的有效网链密度是不适当的。本工作还用渗透压法测定了1，2-聚丁二烯（1，2-含量分别为90%和60%）及合成异戊橡胶和溶剂甲苯的相互作用参数μ_o。结果表明：合成异戊橡胶和天然橡胶有相同的μ_o值。这说明μ_o值只和化学结构有关，与样品的来源无关。两种1，2-聚丁二烯橡胶和顺丁橡胶也有相接近的μ_o值。其原因是因为三者有基本相同的内聚能密度，则它们在同一种溶剂中所受到的作用力应当相等的缘故。最后，本工作还研究了顺丁橡胶的有效网链密度对300%定伸强度、抗张强度、抗撕裂、伸长率、弹性、硬度、静态压缩模量和动态模量等力学性能的影响。结果表明：有效网链密度Ve和300%定伸强度成直线函数关系：M_(300%) = 17 + 3.61 * 10~5 * Ve（公斤/厘米）。这就为测定硫化胶的有效网链密度提供了另一条途径，因为300%定伸强度是表征硫化胶的一个重要参数，实验简单易行，知道了M_(300%)就可以利用上式估算Ve。本工作发现有效网链密度在2.00～3.10 * 10~(-4)摩尔/厘米~3的范围内，则可望达到优秀的抗张强度和抗撕裂性能，对实际生产的工艺控制有一定现实意义。本工作以稀土催化体系合成的顺丁橡胶（顺1，4-97%、反1，4-2.5%、1.2-0.5%）作为研究对象，订定了顺丁橡胶在溶剂四氢呋喃、甲苯、甲基环乙烷、正-庚烷和丁酮与正-庚烷混合溶剂（体积比为2:1）等中的特性粘数分子量关系式：用Kurata-Stockmayer(KS)方程、Stockmayer-Fixman(SF)方程和Tnagaki-Ptitsyn(IP)方程估算了顺丁橡胶的无扰分子尺寸。顺丁橡胶在溶剂四氢呋喃中的特性粘数-分子量关系式为[η]_(THF)~30 ℃= 0.0246 * M~(0.732)该关系式的获得为采用自记GPC测定和计算顺丁橡胶样品的(M-bar)_w、(M-bar)_n、(M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_x和[η]等重要分子参数提供了方便。因顺丁橡胶在四氢呋喃中的特性粘数-分子量关系式文献至今未见报导。顺丁橡胶在甲苯、甲基环乙烷、正-庚烷和丁酮与正-庚烷混合溶剂中的特性粘数-分子量关系式如下：[η]_(甲苯)~(30 ℃) = 0.0264 * M~(0.719) [η]_(甲基/环已烷)~(30 ℃) = 0.0293 * M~(0.698) [η]_(正-庚烷)~(30 ℃) = 0.1181 * M~(0.547) [η]_(丁酮+正-庚烷)~(30 ℃) = 0.1800 * M~(0.500)发现酮与正-庚烷的混合溶剂（体积比为2:1）在30 ℃时是顺丁橡胶的Θ溶剂。高聚物的无扰分子尺寸，是反映大分子近程相互作用的重要参数，由此可得到有关链结构的重要情报。本工作通过测定已知分子量的样品在四氢呋喃、甲苯、甲基环已烷等良溶剂中的特性粘数，采用KS、SF和IP方程去估算顺丁橡胶的无扰分子尺寸，同时测定了顺丁橡胶在其Θ条件下（丁酮与正-庚烷混合溶剂，体积比2:1，温度30 ℃）的无扰分子尺寸，以此进行对比。用KS方程估算的K_θ = 0.183(ml/g), <γ_o~2>~(1/2)/M~(1/2) = 0.0901(nm)用SF方程估算的K_θ = 0.183和0.200(ml/g), <γ_o~2>~(1/2)/M~(1/2) = 0.0901和0.0928(nm)用IP方程估算的K_θ = 0.192(ml/g), <γ_o~2>~(1/2)/M~(1/2) = 0.0915(nm)用Θ溶剂测定的K_θ= 0.180(ml/g), <γ_o~2>~(1/2)/M~(1/2) = 0.0896(nm)由此可见，用不同方法得到的结果均较接近。

3种藓类植物水分含量与光合作用、呼吸作用和水势的关系(英文)

对湿地匍灯藓〔Plagiomnium acutum(L indb.) T.Kop.〕、大羽藓〔Thuidium cymbi-folium(Dozy &Molk.) Dozy &Molk.〕和垂藓〔Chrysocladiun retrorsum(Mitt.) Fleisch.〕的水分含量与光合作用、呼吸作用和水势的关系进行了初步研究 (1 999年 5月 2 0日到 6月1 0日 )。在这 3种藓类植物中 ,其水分含量与光合作用速率 (Pn)的关系可以分为 2种类型 :一种类型如大羽藓和垂藓 ,在藓体水分含量 2 0 %～ 70 %时 ,Pn随着水分含量增加而增加 ,但是在 80 %～ 95%时 ,Pn随水分含量增加而下降 ,光合最适水分含量约 70 %～ 80 % ;另一种出现在湿地匍灯藓 ,水分含量 2 0 %～ 80 %时 ,Pn随着水分含量增加而增加 ,在 80 %～ 95%时 ,Pn维持一个较高的水平 ,光合最适水分含量为 80 %～ 90 %。在一个大的水分含量范围内 (60 %～ 95% ) ,暗呼吸 (Rd)保持相对稳定 ,但是在水分含量较低时 (2 0 %～ 70 % ) ,Rd随着水分含量的下降而下降。在藓体水分含量与水势之间的关系方面 ,3种藓类植物相似 ,水分含量与水势对数之间的回归曲线为 S形曲线

不同水分状况下秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响

在遮雨棚控水条件下,采用盆栽的方式研究了不同秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响。试验按对照(CK)和秸秆覆盖量0.3 kg/m2(SM0.3)、0.6 kg/m2(SM0.6)、0.9 kg/m2(SM0.9)、1.2 kg/m2(SM1.2)共设5个处理,水分按高水(占田间持水量的90%)和低水(占田间持水量的60%)设两个水平。分别测定了玉米根、茎、叶、穗干重,根系垂直空间分布及叶片叶绿素相对含量等指标。结果表明:秸秆覆盖明显改变了玉米根系和地上部分的生长;高水条件下SM0.6处理玉米根系、茎秆、叶和穗干重均高于其它处理;低水条件下,地上部分干重SM1.2最大,SM0.6次之;根系的垂直空间分布与水分和覆盖条件都有密切的关系,覆盖措施主要影响下层根系的生长和发育。

南黄海重金属的演变特征及控制因素

本文以南黄海1997～2006年10年表层海水和沉积物中重金属为主要研究对象，同时结合对生态环境信息的综合分析，系统探讨了海水和沉积物中重金属的生物地球化学特征、影响控制因素、演变趋势，并对海域生态风险进行了评估，获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识： 1．系统获得了南黄海海水和沉积物中重金属的地球化学分布模式，揭示了影响和控制其生物地球化学特征的因素 南黄海表层海水中重金属As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的平均浓度分别为2.33、0.078、1.41、0.0036、0.37、6.21 μg/L，低于其它中国近海海水，而高于水交换较好的深海；表层海水重金属的分布模式（除Pb外）表现为在离岸较远的南黄海中部地区其含量较低，而近岸海区则普遍含量较高，区域分布呈现“高Cd-Cu-Hg-Zn区”，“高Pb-Cu-Zn区”以及“高Pb区”三个地球化学分区。 南黄海表层沉积物中重金属比邻近海域沉积物中的浓度低，南黄海重金属主要受沉积物粒度控制，即在细粒度高的南黄海中部区域重金属（除As外）的含量较高，粗粒度的近岸区则较低，区域分布呈现“高Cd-Cu-Pb-Zn区”，“高Hg低As-Cu-Zn区”以及“高As低Cd-Hg-Zn区”三个地球化学分区。 人类活动已经显著影响了南黄海海水中重金属的含量水平，重金属分布是径流、大气沉降、pH、盐度和重金属自身性质等各种影响因子耦合的结果。沉积物重金属的富集因子Pb>As>Hg>Cd>Zn>Cr>Cu，其中Pb和As主要来自人为污染排放，污染状况相对较重，Cr和Cu几乎没有受到人为污染的影响。沉积物的粒度是控制表层沉积物重金属分布的最主要因素，次要的因素包括沉积物有机质的含量、沉积速率以及重金属存在形态等。 2．首次获得了南黄海海水和沉积物中重金属的演变趋势 近10年来南黄海表层海水中，Zn呈上升趋势，As、Cd、Cu、Pb基本稳定变化不大，而Hg则呈略下降趋势。Zn的线性上升趋势明显，在近岸水域和中央水域中其浓度和公元年的统计关系分别为y=0.9524x+0.0034（R=0.97）和y=0.8622x+0.0299（R=0.95）（其中y为Zn的浓度，x为年度，取1997～2004）。近10年沉积物中重金属年际变化较小，浓度变化在多年均值的±（10%～30%）之间变动。As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的均值变化范围分别为7.17±1.70、0.108±0.024、17.61±1.65、0.024±0.008、18.44±4.26、70.53±5.73 mg/kg，除了Hg随公元年呈较好的线性增加（y=0.0033x-6.50，R=0.75）外，其它重金属未显现出有明显的演变趋势。 近百年来，南黄海重金属的变化可分为3个阶段，20世纪60年代以前，20世纪60年代至90年代，及20世纪90年代至今。第一个阶段的60年可以看作是南黄海未明显受人类活动影响的一个时期，该段时期内明显的特征是重金属含量的变化受径流输入不均等多种因素影响，变化规律性不强；第二阶段是南黄海近岸工农业迅猛发展的阶段，由近岸传输到这一海域的重金属量增加，南黄海沉积物重金属浓度增加，沉积物质量有下降的趋势，这一阶段是人类活动影响南黄海最为明显的一个阶段；第三个阶段是20世纪90年代至今，南黄海沉积物重金属浓度呈降低趋势，与中韩两国减排及治污措施有关。近几年，南黄海沉积物的环境质量较20世纪末期有了较明显的改善。 3. 初步阐明了南黄海重金属的环境污染危害和潜在生态风险 采用潜在生态危害指数法和地积累指数等方法对南黄海沉积环境进行分析，结果表明，中等重金属污染程度海区占研究海区面积的38.7%，中等生态风险的区域则占了研究海区面积77.8%，但均未发现沉积物中的重金属与生物量的分布有明显的关系，总体表明，南黄海沉积物中的重金的污染状况及生态风险较低，南黄海沉积物质量良好。

Efectividad de la vacuna acelular antipertussis en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

La incidencia de la tosferina ha mostrado un incremento en los últimos años; afectando predominantemente a los niños menores de 1 año, adolescentes y adultos. En el 2005 el Comité Asesor de Prácticas en Inmunización (ACIP) recomendó administrar una dosis de refuerzo de la vacuna acelular antipertussis a los adolescentes. Esta estrategia ha sido adoptada por distintos países. Sin embargo hasta el momento no existe una revisión sistemática que evalúe la efectividad de esta medida de prevención primaria. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura de artículos acerca de la efectividad de la vacuna acelular antipertussis como dosis de refuerzo en adolescentes. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial arrojó un total de 121 resultados, de los cuales solo 4 cumplieron los criterios de selección. Se evaluó en éstos, la inmunogenicidad generada contra tétanos y difteria por la vacuna Tdap vs Td con resultados significativos y similares. Además se documentó la respuesta inmunológica protectora generada por la Tdap contra tosferina. En cuanto a la reactogenicidad, en general fue baja. Discusión: La vacuna Tdap genera inmunogenicidad similar a la Td contra tétanos y difteria. Además proporciona adecuada protección contra la tosferina como dosis de refuerzo en los adolescentes. Conclusión: La evidencia disponible sugiere que se puede recomendar la vacuna Tdap como dosis de refuerzo en adolescentes entre los 10 y los 18 años de edad por su baja reactogenicidad y adecuada inmunogenicidad contra tétanos, difteria y B. Pertussis.

Competition of sicklepod, cassia obtusifolia l., densities on soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., at variable row distance

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Degradação de compostos orgânicos voláteis usando o catalisador SBA-15 contendo titânio

The groundwater pollution arising due to fuel leaks gas stations has presented a problem aggravating. Increasingly studies related to environmental problems such accidents and seek to propose some solutions for the treatment of groundwater and soils that are contaminated by gasoline. This study evaluated the use of molecular sieve TiSBA-15 as a catalyst for the reaction of removing of volatile organic compounds, particularly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, known as BTEX, one of the main pollutants found in groundwater. The catalyst was synthesized by the method post-synthesis techniques and characterized by XSD, TG/DTG, adsorption/desorption of N2, XRF-EDX, for checking the incorporation of titanium and formation of the structure of the catalyst. The reaction occurred with the presence of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, in aqueous medium to form hydroxyl radicals, which are needed in the process of removal of BTEX compounds. The catalytic reaction was carried out for 5 hours at 60 °C, pH to 3.0, and analyzes of the compounds were made in a gas chromatograph with a flame detection means photoionization static headspace (HS-GC-PID). The catalytic tests have shown the efficacy of using this type of catalyst for the removal of these volatile organic compounds, having a removal rate of 90.60% in the range where the catalyst was studied TiSBA-15(5,0)

Influência de fontes e modos de aplicação de nitrogênio nos componentes da produção e produtividade do milho irrigado no cerrado

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os efeitos de fontes nitrogenadas: sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia, aplicadas na semeadura e/ou em cobertura, sobre teores de N foliar e clorofila, componentes da produção e produtividade do milho no verão, na região de cerrado sob irrigação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, nos anos agrícolas de 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5, sendo: três fontes de nitrogênio aplicadas na semeadura e/ou em cobertura, no estádio de 8 folhas completamente desdobradas, em 5 modos de aplicação (0 + 120; 30 + 90; 60 + 60; 90 + 30 e 120 + 0 kg ha-1 de N). O sulfonitrato de amônio + inibidor de nitrificação difere em relação ao sulfato de amônio quantos aos componentes da produção do milho cultivado no verão, independentemente da época de aplicação. A aplicação de 120 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio usando a uréia em aplicação única no estádio de oito folhas na cultura do milho e em períodos com alta precipitação pluvial afeta negativamente os teores foliares de N no milho e resulta em menor produtividade de grãos em relação à aplicação da mesma dose na semeadura.