Maa- ja metsätalousalueiden monimuotoisuus ja kosteikot: Luvia ja Eurajoki

Luvian ja Eurajoen kuntien alueella toteutettiin maa- ja metsätalousalueiden monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden yleissuunnitelma 2009–2010. Hankkeessa etsittiin maatalousympäristöstä ja osin metsäalueilta erityisesti ei-tuotannollisella investointituella toteutettavaksi soveltuvia kosteikkoja ja ympäristötuen erityistuella hoidettavaksi soveltuvia luonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita. Samalla tarkasteltiin suojavyöhykkeiden tarvetta kaltevilla ja tulvahaitoista kärsivillä pelloilla. Alueelta löydettiin runsaasti luonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita sekä useita kosteikkokohteita, mutta maaston tasaisuus ja uomien reunoille ulottuva viljely rajoittaa monien kosteikkojen rakentamismahdollisuuksia. Useat kohteet ovat mukana erityisesti maisema- tai luonnon monimuotoisuussyistä, joten niiden toteuttaminen olisi ympäristön kannalta kuitenkin suotuisaa. Hankkeessa kartoitettiin erikseen myös metsäluonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita, joita maanomistaja voi halutessaan hoitaa tai suojella valtakunnallisen METSO-ohjelman keinoilla. Alueelta löytyi noin 40 selvää METSO-kohdetta.

Adult ESOL learners in Britain : a cross-cultural study.

Se describen los principales temas, perspectivas y debates en la enseñanza del inglés para hablantes de otros idiomas (English for Speakers of Other Languages) en Gran Bretaña. Al combinar el análisis histórico, sociolingüístico e intercultural sobre las necesidades lingüísticas de los inmigrantes adultos en este país, el debate se ocupa de cuestiones relacionadas con el aprendizaje y la enseñanza del inglés para hablantes de otros idiomas.

Potential tuberculostatic agents: Micelle-forming copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) prodrug with isoniazid

With the objective of obtaining slow-acting isoniazid derivatives, of potential use as chemoprophylactics or chemotherapeutics in tuberculosis, the micelle-forming copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) prodrug with isoniazid was synthesized. The derivative obtained was found to be active in Mycobacterium Il(tuberculosis culture, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 5.6 times lower than that of the tuberculostatic drug.

Ichthyouris voltagrandensis n.sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from Myleus tiete Eigenmann & Norris, 1900 (Osteichthyes: Characidae) in the Volta Grande Reservoir, MG, Brazil

O presente trabalho estudou helmintos parasitos do pacu-manteiga, Myleus tiete (Osteichthyes: Characidae), do Reservatório de Volta Grande, MG, Brasil, com peso médio de 142,6 ± 24,7 g e comprimento total médio de 17,3 ± 1,0 cm. Cinco, dos seis peixes analisados (prevalência de 83,3%), estavam parasitados no intestino com média de 535,6 ± 334,6 nematóides oxiurídeos por peixe. O helminto foi identificado como Ichthyouris voltagrandensis n.sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae). Difere de I. brasiliensis (Moravec et al., 1992a) por ausência de aleta lateral, maiores dimensões da cauda e da aleta caudal do macho, comprimento do ístmo do esôfago, distância do poro excretor à extremidade anterior e comprimento do espículo. Os ovos são providos de dois longos filamentos situados em apenas um dos pólos e, pela primeira vez, os autores observaram espermatozóides flagelados em machos dissecados. Os autores fornecem tabela comparativa de medidas das cinco espécies do gênero Ichthyouris.

Casting a voice for rural struggles during apartheid : the case of AFRA

This paper explores the attempts to co-ordinate rural resistance and struggles in South Africa during apartheid through a case study of the Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA), a land NGO established in Natal in 1979. It was a small group but had a significant local and national impact. The paper addresses three key questions concerning the character and works of AFRA: (1) What was the character and strategy of AFRA in the politicised context of the late 1970s and 1980s? (2) Was there any historical continuity and discontinuity with early attempts by Natal liberals and African landowners to organise anti-removal campaigns in the 1950s? (3) How and to what extent could AFRA negotiate the increasing influence of the Inkatha and KwaZulu government over Natal rural communities? The paper aims to serve as a critical evaluation of AFRA's strategies and activities, and its relationship with rural communities up to 1990 when land movements became nationwide.

南アフリカにおけるコイサン復興運動と土地政策

本稿の目的は、コイサン向け土地政策の立案・協議過程に関する考察を通じて、1990年代後半に南アフリカのカラード・コミュニティの間で生じたコイサン復興運動が主張する土地要求の内容とそれに対する政府の政策的対応について明らかにすることである。つい最近まで、コイサンの土地要求が重要な政策課題として取り上げられることはなかったが、2013年2月のズマ大統領による施政方針演説をきっかけにこの状況は大きく変化した。農村開発・土地改革省（DRDLR）とコイサンの代表者との間で「1913年を期限とする土地返還の例外」について協議をするための場が新設され、2014年4月にはDRDLRが具体的な政策提案を行うことになった。本稿では、この提案が果たしてコイサン復興運動の要求を満たすものなのかどうか、この提案の実行にはどのような課題が存在するのかについて論じる。

Land and labor reallocation in pre-modern Japan : a case of a northeastern village in 1720-1870

In agricultural societies, adjusting land and labor according to changes of labor endowment that result from family life cycle events is premised on making full use of resources for each farming household and for the economy as a whole. This paper examines how and how well households in pre-modern Japan reallocated land and labor, using a population register covering 150 years from 1720–1870 for a village in the Tohoku region. We find that households reacted to equalize their production factors; land-scarce households tended to acquire or rent-in land and out-migrate their kin members, while land-abundant households tended to release or rent-out land, in-migrate kin members, or employ non-kin members. Estimates suggest that more than 80% of the surplus or deficit area of land was resolved if the household rented or "sold" land. We discuss a potential underlying mechanism; namely, that the village's collective responsibility for tax payment (murauke) motivated both individual households and the village as a whole to reallocate land and labor for the efficient use of resources.

Association Study of Common Genetic Variants and HIV-1 Acquisition in 6,300 Infected Cases and 7,200 Controls.

Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in HIV-1 infected individuals, identifying common genetic influences on viral control and disease course. Similarly, common genetic correlates of acquisition of HIV-1 after exposure have been interrogated using GWAS, although in generally small samples. Under the auspices of the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV, we have combined the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data collected by 25 cohorts, studies, or institutions on HIV-1 infected individuals and compared them to carefully matched population-level data sets (a list of all collaborators appears in Note S1 in Text S1). After imputation using the 1,000 Genomes Project reference panel, we tested approximately 8 million common DNA variants (SNPs and indels) for association with HIV-1 acquisition in 6,334 infected patients and 7,247 population samples of European ancestry. Initial association testing identified the SNP rs4418214, the C allele of which is known to tag the HLA-B*57:01 and B*27:05 alleles, as genome-wide significant (p = 3.6×10(-11)). However, restricting analysis to individuals with a known date of seroconversion suggested that this association was due to the frailty bias in studies of lethal diseases. Further analyses including testing recessive genetic models, testing for bulk effects of non-genome-wide significant variants, stratifying by sexual or parenteral transmission risk and testing previously reported associations showed no evidence for genetic influence on HIV-1 acquisition (with the exception of CCR5Δ32 homozygosity). Thus, these data suggest that genetic influences on HIV acquisition are either rare or have smaller effects than can be detected by this sample size.