Three-component assembly of a metal-inorganic 3D Co(II) polymer containing bridging hydrazine

Three-component metal-inorganic assembly of a Co(II) network representing the first example of a 3D coordination polymer containing a hydrazine bridging ligand, has been synthesized and characterized.

Cancer incidence, mortality, and pregnancy outcome among women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical cancer develops through precursor lesions, i.e. cervical intraepithelialneoplasms (CIN). These can be detected and treated before progression to invasive cancer. The major risk factor for developing cervical cancer or CIN is persistent or recurrent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV). Other associated risk factors include low socioeconomic status, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, and high number of sexual partners, and these risk factors can predispose to some other cancers, excess mortality, and reproductive health complications as well. The aim was to study long-term cancer incidence, mortality, and reproductive health outcomes among women treated for CIN. Based on the results, we could evaluate the efficacy and safety of CIN treatment practices and estimate the role of the risk factors of CIN patients for cancer incidence, mortality, and reproductive health. We collected a cohort of 7 599 women treated for CIN at Helsinki University Central Hospital from 1974 to 2001. Information about their cancer incidence, cause of death, birth of children and other reproductive endpoints, and socio-economic status were gathered through registerlinkages to the Finnish Cancer Registry, Finnish Population Registry, and Statistics Finland. Depending on the endpoints in question, the women treated were compared to the general population, to themselves, or to an age- and municipality-matched reference cohort. Cervical cancer incidence was increased after treatment of CIN for at least 20 years, regardless of the grade of histology at treatment. Compared to all of the colposcopically guided methods, cold knife conization (CKC) was the least effective method of treatment in terms of later CIN 3 or cervical cancer incidence. In addition to cervical cancer, incidence of other HPV-related anogenital cancers was increased among those treated, as was the incidence of lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers. Mortality from cervical cancer among the women treated was not statistically significantly elevated, and after adjustment for socio-economic status, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.0. In fact, the excess mortality among those treated was mainly due to increased mortality from other cancers, especially from lung cancer. In terms of post-treatment fertility, the CIN treatments seem to be safe: The women had more deliveries, and their incidence of pregnancy was similar before and after treatment. Incidence of extra-uterine pregnancies and induced abortions was elevated among the treated both before and after treatment. Thus this elevation did not occur because they were treated rather to a great extent was due to the other known risk factors these women had in excess, i.e. sexually transmitted infections. The purpose of any cancer preventive activity is to reduce cancer incidence and mortality. In Finland, cervical cancer is a rare disease and death from it even rarer, mostly due to the effective screening program. Despite this, the women treated are at increased risk for cancer; not just for cervical cancer. They must be followed up carefully and for a long period of time; general health education, especially cessation of smoking, is crucial in the management process, as well as interventions towards proper use of birth control such as condoms.

Microbial identification by detection of ligation probes on DNA microarray

Microbes in natural and artificial environments as well as in the human body are a key part of the functional properties of these complex systems. The presence or absence of certain microbial taxa is a correlate of functional status like risk of disease or course of metabolic processes of a microbial community. As microbes are highly diverse and mostly notcultivable, molecular markers like gene sequences are a potential basis for detection and identification of key types. The goal of this thesis was to study molecular methods for identification of microbial DNA in order to develop a tool for analysis of environmental and clinical DNA samples. Particular emphasis was placed on specificity of detection which is a major challenge when analyzing complex microbial communities. The approach taken in this study was the application and optimization of enzymatic ligation of DNA probes coupled with microarray read-out for high-throughput microbial profiling. The results show that fungal phylotypes and human papillomavirus genotypes could be accurately identified from pools of PCR amplicons generated from purified sample DNA. Approximately 1 ng/μl of sample DNA was needed for representative PCR amplification as measured by comparisons between clone sequencing and microarray. A minimum of 0,25 amol/μl of PCR amplicons was detectable from amongst 5 ng/μl of background DNA, suggesting that the detection limit of the test comprising of ligation reaction followed by microarray read-out was approximately 0,04%. Detection from sample DNA directly was shown to be feasible with probes forming a circular molecule upon ligation followed by PCR amplification of the probe. In this approach, the minimum detectable relative amount of target genome was found to be 1% of all genomes in the sample as estimated from 454 deep sequencing results. Signal-to-noise of contact printed microarrays could be improved by using an internal microarray hybridization control oligonucleotide probe together with a computational algorithm. The algorithm was based on identification of a bias in the microarray data and correction of the bias as shown by simulated and real data. The results further suggest semiquantitative detection to be possible by ligation detection, allowing estimation of target abundance in a sample. However, in practise, comprehensive sequence information of full length rRNA genes is needed to support probe design with complex samples. This study shows that DNA microarray has the potential for an accurate microbial diagnostic platform to take advantage of increasing sequence data and to replace traditional, less efficient methods that still dominate routine testing in laboratories. The data suggests that ligation reaction based microarray assay can be optimized to a degree that allows good signal-tonoise and semiquantitative detection.

Desarrollo de nuevos productos: caso Grupo «Industrias Alimentarias de Navarra»

Una versión preliminar de este caso fue presentada como ponencia en el «Second European Conference on Management of Technology» (EUROMOT), celebrado en septiembre de 2006 en Birmingham.

Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal area

The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of macaque posterior parietal cortex participates in the sensorimotor transformations underlying visually guided eye movements. Area LIP has long been considered unresponsive to auditory stimulation. However, recent studies have shown that neurons in LIP respond to auditory stimuli during an auditory-saccade task, suggesting possible involvement of this area in auditory-to-oculomotor as well as visual-to-oculomotor processing. This dissertation describes investigations which clarify the role of area LIP in auditory-to-oculomotor processing.

Extracellular recordings were obtained from a total of 332 LIP neurons in two macaque monkeys, while the animals performed fixation and saccade tasks involving auditory and visual stimuli. No auditory activity was observed in area LIP before animals were trained to make saccades to auditory stimuli, but responses to auditory stimuli did emerge after auditory-saccade training. Auditory responses in area LIP after auditory-saccade training were significantly stronger in the context of an auditory-saccade task than in the context of a fixation task. Compared to visual responses, auditory responses were also significantly more predictive of movement-related activity in the saccade task. Moreover, while visual responses often had a fast transient component, responses to auditory stimuli in area LIP tended to be gradual in onset and relatively prolonged in duration.

Overall, the analyses demonstrate that responses to auditory stimuli in area LIP are dependent on auditory-saccade training, modulated by behavioral context, and characterized by slow-onset, sustained response profiles. These findings suggest that responses to auditory stimuli are best interpreted as supramodal (cognitive or motor) responses, rather than as modality-specific sensory responses. Auditory responses in area LIP seem to reflect the significance of auditory stimuli as potential targets for eye movements, and may differ from most visual responses in the extent to which they arc abstracted from the sensory parameters of the stimulus.

Representações pós-coloniais em Ruy Duarte: uma leitura de Os papéis do inglês

Representações pós-coloniais em Ruy Duarte de Carvalho: uma leitura de Os papéis do inglês investiga a narrativa ficcional do romancista e antropólogo angolano Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, partindo do pressuposto de que a obra contém uma intricada rede discursiva em que estão confrontados os discursos colonial, pós-colonial e a crítica do modelo utópico de nação que se buscou construir, e efetivamente se construiu, em Angola após a independência. Para-lelamente a essa rede discursiva, a narrativa também se constitui de um encontro de diversas formas literárias distintas a poesia, o diário, a prosa e o ensaio etnográfico, evidenciando a complexidade do romance em questão. Tendo como base o livro de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, abordamos a história literária e política de Angola, seu desenvolvimento, suas relações e ten-sões principalmente com o colonizador europeu, com sua história passada e, mais recente-mente, com seu período independentista, procurando evidenciar como as releituras dos discur-sos históricos e ideológicos coloniais tornaram-se um campo profícuo para o desenvolvimento de narrativas literárias que ampliam os limites da escrita no âmbito ficcional e político-ideológico. Além dos textos de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, este trabalho foi desenvolvido utili-zando como eixo norteador textos de estudiosos da literatura angolana, como Laura Padilha, Rita Chaves e José Carlos Venâncio; teóricos que discutem a crítica pós-colonial, como An-tonio Negri, Edward Said, Stuart Hall, Russel Hamilton e Boaventura de Sousa Santos; textos históricos escritos pelo colonizador português em solo angolano, como Henrique Galvão, Ralph Delgado e José Ribeiro da Cruz; além de textos escritos por intelectuais africanos, como Aimé Césaire e Amadou Hampaté-Bá, e teóricos que analisam as relações entre antropologia e literatura, como James Clifford

Effect of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Gunther)

The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme (pepsin, trypsin and lipase) activities of Chinese longsnout catfish. Triplicate groups of Chinese longsnout catfish (35.6 +/- 0.48 g, mean +/- SE) were reared at different water temperatures (20, 24, 28 and 32 degrees C). The feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly affected by water temperatures and regression relationships between water temperature and FI, SGR as well as FER were expressed as FR=-0.016T2+0.91T-10.88 (n=12, R2=0.8752), SGR=-0.026T2+1.39T-17.29 (n=12, R2=0.7599) and FER=-0.013T2+0.70T-8.43 (n=12, R2=0.7272). Based on these, the optimum temperatures for FR, SGR and FER were 27.66, 26.69 and 26.44 degrees C respectively. The specific activities of digestive enzymes at 24 or 28 degrees C were significantly higher than that at 20 or 32 degrees C. In addition, there was a significant linear regression between FR or SGR and specific activities of pepsin and lipase, which indicated that pepsin and lipase played important roles in regulating growth through nutrient digestion in Chinese longsnout catfish.

The effect of single AlGaN interlayer on the structural properties of GaN epilayers grown on Si (111) substrates

High-quality and nearly crack-free GaN epitaxial layer was obtained by inserting a single AlGaN interlayer between GaN epilayer and high-temperature AlN buffer layer on Si (111) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This paper investigates the effect of AlGaN interlayer on the structural proper-ties of the resulting GaN epilayer. It confirms from the optical microscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy that the AlGaN interlayer has a remarkable effect on introducing relative compressive strain to the top GaN layer and preventing the formation of cracks. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveal that a significant reduction in both screw and edge threading dislocations is achieved in GaN epilayer by the insertion of AlGaN interlayer. The process of threading dislocation reduction in both AlGaN interlayer and GaN epilayer is demonstrated.

抑制survivin表达增强人肝癌HepG2细胞对高线性能量转移射线的辐射敏感性；Inhibiting Survivin Expression Increases The Radiosensitivity of Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells to High-LET Radiation

探讨了肿瘤细胞中survivin的表达对高线性能量转移(LET)射线辐射敏感性的影响.根据Gen Bank提供的survivin序列,合成特异性survivin-siRNA寡核苷酸,转染人肝癌HepG2细胞,抑制survivin的表达.发现siRNA转染后诱导了HepG2细胞G2/M期阻滞,增加了自发性和辐射诱导的细胞凋亡.在高线性能量转移(LET)碳离子辐照后,siRNA转染细胞的克隆存活率明显下降.这些结果表明survivin表达是HepG2细胞产生对高LET射线辐射抗性的关键因素.

Modelo de avaliação de risco no sector bancário português

A globalização dos sistemas financeiros, ao longo dos anos, tem estimulado uma crescente necessidade de supervisão bancária nas instituições financeiras. O Comité de Supervisão Bancária de Basileia tem tido um papel crucial nesta área, estabelecendo princípios por via dos seus acordos entre as várias entidades nacionais de regulação e supervisão das maiores economias mundiais. Em 1988, foi criado o Acordo de Basileia (Basileia I) pelo Comité de Supervisão Bancária de forma a harmonizar os padrões de supervisão bancária. Este acordo estabeleceu mínimos de solvabilidade para o sistema bancário internacional no sentido de reforçar a sua solidez e estabilidade. Com o desenvolvimento de novas potências económicas e novas necessidades regulamentares, em Junho de 2004, foi publicado o novo Acordo de Capital – o Basileia II. Este acordo pretendia tornar os requisitos de capital mais sensíveis ao risco, promover a atuação das autoridades de supervisão e a disciplina de mercado (através do seu Pilar II) e encorajar a capacidade de cada instituição mensurar e gerir o seu risco. Em Setembro de 2010, o Acordo de Basileia III, com adoção prevista até 2019, veio reforçar estas medidas com a criação de um quadro regulamentar e de supervisão mais sólido, por parte das instituições de crédito. Surge, assim neste contexto, o Modelo de Avaliação de Risco (MAR) para o sector bancário. Em Portugal, o MAR tem como objetivo avaliar o perfil de risco das instituições de crédito, sujeitas à supervisão do Banco de Portugal, assim como apresentar o perfil de risco e a solidez da situação financeira de cada instituição de crédito. Este trabalho pretende avaliar o surgimento e a caracterização deste modelo e identificar as variáveis a ter em conta nos modelos de avaliação de risco a nível qualitativo e quantitativo.