Peritoneal dialysis and neurological outcome in infants and small children

Although improved outcomes for children on peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been seen in recent years, the youngest patients continue to demonstrate inferior growth, more frequent infections, more neurological sequelae, and higher mortality compared to older children. Also, maintain-ing normal intravascular volume status, especially in anuric patients, has proven difficult. This study was designed to treat and monitor these youngest PD patients, which are relatively many due to the high prevalence of congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF, NPHS1) in Finland, with a strict protocol, to evaluate the results and to improve metabolic balance, growth, and development. A retrospective analysis of 23 children under two years of age at onset of PD, treated between 1995 and 2000, was performed to obtain a control population for our prospective PD study. Respectively, 21 patients less than two years of age at the beginning of PD were enrolled in prospective studies between 2001 and 2005. Medication for uremia and nutrition were care-fully adjusted during PD. Laboratory parameters and intravascular volume status were regu-larly analyzed. Growth was analyzed and compared with midparental height. In a prospective neurological study, the risk factors for development and the neurological development was determined. Brain images were surveyed. Hearing was tested. In a retrospective neurological study, the data of six NPHS1 patients with a congruent neurological syndrome was analyzed. All these patients had a serious dyskinetic cerebral palsy-like syndrome with muscular dysto-nia and athetosis (MDA). They also had a hearing defect. Metabolic control was mainly good in both PD patient groups. Hospitalization time shortened clearly. The peritonitis rate diminished. Hypertension was a common problem. Left ventricular hypertrophy decreased during the prospective study period. None of the patients in either PD group had pulmonary edema or dialysis-related seizures. Growth was good and catch-up growth was documented in most patients in both patient groups during PD. Mortality was low (5% in prospective and 9% in retrospective PD patients). In the prospective PD patient group 11 patients (52%) had some risk factor for their neuro-development originating from the predialysis period. The neurological problems, detected be-fore PD, did not worsen during PD and none of the patients developed new neurological com-plications during PD. Brain infarcts were detected in four (19%) and other ischemic lesions in three patients (14%). At the end of this study, 29% of the prospectively followed patients had a major impairment of their neurodevelopment and 43% only minor impairment. In the NPHS1+MDA patients, no clear explanation for the neurological syndrome was found. The brain MRI showed increased signal intensity in the globus pallidus area. Kernic-terus was contemplated to be causative in the hypoproteinemic newborns but it could not be proven. Mortality was as high as 67%. Our results for young PD patients were promising. Metabolic control was acceptable and growth was good. However, the children were significantly smaller when compared to their midparental height. Although many patients were found to have neurological impairment at the end of our follow-up period, PD was a safe treatment whereby the neurodevelopment did not worsen during PD.

Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2C8 by gemfibrozil in humans : characterisation of time and dose relationships

Drug-drug interactions may cause serious, even fatal clinical consequences. Therefore, it is important to examine the interaction potential of new chemical entities early in drug development. Mechanism-based inhibition is a pharmacokinetic interaction type, which causes irreversible loss of enzyme activity and can therefore lead to unusually profound and long-lasting consequences. The in vitro in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of drug-drug interactions caused by mechanism-based inhibition is challenging. Consequently, many of these interactions have remained unrecognised for many years. The concomitant use of the fibrate-class lipid-lowering agent gemfibrozil increases the concentrations of some drugs and their effects markedly. Even fatal cases of rhabdomyolysis occurred in patients administering gemfibrozil and cerivastatin concomitantly. One of the main mechanisms behind this effect is the mechanism-based inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 enzyme by a glucuronide metabolite of gemfibrozil leading to increased cerivastatin concentrations. Although the clinical use of gemfibrozil has clearly decreased during recent years, gemfibrozil is still needed in some special cases. To enable safe use of gemfibrozil concomitantly with other drugs, information concerning the time and dose relationships of CYP2C8 inhibition by gemfibrozil should be known. This work was carried out as four in vivo clinical drug-drug interaction studies to examine the time and dose relationships of the mechanism-based inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil on CYP2C8. The oral antidiabetic drug repaglinide was used as a probe drug for measuring CYP2C8 activity in healthy volunteers. In this work, mechanism-based inhibition of the CYP2C8 enzyme by gemfibrozil was found to occur rapidly in humans. The inhibitory effect developed to its maximum already when repaglinide was given 1-3 h after gemfibrozil intake. In addition, the inhibition was shown to abate slowly. A full recovery of CYP2C8 activity, as measured by repaglinide metabolism, was achieved 96 h after cessation of gemfibrozil treatment. The dose-dependency of the mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2C8 by gemfibrozil was shown for the first time in this work. CYP2C8 activity was halved by a single 30 mg dose of gemfibrozil or by twice daily administration of less than 30 mg of gemfibrozil. Furthermore, CYP2C8 activity was decreased over 90% by a single dose of 900 mg gemfibrozil or twice daily dosing of approximately 100 mg gemfibrozil. In addition, with the application of physiological models to the data obtained in the dose-dependency studies, the major role of mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2C8 in the interaction between gemfibrozil and repaglinide was confirmed. The results of this work enhance the proper use of gemfibrozil and the safety of patients. The information related to time-dependency of CYP2C8 inhibition by gemfibrozil may also give new insights in order to improve the IVIVE of the drug-drug interactions of new chemical entities. The information obtained by this work may be utilised also in the design of clinical drug-drug interaction studies in the future.

Aquatic Vegetation, Largemouth Bass and Water Quality Responses to Low-Dose Fluridone Two Years Post Treatment

Whole-lake techniques are increasingly being used to selectively remove exotic plants, including Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl- 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1 H )-pyridinone), a systemic whole-lake herbicide, is selective for Eurasian watermilfoil within a narrow low concentration range. Because fluridone applications have the potential for large effects on plant assemblages and lake food webs, they should be evaluated at the whole-lake scale. We examined effects of low-dose (5 to 8 ppb) fluridone applications by comparing submersed plant assemblages, water quality and largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) growth rates and diets between three reference lakes and three treatment lakes one- and two-years post treatment. In the treatment lakes, fluridone reduced Eurasian watermilfoil cover without reducing native plant cover, although the duration of Eurasian watermilfoil reduction varied among treatment lakes. (PDF has 11 pages.)

O papel do óleo de peixe na via L-arginina-óxido nítrico e no estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos: um estudo dose-resposta

Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados n-3 derivados do óleo de peixe estão associados a benefícios cardiovasculares, que podem ser decorrentes da ativação da óxido nítrico sintase (NOS). Assim como as células endoteliais, os eritrócitos possuem NOS endotelial (eNOS) e induzível (iNOS) e, portanto, são capazes de sintetizar óxido nítrico (NO). O presente estudo testou a capacidade que diferentes concentrações de óleo de peixe tem de ativar a via L-arginina-NO e, em seguida, alterar os níveis de guanosina monofosfato cíclica (GMPc) em eritrócitos de camundongos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica. Além disso, foram analisados os marcadores de estresse oxidativo nos eritrócitos, objetivando investigar a biodisponibilidade do NO. O transporte de L-arginina, avaliado através da incubação com L-[3H]-arginina, mostrou-se ativado quando da administração de dietas contendo elevadas concentrações de óleo de peixe, em comparação com as dietas contendo baixas concentrações e controle. A atividade da NOS, medida pela conversão de L-[3H]-arginina em L-[3H]-citrulina, e a expressão da eNOS também aumentaram nos animais que se alimentaram com dietas ricas em óleo de peixe. Apesar da ativação da via L-arginina-óxido nítrico observada em nossos experimentos, os níveis de GMPc intraeritrocitário não foram afetados. O dano oxidativo nos eritrócitos aumentou linearmente conforme o óleo de peixe era acrescido na dieta, sem afetar a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. Além do endotélio, os eritrócitos contribuem para o metabolismo do NO. Desta forma, a ativação da via L-arginina-NO nessas células pode ser benéfica para saúde cardiovascular. Estudos futuros poderão investigar outros marcadores de estresse oxidativo durante o consumo de óleo de peixe para assegurar que o seu uso não resulta em efeitos prejudiciais secundários e para garantir a biodisponibilidade de NO.

Efeito do treinamento físico intenso e da dose única de polifenóis sobre indicadores cardiometabólicos em militares fisicamente condicionados

O exercício físico pode promover o desequilíbrio oxidativo e na secreção e ação das adipocinas, leptina e adiponectina, que desempenham papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiometabólicas, incluindo a síndrome metabólica, disfunção endotelial, desordens inflamatórias e vasculares. Militares são submetidos a exercícios físicos intensos e podem apresentar maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares. A identificação de parâmetros capazes de detectar o risco cardiovascular precoce em grupos muito ativos fisicamente é complexa. A razão leptina/adiponectina (L/A) e a concentração de LDL eletronegativa (LDL (-)) vem sendo considerados bons indicadores de risco cardiovascular precoce porém não há estudos que investiguem a utilidade destes marcadores em militares. Os polifenóis, presentes na uva (Vitis vinífera), apresentam efeitos cardioprotetores como inibição da oxidação das lipoproteínas e controle glicêmico. Na presente tese objetivou-se identificar o risco cardiovascular em jovens militares altamente treinados, utilizando diferentes parâmetros, incluindo a razão L/A e investigar a influência do exercício militar e do uso de dose única de Vitis vinifera sobre parâmetros cardiometabólicos de militares fisicamente treinados. O primeiro estudo contou com a participação de 54 militares d gênero masculino, condicionados fisicamente, após descanso de 24h. No segundo estudo, participaram 54 militares do gênero masculino distribuídos aleatoriamente, de forma duplo-cego, para receber única dose contendo 200 mg de extrato seco de Vitis vinifera (GS, n = 27) ou 200 mg de placebo (amido) (GP, n = 27). Considerados em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que militares treinados poderiam ser classificados como limítrofes quanto ao risco cardiovascular, quando somente o perfil lipídico é empregado como marcador. As medidas de CC e CC/E são parâmetros de fácil obtenção e podem ser empregados na identificação do potencial risco cardiovascular, enquanto outros estudos não confirmam a eficácia da razão L/A para este fim. A comparação das concentrações plasmáticas de adiponectina e leptina apresentou diferença significativa apenas intragrupo para ambos os grupos. As concentrações plasmáticas das adipocinas foram influenciadas pelo treinamento. Os indicadores de homeostase glicêmica, glicemia de jejum e insulina plasmática, foram semelhantes entre os grupos, não sendo sendo influenciada pelo treinamento ou suplementação. A suplementação de polifenóis reduziu as concentrações de LDL(-) do GS em relação ao GP em T24h e T48h (p<0,05). Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento físico afeta a secreção das adipocinas independentemente do uso da Vitis vinífera. Entretanto, a dose única de polifenóis pode reduzir o risco cardiometabólico proveniente da oxidação da LDL (-)

Dose terapêutica de radiação ionizante induz um fenótipo migratório em células de carcinoma de colon humano (caco-2): vias de sinalização envolvidas

O câncer colo-retal é a terceira neoplasia mais frequente em todo o mundo e a recorrência local e neoplasia refratária são desafios no tratamento do câncer colo-retal após a cirurgia convencional. Com o intuito de controlar a recorrência e aumentar a média de sobrevida dos pacientes, uma estratégia multidisciplinar que combina a radioterapia (RT) e a quimioterapia com o processo cirúrgico tem sido protocolo clínico de escolha. Embora esta combinação seja capaz de otimizar o tratamento, nem todos os pacientes são beneficiados com o protocolo quimio-rádio combinado, uma vez que existem os insucessos terapêuticos relacionados com a incidência de neoplasias secundárias tardias em pacientes que foram submetidos à RT para tratamento de neoplasias anteriores. Além da doença refratária, outro agravante da RT são os efeitos colaterais produzidos pela radiação ionizante (IR), em especial àqueles do trato gastrointestinal. Estes efeitos estão relacionados com alterações da homeostase do epitélio intestinal, através da desorganização dos complexos juncionais. Porém, os mecanismos que medeiam estes efeitos ainda não estão elucidados. Este estudo avaliou as vias de sinalização que medeiam os efeitos da IR em células Caco-2. Foi observado que a IR causa uma desorganização da junção aderente via Src, EGFR e MAPK, sendo estas alterações acompanhadas por desorganização do citoesqueleto de actina em todo o volume celular. Src, EGFR e MAPK participam de maneira diferenciada na modulação destes efeitos. Observamos também que a radiação aumenta a motilidade dessas células via Src e MAPK e não induz alteração na proliferação celular até 48 horas após o tratamento. Este é o primeiro trabalho que correlaciona vias de sobrevivência celular como Src, EGFR e MAPK com alterações nas proteínas de junção aderente, alterações do citoesqueleto e migração celular. Estes eventos são relacionados aos efeitos colaterais primários e tardios induzidos pela IR, e podem favorecer à aquisição de um fenótipo maligno herdável durante o fracionamento de doses na RT, favorecendo a progressão tumoral do câncer colo-retal. Logo, além da correlação das vias de sinalização envolvidas nos eventos induzidos pela IR mostrados neste estudo, os resultados também corroboram para um melhor entendimento da atividade farmacológica dos inibidores químicos utilizados, uma vez que muitos deles encontram-se em fase de ensaios pré-clínicos e clínicos.

ANNEALING BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH DOSE As** plus IMPLANTS.

The annealing behaviour of doses up to 4. 10**1**6 ions/cm**2 implanted at ion currents up to 10ma is described. Differences between rapid isothermal and furnace annealing in the measured sheet resistances are due to different amounts of diffusion and to loss of dopant by evaporation. Implantation at high currents (10ma) does not appear to affect the quality of the regrown material provided the temperature rise during implantation is small.

Superovulatory response to a low dose single-daily treatment of rhFSH dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone in rhesus monkeys

To simplify the procedure for superovulation in the rhesus monkey, this study was designed using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution as a solvent for gonadotropins. Thirty-five cycling females (aged 5-8 years old) were divided into six groups during the b

Optimization of dose of methyltestosterone (MT) hormone for sex reversal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

This paper describes the optimization of dose of methyltestosteronei (MT) hormone for masculinization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five treatments (i.e. T1 T2, T2, T4 and T5) with different doses such as 0, 40, 50, 60 and 65 mg of MT hormone were mixed with per kg of feed for each treatment and fed the fry four times a day up to satiation for a period of 30 days. The stocking density was maintained 10 spawn/liter of water. The growth of fry at different treatments was recorded weekly and mortality was recorded daily. At the end of hormone feeding the fry were reared in hapas fixed in ponds for another 70 days and at the 100th day the fish were sexed by the gonad squashing and aceto-carmine staining method. The analysis of growth data did not show any significant variation in length and weight of fish among the different treatments. High mortality of fry ranging 66% to 81.6% was observed in different treatments and highest mortality was observed during the first twelve days of the experiment. The sex ratio analysis showed that T2 (40 mg/kg) and T5 (65 mg/kg) produced 93.33% of sex reversed male and T3 (50 mg/kg) and T4 (60 mg/kg) produced 96.66% sex reversed male, and these ratios were significantly (p<0.05) different from 1:1 male: female sex ratio. The control, T1 (0 mg/kg) contained 43.33% male progeny. From these results it is suggested that either 50 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg of MT with a feeding period of 30 days could be considered as an optimum dose for masculinization of tilapia (O. niloticus).