Jakojuuriviljelyn vaikutus kasvihuonekurkun (Cucumis sativus L.) kasvuun ja kehitykseen

Kasvit ottavat vettä parhaiten kasteluravinneliuoksesta, jonka ravinnepitoisuus on pieni. Intensiivisessä kasvihuonetuotannossa käytetään silti kastelulannoituksessa usein korkeita ravinnepitoisuuksia ravinnepuutosten ja satotappioiden välttämiseksi. Jakojuuriviljelyssä kasvin juuriston annetaan kasvaa kahteen erilliseen kasvualustaosioon. Tällöin toiselle puolelle annetaan johtokyvyltään väkevää ja toiselle puolelle laimeaa ravinneliuosta. Erityisesti kasvihuonekurkun, joka on herkkä kasvualustan suolaisuuden aiheuttamille vedensaantiongelmille, on todettu hyötyvän tästä tekniikasta, mikä näkyy kasvaneina satoina. Tämän MTT Piikkiössä toteutetun kasvihuonekurkun jakojuuriviljelytutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tarkentaa tekniikkaa erityisesti kasteluliuosten johtokyvyn osalta. Yhtenäisjuuriviljelyn ja perinteisen jakojuuriviljelyn lisäksi kokeessa oli kaksi jakojuuriviljelykäsittelyä, joissa ravinneliuosväkevyyksiä vaihdettiin väliajoin juuriston toimintakyvyn parantamiseksi. Erillisessä osakokeessa tutkittiin erilaisten johtokyky-yhdistelmien vaikutusta kasvihuonekurkun vegetatiiviseen kasvuun maanpäällisten ja -alaisten kasvinosien välillä sekä juurten morfologiaan ja anatomiaan. Tulokset osoittivat, että jakojuuriviljely lisäsi kasvihuonekurkun sadontuottoa jopa 16 %, mutta ei vaikuttanut koko viljelykauden veden tai ravinteiden ottoon. Yhtenäisjuuriviljelyssä muodostui eniten piikkikärkisiä hedelmiä, mikä viittaa vedensaantiongelmiin haihdutustarpeen ollessa suurin. Viljelytekniikalla ei ollut vaikutusta kasvien vegetatiiviseen kasvuun tai kasvuston rakenteeseen. Lehtiruodeista tehdyt nitraatti- ja kaliummittaukset osoittivat, ettei kasteluliuosten ravinnepitoisuuksilla ollut vaikutusta juurten ravinteiden ottoon. Erilaisilla johtokyky-yhdistelmillä oli huomattavampi vaikutus kasvihuonekurkun juurten painoon kuin verson painoon tai varren pituuskasvuun. Lehtiruotianalyysit viittasivat ravinteiden erilaiseen allokointiin eri johtokyky-yhdistelmissä. Korkeiden johtokykyjen aiheuttama osmoottinen stressi johti muutoksiin juurten morfologiassa ja anatomiassa. Tulosten perusteella jakojuuriviljely paransi kehittyvien hedelmien kohdevahvuutta suhteessa muihin kohteisiin vaikuttamatta vegetatiiviseen kasvuun. Kun laimean ja väkevän ravinneliuoksen puolia vaihdettiin, juuristo otti joustavasti vettä ja ravinteita olosuhteiden määräämästä edullisemmasta johtokyvystä, jolloin kasvihuonekurkun viljelyssä saavutettiin merkittävä satoetu. Juuriston jakaminen vaikuttanee kasvien hormoniaineenvaihduntaan ja voi heikentää juuriston kasvua heikentämättä sen toimintakykyä, jolloin yhteyttämistuotteita kohdennetaan tehokkaammin maanpäällisten osien kasvuun.

The requirements for Ca2+, protein phosphorylation and concurrent protein synthesis for zeatin signaling of acidic chitinase transcript accumulation in Cucumis sativus L

We have previously reported that both Ca2+ and staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase(s) are involved in the cytokinin zeatin induction of cucumber chitinase activity and its protein content (Barwe et al. 2001). To further characterize signal transduction events involved in this cytokinin induction of chitinase gene expression, Northern hybridizations of total RNAs prepared from excised, dark-grown cucumber cotyledons treated with cytokinins and/or various agonists and antagonists of signal transduction components, were carried out using a cucumber acidic chitinase (CACHT) cDNA probe (Metraux et al. 1989). CACHT mRNA increased by approximately 5- to 6-fold in response to exogenous zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), and benzyladenine (BA) treatment, but failed to accumulate in response to kinetin (K). Among the cytokinins tested, Z was most effective. The Z-induced accumulation of CACHT mRNA was inhibited by a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil. Treatment of cotyledons with exogenous CaCl2 and calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence and absence of cytokinin enhanced CACHT mRNA accumulation. These two observations suggest the participation of extracellular calcium in signaling Z-induction. Furthermore, the presence of staurosporine (an inhibitor of protein kinase) in Z treatment reduced CACHT mRNA, suggesting the involvement of phosphorylation of one or more cellular proteins. In addition, we provide evidence that the Z-induction of CACHT mRNA is blocked by protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca2+ influx from extracellular space, protein phosphorylation, and concurrent protein synthesis events participate in cytokinin signaling during Z-induced CACHT transcript accumulation.

Evaluación del riesgo fitosanitario en la importación de semillas de cucurbitáceas para siembra procedente de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

De marzo 1999 a Mayo 2000 se realizó el presente estudio, en Managua, el cual se basó en la recopilación de información sobre las plagas asociadas a las semillas de cucurbitáceas. El objetivo del estudio fue proporcionar elementos técnicos a Cuarentena Vegetal para la toma de decisiones y aplicación de medidas fitosanitarias en la importación de semillas de cucurbitáceas para siembra procedente de Estados Unidos. La información fue obtenida de Bases de Datos Internacionales de Plagas, Centros de Documentación, Organismos internacionales, consultas a especialistas en foto protección, listado de plagas presentes en los cultivos de Nicaragua y búsqueda en Internet. Para el ordenamiento de la información se realizaron fichas técnicas para cada plaga. De un listado inicial de 1O plagas, solamente 8 plagas fueron sujetas a evaluación y análisis para el manejo del riesgo, después de pasar por las tres etapas de Evaluación de un Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas según la Norma Centroamericana del OIRSA. A las plagas consideradas como cuarentenarias para Nicaragua y que pueden causar grandes daños al país si se llegan a introducir, se les evaluó el riesgo de introducción, establecimiento y dispersión, además se determinaron las medidas de manejo del riesgo de plagas. De las plagas analizadas el hongo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum, el virus Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus, el virus Melón Necrotic Spot Carmovirus, la bacteria Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli y el virus Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus, son las especies que presentan mayor riesgo fitosanitario.

Aquaculture Asia, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.1-58, January-March 2003

*Table of Contents* Sustainable Aquaculture Fertilization, soil and water quality management in small-scale ponds part II:Soil and water quality management S. Adhikari Fisheries and aquaculture activities in Nepal Tek Gurung Peter Edwards writes on rural aquaculture: A knowledge-base for rural aquaculture Farmers as Scientists: Commercialization of giant freshwater prawn culture in India M.C. Nandeesha Aquaculture in reservoir fed canal based irrigation systems of India – a boon for fish production K.M. Rajesh, Mridula R. Mendon, K. N. Prabhudeva and P. Arun Padiyar Research and Farming Techniques Production and grow-out of the Black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera Idris Lane Breeding of carps using a low-cost, small-scale hatchery in Assam, India: A farmer proven technology S.K. Das Genes and Fish: Hybridisation – more trouble than its worth? Graham Mair Breeding and culture of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra in Vietnam R. Pitt and N. D. Q. Duy The potential use of palm kernel meal in aquaculture feeds Wing-Keong Ng Using a Simple GIS model to assess development patterns of small-scale rural aquaculture in the wider environment Simon R. Bush Aquaculture fundamentals: Getting the most out of your feed Simon Wilkinson Marine finfish section Status of marine finfish aquaculture in Myanmar U Khin Kolay Regional training course on grouper hatchery production Aquatic Animal Health Advice on aquatic animal health care: Problems in Penaeus monodon culture in low salinity areas Pornlerd Chanratchakool

Channel Islands marine protected areas first 5 years of monitoring: 2003-2008 [Report produced by the California Department of Fish and Game in collaboration with the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, and Channel Islands National Park]

The Channel Islands—sometimes called the Galapagos of North America—are known for their great beauty, rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and recreational opportunities. In 1980, in recognition of the islands’ importance, the United States Congress established a national park encompassing 5 of California’s Channel Islands (Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel Islands) and waters within 1 nautical mile of the islands. In the same year, Congress declared a national marine sanctuary around each of these islands, including waters up to 6 nautical miles offshore. Approximately 60,000 people visit the Channel Islands each year for aquatic recreation such as fishing, sailing, kayaking, wildlife watching, surfing, and diving. Another 30,000 people visit the islands for hiking, camping, and sightseeing. Dozens of commercial fishing boats based in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Oxnard, and other ports go to the Channel Islands to catch squid, spiny lobster, sea urchin, rockfish, crab, sheephead, flatfish, and sea cucumber, among other species. In the past few decades, advances in fishing technology and the rising number of fishermen, in conjunction with changing ocean conditions and diseases, have contributed to declines in some marine fishes and invertebrates at the Channel Islands. In 1998, citizens from Santa Barbara and Ventura proposed establishment of no-take marine reserves at the Channel Islands, beginning a 4-year process of public meetings, discussions, and scientific analyses. In 2003, the California Fish and Game Commission designated a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in state waters around the northern Channel Islands. In 2006 and 2007, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) extended the MPAs into the national marine sanctuary’s deeper, federal waters. To determine if the MPAs are protecting marine species and habitats, scientists are monitoring ecological changes. They are studying changes in habitats; abundance and size of species of interest; the ocean food web and ecosystem; and movement of fish and invertebrates from MPAs to surrounding waters. Additionally, scientists are monitoring human activities such as commercial and recreational fisheries, and compliance with MPA regulations. This booklet describes some results from the first 5 years of monitoring the Channel Islands MPAs. Although 5 years is not long enough to determine if the MPAs will accomplish all of their goals, this booklet offers a glimpse of the changes that are beginning to take place and illustrates the types of information that will eventually be used to assess the MPAs’ effectiveness. (PDF contains 24 pages.)

News from Academy Bay

Sea Cucumber Fishing Boat Captured. Park Warden Wounded by Bullet in Confrontation Between Illegal Sea Cucumber Fishermen and Patrol Personnel of the Galápagos National Park. Peaceful Demonstration to Reject Violence in Galápagos. Conflict in the Galápagos Biological Reserve for Marine Resources, a Statement by the President of the Charles Darwin Foundation. Rediscovery of an "Extinct" Endemic Plant, the Floreana Flax Linum cratericola. The Arrival of Marek's Disease to Galápagos. Mortality of Giant Tortoises at El Chato, Isla Santa Cruz. The Darwin Station Begins a Monthly Program on Local Television. Account of a Historical Crossing of Isthmus Perry.

Estimating the abundance of clustered and cryptic marine macro-invertebrates in the Galápagos with particular reference to sea cucumbers

Estimating the abundance of marine macro-invertebrates is complicated by a variety of factors: 1) human factors, such as diver efficiency and diver error; and 2) biological factors, such as aggregation of organisms, crypsis, and nocturnal emergence behavior. Diver efficiency varied according to the detectability of an organism causing under-estimation of density by up to 50% in some species. All common species were aggregated at scales from 10-50 m. Transects need to be long enough to transcend the scale of patchiness to improve accuracy. Some species of sea urchins and sea cucumbers (pepinos) which are cryptic by day emerged at night so that daytime censuses underestimated their abundance by up to 10 times. In the sea cucumber fishery, estimates of abundance need to be made at the scale of the population, i.e. at hundreds of km. A strategy for this is proposed.

Culture of tropical sea cucumbers for stock restoration and enhancement

Severe overfishing of sea cucumbers has occurred in most countries of the tropical Indo-Pacific. The release of juveniles is being examined at the ICLARM Coastal Aquaculture Centre in the Solomon islands as a means of restoring and enhancing tropical sea cucumber stocks. Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) are the tropical species that show the best potential for stock enhancement. Sandfish are of high value, widely distributed and relatively easy to culture in simple systemss at a low cost. This paper summarizes information about the culture of H. scabra and compares it to that of the temperate species Stichopus japonicus.

Viability of seeds in food products proposed for field trips in Galapagos

Seeds of 14 plant species extracted from food products proposed for field trips in Galapagos were tested for viability. Strawberry Fragaria ananasa and Blackberry Rubus glaucus jams (Snob and Gustadina brands) contained no viable seeds. Schullo brand granola contained inviable Sesame Sesamum indicum seed, but Sesame in granolas prepared in Galapagos was viable. Sesame seed in bread was viable but Flax Linum usitatissimum seed in bread was not. Brown Rice Oryza sativa and Sunflower seeds Helianthus annuus were both viable. Fresh Apple Malus domestica, Naranjilla Solanum quitoense, Cucumber Cucumis sativus, Pineapple Ananas comosus, Pear Pyrus communis, Bell Pepper Capsicum annuum, Tomato Solanum lycopersicum, Grape Vinis vinifera all contained viable seeds. We recommend prohibiting any product with viable seeds from field trips to uninhabited areas. CDF Contribution Number 1009.

镧与钙的关系及对根系生理的影响

本研究通过探讨毛乌素沙地主要早生植物和中生植物的水分关系。对“早生植物”的概念作了进一步的分析的阐述，探讨了蒸腾作用、光合作用的气乳调节与植物叶片水分平衡的相互关系，并提出了以蒸腾“午体”为基础的关于划分植物水分生态类型的新概念。上述问题的探讨可作为对中国毛鸟素沙化化草地植物环境系统优化模式的水平衡假说的难证。探讨了为合理确定在研究地区种草造林的最佳密度所需进一步研究的内容：水分亏缺对植物量累积的抑制作用。并对该地区主要植物种的季节蒸腾耗水量作了估算。研究了依赖于主导环境因子的沙生植物蒸腾速率的回归模型。得出结论认为：对于蒸腾速率和叶面积指数，建立多元非线性回归可以取得较好结果。最后，对几个重要的蒸散预测模型和土壤水分运动的物理模型进行了评述，并探讨了这些模型对于干旱区蒸散预测研究的可行性，作为本研究的未来探讨的课题。

细胞分裂素的测定及其转基因植物的基因表达和调控的研究

细胞分裂素是一类重要的植物激素，它参与调节许多植物的生命活动过程。本文从几个方面研究了细胞分裂素的作用。 在细胞分裂素的活性测定中，通过改进尾穗蔸苋红素合成法建立了一种简便、准确的生物试法，同时还建立了根据物理化学和免疫学原理而测定细胞分裂素的HPLC和ELISA方法，使得细胞分裂素的定量更加准确。经过对上述三种方法的相互验证实验表明，同时采用二种方法可以保证细胞分裂素分析的准确和可靠。 细胞分裂素可以促进黄瓜子叶的扩张。利用离体黄瓜子叶，分析BA诱发其扩张与子叶内源细胞分裂素之间的关系，实验证明，BA能促进玉米素及其核苷的迅速积累，进而诱发子叶的扩张。上述结果还表明，黄瓜子叶可能具有合成细胞分裂素的能力。 荸荠球茎是一种贮藏器官，但实验测定发现其中含有细胞分裂素的生理活性形式——异戊烯基腺嘌呤核苷(iPA)，而且合成它的前体腺嘌呤的含量也十分丰富，考虑到球茎与种子的类似之处，推测它可能做为合成细胞分裂素的一个源，而且其合成途径可能有别于植物其它组织。 农杆菌中的异戊烯基转移酶(ipt)基因是负责细胞分裂素生物合成的关键基因。将ipt基因克隆后对其启动子进行了改造，分别构建了如下三种基因：(1) ipt启动子+ipt编码区和3，区(ipt)，(2)磷酸核酮糖羧化酶小亚基启动子SSU 301+ipt编码区和3，区(SSU -ipt)，(3)豌豆种子特异性启动子viciln+ipt编码区和3，区(vic-ipt)。上述三种基因经农杆菌介导转化烟草，获得了16株再生植株，经Southern杂交证明其中15株的基因组上含有正常整合的ipt基因。Northern杂交表明有13株转基因烟草中的ipt基因能转录出大小正常的ipt mRNA并促进了细胞分裂素的生物合成。 实验表明，转基因烟草中ipt基因的表达受到多种因素的调控。首先启动子决定了ipt基因的表达模式，SSU -ipt基因的表达受光的诱导，黑暗中这种基因的转录完全停止，而vic-ipt基因的表达是种子特异性的，它不在烟草营养生长器官如根、茎、叶和愈伤组织中表达。第二，生长素能降低ipt基因的表达活性。第三，在整体植物的根中，存在某些反式因子，能够控制ipt基因的过量表达，这其中可能涉及到细胞内的蛋白因子、基因的甲基化作用及细胞分裂素的反馈调节等。 vic-ipt基因在烟草种子中的特异性表达导致种子内形成了一个细胞分裂素合成的源(source)。对种子中营养物质积累的研究表明，ipt基因的表达促进了种子干物质的积累，其中作用最明显的是增加种子内蛋白质的合成。转入vic-ipt基因后的烟草种子其萌发率没有显著变化，但幼苗的生长速率明显加快，这表明细胞分裂素能调节植株的生长。 通过Northern杂交检测转基因烟草中基因表达的调控，实验证明，ipt基因的表达明显抑制一组植物病理相关蛋白(PR)基因的转录活性，这组基因编码：几丁质酶，β-1，3一葡萄糖苷酶，伸展蛋白和渗调蛋白。对这些调控作用的生理学意义还有待进一步探索。 上述结果表明，在高等植物中，除了传统上认为根是合成细胞分裂素的部位之外，其它组织和器官也具有合成细胞分裂素的能力，其中合成能力最强的是一些离体组织和贮藏器官。农杆菌中的细胞分裂素生物合成基因(ipt)能够在高等植物的基因组中正常的整合和表达，并受到植物体内生理、发育等多种因素的调控，而与整体植物的正常生理过程协调一致。ipt基因的表达还能够调节植物体的生长和发育，包括种子发育时营养物质的积累、幼苗的生长和某些相关基因的表达。对上述问题的深入研究,必将促进细胞分裂素及其相关生理学和发育学研究的进展。

Palatability of tissues in Holothuria leucospilota (Brandt) from central west coast of India

The palatability of various organs (body wall, cuvierian gland, viscera, longitudinal muscle bands and gonads) of sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota (Brandt) was studied by feeding experiments, performed on a freshwater fish Sarotherodon mossambicus and a marine fish Therapon jarbua. The result shows that the food pellets of the body wall were less toxic and more palatable than the gonads, viscera and cuvierian gland (p<0.001).

蕨类植物铁芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）体内稀土元素的分布及其光合特性的研究

为了阐明蕨类植物铁芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma Bernh.)体内稀土元素的分布及其光合特性，采用电感耦合等离子质谱分析了中国江西省龙南县轻、重稀土矿区和非矿区铁芒萁植物体内的稀土元素含量，并采用透射电子显微镜对其叶片细胞内的稀土元素进行精确定位。还比较系统的研究了自然条件下的铁芒萁与高浓度稀土元素处理条件下的非稀土元素富集植物黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn)的光合特性。结果表明： 1、0.5 mmol•L-1 LaCl3处理黄瓜后，可以诱导激发能向PS II分配。1和2 mmol•L-1 LaCl3处理黄瓜后，对黄瓜幼苗抑制作用表现在对其生长率，光合放氧活性和叶绿体完整率的抑制。这是由于LaCl3对黄瓜细胞结构和叶绿体膜结构的破坏所致。其表现为对类囊体膜结构的破坏，而导致PS II光合活性下降，并最终抑制黄瓜生长。 2、铁芒萁可以富集稀土元素，轻、重稀土矿区铁芒萁植物稀土元素的分布规律为叶片>根>土壤>茎>叶柄，非矿区铁芒萁植物稀土元素的分布规律为叶片>根>茎>叶柄。稀土元素在铁芒萁体内的运输和迁移过程中，发生了明显的分异作用，茎、叶柄、叶片中的重稀土相对贫乏，叶片中可以富集高浓度的轻稀土元素。 3、稀土元素可以进入完整的铁芒萁表皮细胞和叶肉细胞中，但多以沉淀的形式聚集在一起。非矿区铁芒萁叶绿体中的稀土元素含量约占其叶片中含量的5％。轻稀土矿区铁芒萁叶绿体中的稀土元素含量约占其叶片中含量的10％。部分稀土元素定位于富含PS II的基粒片层上。 4、铁芒萁富集稀土元素受环境和遗传特性的双重影响，但主要由其自身的生理、生化特性决定。其富集稀土元素的机制是隔离稀土元素在细胞壁、液泡中和分泌结合物质使稀土元素成为沉淀沉积下来，从而避免对光合活性的破坏。 5、与非矿区铁芒萁相比，轻稀土矿区植物叶绿体膜的全链电子传递速率增加了34.9％，PS II的电子传递活性增高了252.9％，PS I的电子传递活性增加了16.8％。轻稀土矿区铁芒萁全链电子传递活性的增加主要来自PS II电子传递活性的大幅提高，这可能与其调节激发能更多向PS II分配，提高PS II反应中心色素蛋白复合体（67.0％）和捕光色素蛋白复合体的含量相关。 6、与非矿区铁芒萁相比，重稀土矿区植物叶绿体膜的全链电子传递速率增加了46.3％，PS II的电子传递活性增高了23.8％，PS I的电子传递活性增加了60.4％。重稀土矿区铁芒萁电子传递活性的提高主要来自PS I电子传递活性的大量增加，这可能与其PS I反应中心蛋白复合体含量的提高（60.0％）有关。 铁芒萁富集并吸收稀土元素主要是由自身的理化特性决定的。它能够将稀土元素以沉淀的形式固定在细胞内部，并通过改变生理代谢来避免高浓度稀土元素对其光合作用的影响。可以在治理稀土元素污染的环保工程中用作植物修复材料。

De-scummer for beche-de-mer processing

An improved method for processing sea cucumber (beche-de-mer) is described. Details of a machine named de-scummer are presented. The traditional method for preparation is discussed, and the new method outlined; this involves burying boiled sea cucumber in clean sand contained in cement pits for periods of 6-8 h. The animals are then transferred to the de-scummer for mechanical treatment and are boiled again. After this they are dried.

Folk medicine and horticulture

The article discusses the uses of marine organisms in folk medicine and in horticulture in the Philippines. Commonly used marine organisms are the different varieties of seaweeds, sea urchin, sea cucumber, turtle, crocodile and fishes such as grouper and rabbitfish.